scholarly journals Effect of Wholegrain Flour Particle Size in Bread on Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Response Among People with Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Crossover Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2579
Author(s):  
Evelyn Mete ◽  
Jillian Haszard ◽  
Tracy Perry ◽  
Indrawati Oey ◽  
Jim Mann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Postprandial Glycaemia ◽  
Significant Difference

Wholegrain flour produced by roller-milling is predominantly comprised of fine particles, while stoneground flour tends to have a comparatively smaller proportion of fine particles. Differences in flour particle size distribution can affect postprandial glycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes and postprandial insulinaemia in people with and without type 2 diabetes. No prior studies have investigated the effect of wholegrain flour particle size distribution on glycaemic or insulinaemic response among people with impaired glucose tolerance or risk factors for type 2 diabetes. In a randomised crossover study, we tested the 180-min acute glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to three wholegrain breads differing in flour particle size and milling method: (1) fine roller-milled flour, (2) fine stoneground flour, and (3) coarse stoneground flour. Participants (n = 23) were males and females with risk factors for type 2 diabetes (age 55–75 y, BMI >28 kg/m2, completing less than 150 min moderate to vigorous intensity activity per week). Each test meal provided 50 g available carbohydrate, and test foods were matched for energy and macronutrients. There was no significant difference in blood glucose iAUC (incremental area under the curve) between the coarse stoneground flour bread and the fine stoneground flour bread (mean difference −20.8 (95% CI: −51.5, 10.0) mmol·min/L) and between the coarse stoneground flour bread and the fine roller-milled flour bread (mean difference −23.3 (95% CI: −57.6, 11.0) mmol·min/L). The mean difference in insulin iAUC for fine stoneground flour bread compared with the fine roller-milled flour bread was −6.9% (95% CI: −20.5%, 9.2%) and compared with the coarse stoneground flour bread was 9.9% (95% CI: −2.6%, 23.9%). There was no evidence of an effect of flour particle size on postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia among older people with risk factors for type 2 diabetes, most of whom were normoglycaemic.

scholarly journals Obese and Type 2 Diabetic Youth Have Increased Forward and Backward Wave Reflections

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew H. Tran ◽  
Thomas R. Kimball ◽  
Philip R. Khoury ◽  
Lawrence M. Dolan ◽  
Elaine M. Urbina
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Wave Reflections ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Backward Wave

Objective: Pulse wave analysis estimates arterial wave reflections relating to left ventricular dysfunction and cardiovascular event risk in adults. Forward and backward waves (Pf and Pb) may improve risk stratification for cardiovascular events. Data in youth are lacking. We hypothesized that a significant difference in wave reflections would be identified in young subjects with adverse cardiovascular risk factors. Approach and Results: Vital signs and labs were obtained in 551 patients aged 10 to 24 years who were lean (L=199), obese (O=173), or had type 2 diabetes (T=179). Wave separation was performed. Differences in cardiovascular risk factors and wave reflections were assessed using ANOVA. General linear models were constructed to elucidate independent predictors of wave reflections. O and T subjects had an adverse cardiovascular risk profile versus L. O and T subjects had higher Pf and Pb versus L ( P ≤0.05). When adjusted for adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors, reflection magnitude increased from L to O to T with higher T versus L values ( P ≤0.05) and near-significant O versus L values ( P =0.06). Adiposity and blood pressure were major determinants of wave reflections. Pb influenced log left ventricular mass index, log E/e′, and log composite carotid intima-media thickness. Conclusions: Adolescents and young adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes have altered forward and backward wave reflections versus lean controls related to adiposity, BP, and insulin levels. These parameters may help risk stratify patients with adverse cardiovascular risk factors.

The Role of Particle Size Distribution in the Performance and Modelling of Filtration

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 19-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Mackie ◽  
R. Bai
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Large Particles

The paper examines the importance of size distribution of the influent suspension on the performance of deep bed filters and its significance with regard to modelling. Experiments were carried out under a variety of conditions using suspensions which were identical in every respect apart from their size distribution. The results indicate that the presence of coarse particles does increase the removal of fine particles. Deposition of fine particles leads to a greater headloss than deposition of large particles. Changes in size distribution with time and depth play an important role in determining the behaviour of a filter, and models of both removal and headloss development must take account of this.

Performance Characteristics of Centrifugal Slurry Pumps

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. K. Gandhi ◽  
S. N. Singh ◽  
V. Seshadri
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Solid Concentration ◽  
Solid Materials ◽  
Power Characteristics ◽  
Additional Losses

The performance of two centrifugal slurry pumps has been reported for three solid materials having different particle size distribution (PSD) in terms of head, capacity, and power characteristics. The results have shown that the values of head and efficiency ratios are not only dependent on solid concentration but are also affected by PSD of the solids and properties of the slurry. The addition of fine particles in the slurry of coarser material leads to reduction in the additional losses that occur in the pumps due to the presence of solids. It is also observed that with the increase in the pump size, the additional losses due to presence of solids reduce.

Particle Size Distribution Measurement of Free-Falling Fine Particles in a Dusty Plasma Experiment

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (Part 1, No. 5A) ◽  
pp. 3433-3434
Author(s):  
Nobuki Kawashima ◽  
Kazuya Takeda ◽  
Takeharu Etoh ◽  
Kousei Takehara ◽  
Haruya Kubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Dusty Plasma ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Distribution Measurement ◽  
Plasma Experiment ◽  
Particle Size Distribution Measurement ◽  
Free Falling

MPT Influence on the Rheological Behaviour of Self-Flow Refractory Castables

2008 ◽  
Vol 587-588 ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abílio P. Silva ◽  
Ana M. Segadães ◽  
Tessaleno C. Devezas
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Response Surfaces ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Aggregate Particle ◽  
Refractory Castables

The success of a refractory castable is largely due to the quality of its properties and ease of application. Self-flow refractory castables (SFRC), with high flowability index (>130%), can be easily accommodated in a mould without the application of external energy, being ideal for the manufacture of monolithic linings. SFRC castables without cement require a matrix of very fine particles, which guarantees improved rheological behaviour and performs the role of the binder in the absence of the refractory cement. The presence of the aggregate (coarse particles) hinders the flowability index, but improves the castable mechanical strength and reduces firing shrinkage, and also contributes to the reduction of the castable costs. The control of the maximum paste thickness (MPT) allows the reduction of the coarse particles interference, minimizing the number of contact points among the grains and avoiding the formation of an aggregate skeleton that impairs the flowability of the mixture. In the present work, 100% alumina SFRCs without cement were produced with a fixed matrix of fine particles, whose particle size distribution was optimized using statistical techniques (mixtures design and triangular response surfaces). Different aggregate particle size distributions were used, with several MPT values, with the objective of evaluating which was the mean distance that maximized the flowability index, simultaneously ensuring good mechanical strength for the refractory castable. Ensuring a minimum surface area of 2.22m2/g, the mixtures reach the self-flow turning point with a minimum water content and the maximum flowability is obtained for an aggregate particle size distribution modulus of q=0.22, and consequently an optimized MPT value. SFRC with high mechanical strength (>60MPa) were obtained.

The influence of particle size distribution on soil physical properties

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Towner
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Saturated Soils ◽  
Fine Silt ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Field Behaviour

SummaryBatcombe series soils readily break down to good tilths, Beccles series soils form cloddy seed beds that are resistant to weathering, and Stackyard series soils form unstable tilths that readily break down. The soils differ in their particle-size distribution. The proposition that such differences contributed to the differences in field behaviour was examined by forming artificial soils, each of which was made up from particles of one of the soils, but redistributed with respect to size in the proportion in which they occurred in one of the other soils.As a measure of the relevant physical properties, breaking strengths and bulk densities of cylindrical ‘clods’ moulded from the artificial soils were determined. To aid interpretation of the observed soil properties, similar measurements were made on individual fractions, on various other mixtures and on the parent soils.The breaking strengths of the soils made up to a given particle-size distribution from particles from the different parent soils were reasonably close to each other, with those for the Beccles distribution being more variable. There was a significant difference between the two. The strength of the reconstituted Batcombe soil was markedly greater than that of its parent soil, whereas that for Beccles soil was markedly less. There was little difference for the Stackyard soil.The bulk densities of saturated soils reconstituted from all nine fractions could be estimated reasonably accurately from the properties of the separate components. The structure of each of these soils in the air-dry state was inferred from comparisons between measured and calculated bulk densities. The breaking strengths of air-dry reconstituted soils were estimated from the properties of the separate components, and agreed reasonably well with the measured values for soils in which the clay and fine silt fractions predominated.Whereas it was generally possible to predict various physical properties of the reconstituted soils from those of the separate fractions, it was not possible to extrapolate the results to explain field behaviour.

scholarly journals MON-667 Prevalence and Predictors of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients at a Tertiary Care Center

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Ahmed Baagar ◽  
Fahmi Khan ◽  
Mahmoud Zirie ◽  
Sara Darwish ◽  
Ahmed K A Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Tertiary Care Center ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Objective: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The reported prevalence of DR from different populations in the last decade was 13 - 38.1%. A report from our center 17 years ago showed that DR prevalence was 43.6%. With the all accumulated evidence showing that diabetes control decreases DR risk and the introduction of new drugs that helped better T2D control, we aimed to assess the current prevalence and predictors of DR among patients with T2D attending out-patient department at our tertiary care center. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 638 patients. We collected information about their baseline characteristics, confirmed DR with its severity and maculopathy diagnosis, age at T2D diagnosis, duration of T2D, and averages of HbA1C, blood pressure (BP), cholesterol, and vitamin D levels over the previous year. A statistical analysis was performed using the software SPSS 23.0. A multivariate logistic regression analysis examined the independent predictors of DR development. Results: The mean age of the patients was 55.8 ± 10.3 years, and 42.8% were males. The mean BMI was 32.4 ± 12.4 kg/m2 with 58% had obesity. The mean duration of T2D was 11.5 ± 7.7 years, and the mean age at T2D diagnosis was 44.0 ± 9.98 years. The mean HbA1C was 8.3 ± 1.6 % with 77% had average HbA1C above 7% and 51.3% had average HbA1c above 8%. The mean systolic and diastolic BP were 136.37 ± 15.01 mmHg and 74.12 ± 8.078 mmHg, respectively. DR was diagnosed in 223 cases (35%). Of the 638 patients, 24.5% had non-proliferative DR, 9.2% had proliferative DR, and 4.2% had maculopathy. There was no significant difference in DR prevalence between males (36%) and females (34.1%) (P = 0.59). Predictors of DR development were age above 40 years, duration of T2D more than 10 years, early age of T2D diagnosis, average HbA1C more than 8%, and hypertension. Discussion: T2D is a major health challenge to our community with its very high prevalence. The prevalence of DR in T2D patients attending our institution was significant (more than one-third, 35%) in comparison to reports from other centers. However, we showed an improvement in DR development in our patients from 43.6% to 35%, probably due to better T2D and BP control. Similar to previous reports, T2D patients with older age, long T2D duration, younger age at T2D diagnosis, uncontrolled diabetes, and uncontrolled BP were more likely to develop DR. Conclusion: Physicians treating T2D patients should ensure regular retina screening especially for those with risk factors for DR. Also, they should fix the modifiable risk factors of DR; diabetes and BP control. References: (1) Alaboud et al. Saudi Med J 2016; Vol. 37 (12): 1408–1411.doi: 10.15537/smj.2016.12.17062. (2) Lim MC et al. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2008 Sep;37(9):753–9. (3) Hammes H-P et al. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0132492. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0132492

scholarly journals Size Characteristics of Sediments Eroded under Different Masson Pine Litter Covers in South China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2190
Author(s):  
Fangfang Zhu ◽  
Yuchen Li ◽  
Jinhua Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Enrichment Ratio ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
Sediment Distribution ◽  
The Relationship

The particle size distribution characteristics of runoff sediments are vital for understanding the effect of the mechanism of soil erosion on slopes. The objective of this study was to investigate the particle-size distribution of sediments eroded from slopes covered by different litter coverage masses under artificial rainfall simulation. Litter was spread on the surface of a soil tank according to different biomasses (0 g·m−2, 100 g·m−2, 200 g·m−2 and 400 g·m−2). The mean weight diameter (MWD), fractal dimension (D) and enrichment ratio (ER) are characteristic parameters of sediment particle size. The MWD and D were more sensitive to soil erosion and had a significant negative correlation with the slope angle and rainfall intensity. The performance of the MWD on the slope (5°) was less than the MWD on the slope (10°). The relationship between eroded sediment distribution characteristic parameters and the litter coverage mass had a significant influence on the content of coarse particles. The content of fine particles accelerated, decreased and then stabilized, whereas coarse particles increased first and then stabilized. The litter diameter and surface area were the main parameters that affected the MWD and D. Under different rain intensities and slopes, the ER varied inconsistently with litter coverage mass. Coarse particles were eroded easily and selectively, and soil erosion had no sorting effect on fine particles. These findings support the quantitative study of the relationship between the amount of litter coverage mass and the particle size of soil sediments.

Influence of particle-size distribution homogeneity on shearing of soils subjected to internal erosion

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1684-1694
Author(s):  
Shijin Li ◽  
Adrian R. Russell ◽  
David Muir Wood
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Internal Erosion ◽  
Triaxial Tests ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Homogeneous Particle

Internal erosion (suffusion) is caused by water seeping through the matrix of coarse soil and progressively transporting out fine particles. The mechanical strength and stress–strain behavior of soils within water-retaining structures may be affected by internal erosion. Some researchers have set out to conduct triaxial erosion tests to study the mechanical consequences of erosion. Prior to conducting a triaxial test they subject a soil sample, which has an initially homogeneous particle-size distribution and density throughout, to erosion by causing water to enter one end of a sample and wash fine particles out the other. The erosion and movement of particles causes heterogeneous particle-size distributions to develop along the sample length. In this paper, a new soil sample formation procedure is presented that results in homogeneous particle-size distributions along the length of an eroded sample. Triaxial tests are conducted on homogeneous samples formed using the new procedure as well as heterogeneous samples created by the more commonly used approach. Results show that samples with homogeneous post-erosion particle-size distributions exhibit slightly higher peak deviator stresses than those that were heterogeneous. The results highlight the importance of ensuring homogeneity of post-erosion particle-size distributions when assessing the mechanical consequences of erosion. Forming samples using the new procedure enables the sample’s response to triaxial loading to be interpreted against a measure of its initially homogenous state.

Nearfield development of the negatively buoyant Rhône River inflow into Lake Geneva as an interflow: suspended particulate matter and associated fluxes.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violaine Piton ◽  
Frédéric Soulignac ◽  
Ulrich Lemmin ◽  
Graf Benjamin ◽  
Htet Kyi Wynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Suspended Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
River Plume ◽  
Lake Geneva ◽  
Suspended Particulate ◽  
Negatively Buoyant

<p>River inflows have a major influence on lake water quality through their input of sediments, nutrients and contaminants. It is therefore essential to determine their pathways, their mixing with ambient waters and the amount and type of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) they carry. Two field campaigns during the stratified period took place in Lake Geneva, Switzerland, in the vicinity of the Rhône River plume, at high and intermediate river discharge. Currents, water and sediment fluxes, temperature, turbidity and particle size distribution were measured along three circular transects located at 400, 800 and 1500 m in front of the river mouth. During the surveys, the lake was thermally stratified, the negatively buoyant Rhône River plume plunged and intruded into the metalimnion as an interflow and flowed out in the streamwise direction. Along the pathway, interflow core velocities, SPM concentrations and volumes of particles progressively decreased with the distance from the mouth (by 2-3 times), while interflow cross sections and plume volume increased by 2-3 times due to entrainment of ambient water. The characteristics of the river outflow determined the characteristics of the interflows: i.e. interflow fluxes and concentrations were the highest at high discharge. Both sediment settling and interflow dilution contributed to the observed decrease of sediment discharge with distance from the mouth. The particle size distribution of the interflow was dominated by fine particles (<32 μm), which were transported up to 1500 m away from the mouth and most likely beyond, while large particles (>62 μm) have almost completely settled out before reaching 1500 m. </p>

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