Multifunctional Benefits of Prevalent HMOs: Implications for Infant Health

Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition during infancy and is associated with a broad range of health benefits. However, there remains a significant and persistent need for innovations in infant formula that will allow infants to access a wider spectrum of benefits available to breastfed infants. The addition of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) to infant formulas represents the most significant innovation in infant nutrition in recent years. Although not a direct source of calories in milk, HMOs serve as potent prebiotics, versatile anti-infective agents, and key support for neurocognitive development. Continuing improvements in food science will facilitate production of a wide range of HMO structures in the years to come. In this review, we evaluate the relationship between HMO structure and functional benefits. We propose that infant formula fortification strategies should aim to recapitulate a broad range of benefits to support digestive health, immunity, and cognitive development associated with HMOs in breastmilk. We conclude that acetylated, fucosylated, and sialylated HMOs likely confer important health benefits through multiple complementary mechanisms of action.

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Nicholas John Seymour Mackintosh. 9 July 1935—8 February 2015

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society ◽

10.1098/rsbm.2017.0024 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 64 ◽

pp. 299-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John M. Pearce

Keyword(s):

Formal Theory ◽

Human Intelligence ◽

Theoretical Context ◽

Experimental Psychologist ◽

Wide Range ◽

To Come ◽

Learning And Cognition ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over 40 Years

Nicholas Mackintosh was an experimental psychologist whose principal goal was to understand the basic mechanisms of learning and cognition, largely through research with animals. The two textbooks that he wrote on this topic synthesized a vast body of research and set it within a theoretical context of association formation that has remained dominant for over 40 years. He developed a formal theory of the relationship between attention and learning that had an immediate impact and can be expected to be the foremost theory of its kind for many years to come. He was also a prolific experimenter, whose ingenious experiments were remarkable for the theoretical insights they offered into the mechanisms of learning in a wide range of species. Towards the end of his career, he developed an interest in the measurement of human intelligence. The textbook that followed from this interest is one of the most authoritative ever written on the topic.

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Relationship between Ocular Morbidity and Infant Nutrition

Infant Feeding - Breast versus Formula ◽

10.5772/intechopen.92162 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Erdinc Bozkurt ◽

Hayrunisa Bekis Bozkurt

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Infant Health ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

Additional Food ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Growing Body ◽

Ocular Morbidity ◽

The Brain ◽

Nutrition Source

The nutrition of the constantly growing and developing infant even after birth has an undeniable contribution to the development of eyes, which can be considered as the extension of the brain. Therefore, the elucidation of these physiological developments is valuable in terms of preventing pathological conditions. During the first six months of an infant’s life, nutrition is provided through breast milk or infant formula, and after the sixth month, there is a transition to additional food. Breast milk is, thus, considered as ‘miracle food’, with a growing body of research being undertaken to investigate its relationship with orbital diseases and reporting that breast milk reduces ocular morbidity. Breast milk is an accessible, economical and important nutrition source for eye development and infant health. The developments in recent years have resulted in the content of formula being closer to that of breast milk, which can positively affect the neurovisional development of babies that cannot be fed with breast milk.

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The Lipid and Glyceride Profiles of Infant Formula Differ by Manufacturer, Region and Date Sold

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11051122 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1122 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Samuel Furse ◽

Albert Koulman

Keyword(s):

Infant Formula ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

Milk Powder ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Molecular Profile ◽

Milk Lipids ◽

The Uk ◽

The Relationship ◽

Glyceride Fraction ◽

Skimmed Milk Powder

We tested the hypothesis that the lipid composition of infant formula is consistent between manufacturers, countries and target demographic. We developed techniques to profile the lipid and glyceride fraction of milk and formula in a high throughput fashion. Formula from principal brands in the UK (2017–2019; bovine-, caprine-, soya-based), the Netherlands (2018; bovine-based) and South Africa (2018; bovine-based) were profiled along with fresh British animal and soya milk and skimmed milk powder. We found that the lipid and glyceride composition of infant formula differed by region, manufacturer and date of manufacture. The formulations within some brands, aimed at different target age ranges, differed considerably where others were similar across the range. Soya lecithin and milk lipids had characteristic phospholipid profiles. Particular sources of fat, such as coconut oil, were also easy to distinguish. Docosahexaenoic acid is typically found in triglycerides rather than phospholipids in formula. The variety by region, manufacturer, date of manufacture and sub-type for target demographics lead to an array of lipid profiles in formula. This makes it impossible to predict its molecular profile. Without detailed profile of the formula fed to infants, it is difficult to characterise the relationship between infant nutrition and their growth and development.

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Whole Goat Milk as a Source of Fat and Milk Fat Globule Membrane in Infant Formula

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12113486 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3486

Author(s):

Sophie Gallier ◽

Louise Tolenaars ◽

Colin Prosser

Keyword(s):

Infant Formula ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

Goat Milk ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Suitable Alternative ◽

Milk Fat Globule Membrane ◽

Wide Range ◽

Milk Fat Globule ◽

Fat Globule

Cow milk is the most common dairy milk and has been extensively researched for its functional, technological and nutritional properties for a wide range of products. One such product category is infant formula, which is the most suitable alternative to feed infants, when breastfeeding is not possible. Most infant formulas are based on cow milk protein ingredients. For several reasons, consumers now seek alternatives such as goat milk, which has increasingly been used to manufacture infant, follow-on and young child formulas over the last 30 years. While similar in many aspects, compositional and functional differences exist between cow and goat milk. This offers the opportunity to explore different formulations or manufacturing options for formulas based on goat milk. The use of whole goat milk as the only source of proteins in formulas allows levels of milk fat, short and medium chain fatty acids, sn-2 palmitic acid, and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) to be maximised. These features improve the composition and microstructure of whole goat milk-based infant formula, providing similarities to the complex human milk fat globules, and have been shown to benefit digestion, and cognitive and immune development. Recent research indicates a role for milk fat and MFGM on digestive health, the gut–brain axis and the gut–skin axis. This review highlights the lipid composition of whole goat milk-based infant formula and its potential for infant nutrition to support healthy digestion, brain development and immunity. Further work is warranted on the role of these components in allergy development and the advantages of goat milk fat and MFGM for infant nutrition and health.

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The Problem of Identifying and Modeling the Relationship between Monetary Factor and Inflation in the Russian Economy

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2008-7-61-76 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 61-76

Author(s):

A. Porshakov ◽

A. Ponomarenko

Keyword(s):

Money Supply ◽

Money Demand ◽

Russian Economy ◽

Long Run ◽

Complex Approach ◽

Wide Range ◽

Long Time ◽

The Relationship ◽

Supply Side Factors

The role of monetary factor in generating inflationary processes in Russia has stimulated various debates in social and scientific circles for a relatively long time. The authors show that identification of the specificity of relationship between money and inflation requires a complex approach based on statistical modeling and involving a wide range of indicators relevant for the price changes in the economy. As a result a model of inflation for Russia implying the decomposition of inflation dynamics into demand-side and supply-side factors is suggested. The main conclusion drawn is that during the recent years the volume of inflationary pressures in the Russian economy has been determined by the deviation of money supply from money demand, rather than by money supply alone. At the same time, monetary factor has a long-run spread over time impact on inflation.

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Versatile Health Benefits of Catechin from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401313666171003150503 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 3-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Satheesh Babu Natarajan ◽

Suriyakala Perumal Chandran ◽

Sahar Husain Khan ◽

Packiyaraj Natarajan ◽

Karthiyaraj Rengarajan

Keyword(s):

Green Tea ◽

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Major Constituent ◽

Epicatechin Gallate ◽

Wide Range ◽

Green Tea Catechin ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: Tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceae) is the second most consumed beverage in the world. Green tea is the least processed and thus contain rich antioxidant level, and believed to have most of the health benefits. Methods: We commenced to search bibliographic collection of peer reviewed research articles and review articles to meet the objective of this study. Results: From this study, we found that the tea beverage contains catechins are believed to have a wide range of health benefits which includes neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-parasitic effects. The four major catechin compounds of green tea are epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and epicatechin gallate (ECG), of which EGCG is the major constituent and representing 50-80% of the total catechin content. And also contain xanthine derivatives such as caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, and the glutamide derivative theanine. It also contains many nutritional components, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, fluoride, and potassium. We sum up the various green tea phytoconstituents, extraction methods, and its medicinal applications. Conclusion: In this review article, we have summarized the pharmacological importance of green tea catechin which includes antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic and cosmetic application.

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Intellectual Difficulty and Moral Responsibility

10.1093/oso/9780198779667.003.0011 ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

Moral Responsibility ◽

To Come ◽

The Relationship

This chapter considers the relationship between intellectual difficulty and moral responsibility. It focuses on this question: if it is difficult for us to come to believe the truth about some matter, and we do not in fact come to believe it, so that we are ignorant of that matter, does that affect our responsibility if we then act from our ignorance? Answering this question requires getting clearer on both intellectual difficulty and moral responsibility for actions done from ignorance. This chapter takes up both tasks, distinguishing three different kinds of intellectual difficulty—skill-related difficulty in performing, effort-related difficulty in performing, and difficulty in trying—and two different families of views regarding moral responsibility: agential control views and agential revelation views. The chapter then considers the interaction between these different kinds of intellectual difficulty and these different views of moral responsibility, focusing particularly on the familiar case of the Ancient Slaveholder.

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Knowledge assessment and barriers to cancer screening among Ghanaian community pharmacists

Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice ◽

10.1177/1078155220983413 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107815522098341

Author(s):

Kofi B Mensah ◽

Adwoa Bemah Boamah Mensah ◽

Peter Yamoah ◽

Joseph Attakorah ◽

Varsha Bangalee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Screening ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Community Pharmacists ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Screening Guidelines ◽

Validity Assessment ◽

Wide Range ◽

Chi Squared ◽

Primary Healthcare Provider ◽

To Come

Introduction Though there are controversies, cancer screening has been suggested to decrease mortality. Over the years, the most accessible primary healthcare provider; the community pharmacist, has developed an interest in being part of cancer screening activities and prevention of a wide range of other non-communicable diseases. To achieve this, community pharmacists need a working knowledge of the basic screening test and recommendations. Also, it’s important to acknowledge the barriers that may prevent the implementation of cancer-screening efforts at the community pharmacy. This study aims to determine the knowledge and barriers to cancer screening among Ghanaian community pharmacists. Methodology Knowledge and barriers to cancer screening was assessed using an online questionnaire in 435 community pharmacists. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-squared tests were used to analyze the data. Results The reliability and validity assessment of the questionnaire after data collection revealed a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.82 for knowledge on cancer screening. The SD and mean age of study participants were 2.48 ± 20.08. Only 25.7% of the participants had good knowledge. The most identified barrier was the lack of established guidelines (60.9%). There was no association between participants' demographics and their knowledge scores. Conclusions Community pharmacists can potentially have a large impact on early detection of cancer through screening. However, they have to improve their knowledge on general screening guidelines and be aware of available educational resources to increase their knowledge. It is also important for all stakeholders to come together to establish local screening modalities and recommendations for the country.

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Effect of consumption of animal milk compared to infant formula for non-breastfed/mixed-fed infants 6–11 months of age: a systematic review (protocol)

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046370 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. e046370

Author(s):

Aamer Imdad ◽

Julie Melissa Ehrlich ◽

Joseph Catania ◽

Emily Tanner-Smith ◽

Abigail Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Risk Of Bias ◽

World Health ◽

Control Group ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Evaluation Approach ◽

Animal Milk

IntroductionPrevalence rates of breastfeeding remain low even though the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend exclusive breast feeding for the first 6 months of life in combination with appropriate complementary feeding beyond six 6 months of age. There have been several studies that address the implication of drinking animal milk and/or infant formula on children’s health and development when breast feeding is not offered during the first year of life. Vast improvements have been made in infant formula design, which may increase its benefits compared with animal’s milk. The objective of this review is therefore to synthesise the most recent evidence on the effects of the consumption of animal milk compared with infant formula in non-breastfed or mixed breastfed infants aged 6–11 months.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that assessed the effect of animal milk compared with formula or mixed-fed (breastmilk and formula) on infants aged 6–11 months. The primary outcomes of interest include anaemia, gastrointestinal blood loss, weight for age, height for age and weight for height. We will include randomised and non-randomised studies with a control group. We will use the Cochrane risk of bias tools to assess the risk of bias. We will use meta-analysis to pool findings if the identified studies are conceptually homogenous and data are available from more than one study. We will assess the overall quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.Ethics and disseminationThis is a systematic review, so no patients will be directly involved in the design or development of this study. The findings from this systematic review will be disseminated to relevant patient populations and caregivers and will guide the WHO’s recommendations on formula consumption versus animal milk in infants aged 6–11 months.Trial registration numberCRD42020210925.

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Polymorphic Iterable Sequential Effect Systems

ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems ◽

10.1145/3450272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 1-79

Author(s):

Colin S. Gordon

Keyword(s):

Algebraic Structure ◽

Position Effect ◽

Type Systems ◽

Sequential Effect ◽

Prior Work ◽

Sequential Effects ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Relationship ◽

Categorical Semantics

Effect systems are lightweight extensions to type systems that can verify a wide range of important properties with modest developer burden. But our general understanding of effect systems is limited primarily to systems where the order of effects is irrelevant. Understanding such systems in terms of a semilattice of effects grounds understanding of the essential issues and provides guidance when designing new effect systems. By contrast, sequential effect systems—where the order of effects is important—lack an established algebraic structure on effects. We present an abstract polymorphic effect system parameterized by an effect quantale—an algebraic structure with well-defined properties that can model the effects of a range of existing sequential effect systems. We define effect quantales, derive useful properties, and show how they cleanly model a variety of known sequential effect systems. We show that for most effect quantales, there is an induced notion of iterating a sequential effect; that for systems we consider the derived iteration agrees with the manually designed iteration operators in prior work; and that this induced notion of iteration is as precise as possible when defined. We also position effect quantales with respect to work on categorical semantics for sequential effect systems, clarifying the distinctions between these systems and our own in the course of giving a thorough survey of these frameworks. Our derived iteration construct should generalize to these semantic structures, addressing limitations of that work. Finally, we consider the relationship between sequential effects and Kleene Algebras, where the latter may be used as instances of the former.

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