scholarly journals Type 2 Diabetes and Dietary Carbohydrate Intake of Adolescents and Young Adults: What Is the Impact of Different Choices?

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3344
Author(s):  
Luisa Bonsembiante ◽  
Giovanni Targher ◽  
Claudio Maffeis
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
The Impact

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has a high prevalence worldwide, with a rapidly increasing incidence even in youth. Nutrition, dietary macronutrient composition, and in particular dietary carbohydrates play a major role in the development of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the current evidence on the role of dietary carbohydrates in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. The digestibility or availability of carbohydrates and their glycemic index (and glycemic load) markedly influence the glycemic response. High consumption of dietary fiber is beneficial for management of type 2 diabetes, whereas high consumption of both glycemic starch and sugars may have a harmful effect on glucose metabolism, thereby increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the presence of genetic predisposition or making its glycemic control more difficult to achieve in people with established T2D. Therefore, the same dietary macronutrient may have harmful or beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes mainly depending on the subtypes consumed. Some other factors are involved in glucose metabolism, such as meal composition, gut microbiota and genetics. For this reason, the glycemic response after carbohydrate consumption is not easy to predict in the single individual. Nutrition suggested to subjects with known type 2 diabetes should be always person-centered, considering the individual features of each subject.

scholarly journals 4063 Glycemic control in a weight management-focused group medical visits (WM/GMV) intervention: examining the moderating effects of body mass index (BMI)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (s1) ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Kobe ◽  
Cynthia J. Coffman ◽  
Amy S. Jeffreys ◽  
William S. Yancy ◽  
Jennifer Zervakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Group Medical Visits ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Medical Visits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Baseline Bmi

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The impact of baseline BMI on glycemic response to group medical visits (GMV) and weight management (WM)-based interventions is unclear. Our objective is to determine how baseline BMI class impacts patient responses to GMV and interventions that combine WM/GMV. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We will perform a secondary analysis of Jump Start, a randomized, controlled trial that compared the effectiveness of a GMV-based low carbohydrate diet-focused WM program (WM/GMV) to traditional GMV-based medication management (GMV) on diabetes control. The primary and secondary outcomes will be change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and weight at 48 months, respectively. Study participants will be stratified into BMI categories defined by BMI 27-29.9kg/m2, 30.0-34.9kg/m2, 35.0-39.9kg/m2, and ≥40.0kg/m2. Hierarchical mixed models will be used to examine the differential impact of the WM/GMV intervention compared to GMV on changes in outcomes by BMI class category. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Jump Start enrolled 263 overweight Veterans (BMI ≥ 27kg/m2) with type 2 diabetes. At baseline, mean BMI was 35.3 and mean HbA1c was 9.1. 14.5% were overweight (BMI 27–29.9) and 84.5% were obese (BMI ≥ 30). The proposed analyses are ongoing. We anticipate that patients in the higher BMI obesity classes will demonstrate greater reductions in HbA1c and weight with the WM/GMV intervention relative to traditional GMV. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This work will advance the understanding of the relationship between BMI and glycemic response to targeted interventions, and may ultimately provide guidance for interventions for type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Serum Uric Acid Level as a Harbinger of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Observation in Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Chih Wu ◽  
Yen-Wen Lai ◽  
Yu-Ching Chou ◽  
Yu-Chan Liao ◽  
San-Lin You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Diabetes Risk ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Risk ◽  
The Impact

Background: Current evidence suggests an association of uric acid with diabetes risk, but it is still unclear whether uric acid is merely a risk marker or an independent risk factor. We evaluate the impact of serum uric acid (SUA) levels on the future risk of developing type 2 diabetes, independent of other factors. Methods: A population-based cohort study was conducted among 4130 participants who were found to be free of type 2 diabetes at baseline recruitment in 2002. Baseline SUA measured in 2002 was longitudinally related to the incident type 2 diabetes that occurred during the follow-up period between 2002 and 2007. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) derived from Cox proportional hazards models were used to quantify the association. Results: There was a graded increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes among individuals with increasing levels of SUA. In the whole study cohort, compared to quartile 1, the multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of type 2 diabetes in quartile 2, quartile 3, and quartile 4 were 1.69 (0.76–3.76), 1.86 (0.88–4.26), and 1.94 (1.05–4.05), respectively (P for trend = 0.004). This positive gradient for the risk of type 2 diabetes across quartiles of SUA was evident in both genders and across age groups. Conclusions: This study supports that high uric acid concentrations are associated with increased diabetes risk, independent of other known risk factors. These data expand on well-established associations between SUA level and metabolic syndrome, and extend the link to the future risk of type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Galectin-3 In Obesity And Type 2 Diabetes

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-280
Author(s):  
Nada Pejnovic
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
Important Player ◽  
Severe Pathology ◽  
Visceral Adipose

AbstractGalectin-3 is an important regulator of inflammation and acts as a receptor for advanced-glycation (AGE) and lipoxidation end-products (ALE). Evidence indicates a significant upregulation in circulating levels and visceral adipose tissue production of Galectin-3 in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recent studies demonstrate development of obesity and dysregulation of glucose metabolism in Galectin-3 “knockout” (KO) mice, which also develop accelerated and more severe pathology in models of atherosclerosis and metabolically-induced kidney damage. Thus, evidence that Galectin-3 is an important player in metabolic disease is accumulating. This review discusses current evidence on the connection between Galectin-3 and metabolic disease, focusing on mechanisms by which this galectin modulates adiposity, glucose metabolism and obesity-associated inflammatory responses.

scholarly journals Consumption of dairy foods in relation to impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Maastricht Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (8) ◽  
pp. 1453-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone J. P. M. Eussen ◽  
Martien C. J. M. van Dongen ◽  
Nicole Wijckmans ◽  
Louise den Biggelaar ◽  
Stefanie J. W. H. Oude Elferink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Impaired Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Fermented Products

AbstractObservational studies suggest an inverse association between total dairy product intake and diabetes risk. However, there is a lack of information on the relationship of specific dairy products with impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Individuals aged 40–75 years were recruited for the Maastricht Study. All the participants filled out a 253-food item FFQ, covering fifty specific dairy items that captured differences between full-fat, semi-skimmed and skimmed products, as well as fermented and non-fermented products. Glucose metabolism status was assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test, and participants were informed on their glucose metabolism status after returning the FFQ. Data of 2391 individuals were available to estimate OR (95 % CI) for IGM (n 470) and newly diagnosed (ND) T2DM (n 125), with adjustment for age, sex, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, education, energy intake and intakes of vegetables, fruits, meat and fish. For IGM, fully adjusted analyses revealed inverse associations, with OR comparing the highest with the lowest tertile of intake of 0·73 (95 % CI 0·55, 0·96) for skimmed products and 0·74 (95 % CI 0·54, 0·99) for fermented products. These dairy products were not associated with ND T2DM. In contrast, full-fat products were positively associated with ND T2DM (OR 2·01; 95 % CI 1·16, 3·47), whereas total dairy product intake was inversely associated with ND T2DM (OR 0·50; 95 % CI 0·26, 0·93). In conclusion, individuals with a high consumption of skimmed and fermented products had lower odds of having IGM, and individuals with a high consumption of total dairy products had lower odds of having ND T2DM. High intake of full-fat products was not related to IGM but was positively related to ND T2DM.

scholarly journals Evidence and Potential Mechanisms of Jin-Gui Shen-Qi Wan as a Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Hu ◽  
Xiaoke Liu ◽  
Maoyi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Current Evidence

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a subtype of diabetes mellitus characterized by progressive dysfunction of β-cell insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Jīn-Guì Shèn-Qì Wán (JGSQW) has for many years been widely used in clinical practice as a treatment for T2DM. However, its effect remains unknown.Objectives: This study aims to summarize the clinical evidence of the effect of JGSQW on glucose and lipid metabolism in T2DM and the potential mechanisms underlying this effect.Methods: Six databases were searched without language or publication status restrictions. Data were extracted to a predefined template for synthesis.Results: Fourteen studies with 1586 participants were included in this meta-analysis. All 14 studies were judged to be at high risk of bias. JGSQW is safe for T2DM patients. Pooled results indicated that combination treatment results in a reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (mean difference (MD) −0.49%; 95% CI −0.67 to −0.31), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (MD −0.84; 95% CI −1.19 to −0.49), and 2-hour postprandial glucose 2hBG (MD −1.38; 95% CI −1.60 to −1.16). No significant difference in glucose metabolism was observed between JGSQW and hypoglycemic agents. The available evidence was insufficient to determine the effects on lipid metabolism. Sensitivity analyses indicated that these results were robust.Conclusion: By combining the available evidence, we found that JGSQW is safe for T2DM patients. Compared with hypoglycemic agents alone, combination treatment with JGSQW enhances the effect on glucose metabolism in patients with T2DM. We found no difference in the efficacy of JGSQW alone compared to hypoglycemic agents alone. In terms of lipid metabolism, the current evidence is insufficient and too inconsistent for us to draw firm conclusions, so further studies are needed.

scholarly journals Maternal hypothyroidism in mice influences glucose metabolism in adult offspring

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Kemkem ◽  
Daniela Nasteska ◽  
Anne De Bray ◽  
Paula Bargi-Souza ◽  
Rodrigo A. Peliciari-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Beta Cell ◽  
Endocrine Pancreas ◽  
Adult Offspring ◽  
Altered Glucose ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTDuring pregnancy, maternal metabolic diseases and hormonal imbalance may alter fetal beta cell development and/or proliferation, thus leading to an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Although thyroid hormones play an important role in fetal endocrine pancreas development, the impact of maternal hypothyroidism on glucose homeostasis in adult offsprings remains poorly understood. Here, we show that when fed normal chow, adult mice born to hypothyroid mothers were more glucose-tolerant due to beta cell hyperproliferation and increased insulin sensitivity. However, following high fat feeding, these offsprings became profoundly hyperinsulinemic, insulin-resistant and glucose-intolerant compared to controls from euthyroid mothers. Suggesting presence of epigenetic changes, altered glucose metabolism was maintained in a second generation of animals. As such, gestational hypothyroidism induces long-term and persistent alterations in endocrine pancreas function, which may have important implications for type 2 diabetes prevention in affected individuals.SIGNIFICANCEDiabetes and hypothyroidism are two major public health issues, affecting ∼ 9 and 2 % of the population worldwide, respectively. As master metabolic gatekeepers, the thyroid hormones play an essential role in metabolism and fetal development. However, gestation increases demand on the thyroid axis in the mother, leading to hypothyroidism in 0.5 % of pregnancies. Maternal hypothyroidism is associated with deficits in fetal growth that may lead to long-term alterations in metabolism in the offspring. We therefore sought to investigate the effects of gestational hypothyroidism on glucose metabolism in adult offspring and their descendants, and how this may predispose to diabetes development.

Metabolic Impact of Intermittent Fasting in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Interventional Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Borgundvaag ◽  
Jessica Mak ◽  
Caroline K Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Context Intermittent fasting (IF) has been proposed as a weight-loss strategy with additional cardiometabolic benefits in individuals with obesity. Despite its growing popularity, the effect of IF in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) remains unclear. Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the metabolic impact of IF compared to standard diet in patients with T2DM. Methods Embase, PubMed, and clinicaltrials.gov between 1950 and August 12, 2020 were searched for randomized, diet-controlled studies evaluating any IF intervention in adults with T2DM. We examined the impact of IF on weight loss and glucose-lowering by calculating pooled estimates of the absolute differences in body weight and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) compared to a control group using a random-effects model. Results Seven studies (n = 338 participants; mean body mass index [BMI] 35.65, mean baseline HbA1c 8.8%) met our inclusion criteria. IF induced a greater decrease in body weight by –1.89 kg (95% CI, –2.91 to –0.86 kg) compared to a regular diet, with no significant between-study heterogeneity (I2 21.0%, P = .28). The additional weight loss induced by IF was greater in studies with a heavier population (BMI > 36) (–3.43 kg [95% CI, –5.72 to –1.15 kg]) and in studies of shorter duration (≤ 4 months) (–3.73 kg [95% CI, –7.11 to –0.36 kg]). IF was not associated with further reduction in HbA1c compared to a standard diet (HbA1c –0.11% [95% CI, –0.38% to 0.17%]). Conclusion Current evidence suggests that IF is associated with greater weight loss in patients with T2DM compared with a standard diet, with a similar impact on glycemic control.

scholarly journals The Impact of Glucose-Lowering Drugs on Sarcopenia in Type 2 Diabetes: Current Evidence and Underlying Mechanisms

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1958
Author(s):  
Elena Massimino ◽  
Anna Izzo ◽  
Gabriele Riccardi ◽  
Giuseppe Della Pepa
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
The Impact

The age-related decrease in skeletal muscle mass together with the loss of muscle power and function is defined sarcopenia. Mounting evidence suggests that the prevalence of sarcopenia is higher in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and different mechanisms may be responsible for this association such as impaired insulin sensitivity, chronic hyperglycemia, advanced glycosylation end products, subclinical inflammation, microvascular and macrovascular complications. Glucose-lowering drugs prescribed for patients with T2DM might impact on these mechanisms leading to harmful or beneficial effect on skeletal muscle. Importantly, beyond their glucose-lowering effects, glucose-lowering drugs may affect per se the equilibrium between protein anabolism and catabolism through several mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle physiology, contributing to sarcopenia. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an update on the effects of glucose-lowering drugs on sarcopenia in individuals with T2DM, focusing on the parameters used to define sarcopenia: muscle strength (evaluated by handgrip strength), muscle quantity/quality (evaluated by appendicular lean mass or skeletal muscle mass and their indexes), and physical performance (evaluated by gait speed or short physical performance battery). Furthermore, we also describe the plausible mechanisms by which glucose-lowering drugs may impact on sarcopenia.

scholarly journals Maternal hypothyroidism in mice influences glucose metabolism in adult offspring

Diabetologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1822-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Kemkem ◽  
Daniela Nasteska ◽  
Anne de Bray ◽  
Paula Bargi-Souza ◽  
Rodrigo A. Peliciari-Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Beta Cell ◽  
Endocrine Pancreas ◽  
Adult Offspring ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Altered Glucose ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Aims/hypothesis During pregnancy, maternal metabolic disease and hormonal imbalance may alter fetal beta cell development and/or proliferation, thus leading to an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Although thyroid hormones play an important role in fetal endocrine pancreas development, the impact of maternal hypothyroidism on glucose homeostasis in adult offspring remains poorly understood. Methods We investigated this using a mouse model of hypothyroidism, induced by administration of an iodine-deficient diet supplemented with propylthiouracil during gestation. Results Here, we show that, when fed normal chow, adult mice born to hypothyroid mothers were more glucose-tolerant due to beta cell hyperproliferation (two- to threefold increase in Ki67-positive beta cells) and increased insulin sensitivity. However, following 8 weeks of high-fat feeding, these offspring gained 20% more body weight, became profoundly hyperinsulinaemic (with a 50% increase in fasting insulin concentration), insulin-resistant and glucose-intolerant compared with controls from euthyroid mothers. Furthermore, altered glucose metabolism was maintained in a second generation of animals. Conclusions/interpretation Therefore, gestational hypothyroidism induces long-term alterations in endocrine pancreas function, which may have implications for type 2 diabetes prevention in affected individuals.

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