The Relationship between Gut Microbiome and Cognition in Older Australians

Ageing is associated with changes in biological processes, including reductions in cognitive functions and gut microbiome diversity. However, not much is known about the relationship between cognition and the microbiome with increasing age. Therefore, we examined the relationship between the gut microbiome and cognition in 69 healthy participants aged 60–75 years. The gut microbiome was analysed with the 16S rRNA sequencing method. The cognitive assessment included the Cognitive Drug Research computerised assessment battery, which produced five cognitive factors corresponding to ‘Quality of Episodic Secondary Memory’, ‘Quality of Working Memory’, ‘Continuity of Attention, ‘Speed of Memory’ and ‘Power of Concentration’. Multiple linear regression showed that the bacterial family Carnobacteriaceae explained 9% of the variance in predicting Quality of Episodic Secondary Memory. Alcaligenaceae and Clostridiaceae explained 15% of the variance in predicting Quality of Working Memory; Bacteroidaceae, Barnesiellaceae, Rikenellaceae and Gemellaceae explained 11% of the variance in Power of Concentration. The present study provides specific evidence of a relationship between specific families of bacteria and different domains of cognition.

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Distinct signatures of gut microbiome and metabolites associated with significant fibrosis in non-obese NAFLD

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-020-18754-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Giljae Lee ◽

Hyun Ju You ◽

Jasmohan S. Bajaj ◽

Sae Kyung Joo ◽

Junsun Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

External Validation ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Significant Fibrosis ◽

Representative Species ◽

Microbiome Diversity ◽

Rrna Sequencing ◽

Obese Subjects ◽

Metagenome Sequencing

Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity but also found in non-obese individuals. Gut microbiome profiles of 171 Asians with biopsy-proven NAFLD and 31 non-NAFLD controls are analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing; an independent Western cohort is used for external validation. Subjects are classified into three subgroups according to histological spectra of NAFLD or fibrosis severity. Significant alterations in microbiome diversity are observed according to fibrosis severity in non-obese, but not obese, subjects. Ruminococcaceae and Veillonellaceae are the main microbiota associated with fibrosis severity in non-obese subjects. Furthermore, stool bile acids and propionate are elevated, especially in non-obese subjects with significant fibrosis. Fibrosis-related Ruminococcaceae and Veillonellaceae species undergo metagenome sequencing, and four representative species are administered in three mouse NAFLD models to evaluate their effects on liver damage. This study provides the evidence for the role of the microbiome in the liver fibrosis pathogenesis, especially in non-obese subjects.

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How the Gut Microbiome Links to Menopause and Obesity, with Possible Implications for Endometrial Cancer Development

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10132916 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (13) ◽

pp. 2916

Author(s):

Malou P. H. Schreurs ◽

Peggy J. de Vos van Steenwijk ◽

Andrea Romano ◽

Sabine Dieleman ◽

Henrica M. J. Werner

Keyword(s):

Endometrial Cancer ◽

Systemic Inflammation ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Microbiome Diversity ◽

Health And Disease ◽

The Relationship ◽

Menopausal State ◽

Cancer Studies

Background: Interest is growing in the dynamic role of gut microbiome disturbances in human health and disease. No direct evidence is yet available to link gut microbiome dysbiosis to endometrial cancer. This review aims to understand any association between microbiome dysbiosis and important risk factors of endometrial cancer, high estrogen levels, postmenopause and obesity. Methods: A systematic search was performed with PubMed as primary database. Three separate searches were performed to identify all relevant studies. Results: Fifteen studies were identified as highly relevant and included in the review. Eight articles focused on the relationship with obesity and eight studies focused on the menopausal change or estrogen levels. Due to the heterogeneity in patient populations and outcome measures, no meta-analysis could be performed. Both the menopausal change and obesity were noted to enhance dysbiosis by reducing microbiome diversity and increasing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. Both also incurred estrobolome changes, leading to increased systemic estrogen levels, especially after menopause. Furthermore, microbiome dysbiosis was reported to be related to systemic inflammation through toll-like receptor signaling deficiencies and overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions: This review highlights that the female gut microbiome is intrinsically linked to estrogen levels, menopausal state and systemic inflammation, which indicates gut microbiome dysbiosis as a potential hallmark for risk stratification for endometrial cancer. Studies are needed to further define the role the gut microbiome plays in women at risk for endometrial cancer.

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Development of the Equine Hindgut Microbiome in Semi-feral and Domestic Conventionally-Managed Foals

10.21203/rs.3.rs-53473/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Meredith Tavenner ◽

Sue M McDonnell ◽

Amy S Biddle

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Feral Horses ◽

Microbiome Diversity ◽

Rrna Sequencing ◽

Domestic Horses ◽

Species Groups ◽

The Impact ◽

Bacterial Groups

Abstract Background: Early development of the gut microbiome is an essential part of neonate health in animals. It is unclear whether the acquisition of gut microbes is different between domesticated animals and their wild counterparts. In this study, fecal samples from ten domestic conventionally managed (DCM) Standardbred and ten semi-feral managed (SFM) Shetland-type pony foals and dams were compared using 16S rRNA sequencing to identify differences in the development of the foal hindgut microbiome related to time and management. Results: Gut microbiome diversity of dams was lower than foals overall and within groups, and foals from both groups at Week 1 had less diverse gut microbiomes than subsequent weeks. The core microbiomes of SFM dams and foals had more taxa overall, and greater numbers of taxa within species groups when compared to DCM dams and foals. The gut microbiomes of SFM foals demonstrated enhanced diversity of key groups: Verrucomicrobia (RFP12), Ruminococcaceae, Fusobacterium spp., and Bacteroides spp., based on age and management. Lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus spp. and other Lactobacillaceae genera were enriched only in DCM foals, specifically during their second and third week of life. Predicted microbiome functions estimated computationally suggested that SFM foals had higher mean sequence counts for taxa contributing to the digestion of lipids, simple and complex carbohydrates, and protein. DCM foal microbiomes were more similar to their dams in week five and six than were SFM foals at the same age.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the impact of management on the development of the foal gut microbiome in the first 6 weeks of life. The higher numbers of taxa within and between bacterial groups found in SFM dams and foals suggests more diversity and functional redundancy in their gut microbiomes, which could lend greater stability and resiliency to these communities. The colonization of lactic acid bacteria in the early life of DCM foals suggests enrichment in response to the availability of dams’ feed. Thus, management type is an important driver of gut microbiome establishment on horses, and we may look to semi-feral horses for guidance in defining a healthy gut microbiome for domestic horses.

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What's So Special About Working Memory?

Psychological Science ◽

10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02202.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 1071-1077 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Jacqueline A. Mogle ◽

Benjamin J. Lovett ◽

Robert S. Stawski ◽

Martin J. Sliwinski

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Fluid Intelligence ◽

Working Memory Capacity ◽

Cognitive Tasks ◽

Secondary Memory ◽

The Face ◽

Study Participants ◽

The Relationship ◽

Search And Retrieval

Working memory capacity (WMC) has received attention across many areas of psychology, in part because of its relationship with intelligence. The mechanism underlying the relationship is unknown, but the nature of typical WMC tasks has led to two hypothesized mechanisms: secondary-memory processes (e.g., search and retrieval) and the maintenance of information in the face of distraction. In the present study, participants ( N = 383) completed a battery of cognitive tasks assessing processing speed, primary memory, working memory, secondary memory, and fluid intelligence. Secondary memory was the strongest predictor of fluid intelligence and added unique predictive value in models that accounted for working memory. In contrast, after accounting for the variance in fluid intelligence associated with the secondary-memory construct, the working memory construct did not significantly predict variability in fluid intelligence. Therefore, the secondary-memory requirements shared by many memory tasks may be responsible for the relationship between WMC and fluid intelligence, making the relationship less unique than is often supposed.

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The virome in adult monozygotic twins with concordant or discordant gut microbiomes

10.1101/509273 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

J. Leonardo Moreno-Gallego ◽

Shao-Pei Chou ◽

Sara C. Di Rienzi ◽

Julia K. Goodrich ◽

Timothy Spector ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiome ◽

Monozygotic Twins ◽

Monozygotic Twin ◽

Human Gut ◽

Virus Like Particles ◽

Small Core ◽

Microbiome Diversity ◽

Discordant Twins ◽

The Relationship

SUMMARYThe virome is one of the most variable components of the human gut microbiome. Within twin-pairs, viromes have been shown to be similar for infants but not for adults, indicating that as twins age and their environments and microbiomes diverge, so do their viromes. The degree to which the microbiome drives the virome’s vast diversity is unclear. Here, we examined the relationship between microbiome diversity and virome diversity in 21 adult monozygotic twin pairs selected for high or low microbiome concordance. Viromes derived from virus-like particles were unique to each subject, dominated by Caudovirales and Microviridae, and exhibited a small core that included crAssphage. Microbiome-discordant twins had more dissimilar viromes compared to microbiome-concordant twins, and the richer the microbiomes, the richer the viromes. These patterns were driven by the bacteriophages, not eukaryotic viruses. These observations support a strong role of the microbiome in patterning the virome.

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Cognitive mediators of the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult psychopathology: A systematic review

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579419001317 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 1017-1029 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katie Aafjes-van Doorn ◽

Céline Kamsteeg ◽

George Silberschatz

Keyword(s):

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Methodological Quality ◽

Cognitive Factors ◽

Narrative Synthesis ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

Cognitive Mediators ◽

The Relationship ◽

Adult Psychopathology

AbstractThis is the first review to rigorously examine the mediating role of cognitive factors in the relationship between childhood trauma and subsequent adult psychopathology, and highlight areas for future research. A database search (Child Development & Adolescent Studies, ERIC, Global Health, PsycARTICLES, and PsycINFO) was conducted to identify empirical studies on cognitive factors, explaining the relationship between different types of adverse childhood experiences and adult psychopathology across clinical and nonclinical populations. A narrative synthesis and appraisal of the methodological quality of the studies was conducted. Ninety-eight mediation studies were identified, comprising 4,137 clinical and 28,228 nonclinical participants. Despite great variation in methodological quality of the studies, our narrative synthesis suggests that cognitive factors mediate the relationship between early trauma and later psychopathology. This finding is consistent across different measures of traumatic experiences, psychopathology, and cognitive mediators. Cognitive mediators represent potentially valuable intervention targets for (non)clinical patients who have experienced childhood adversity. Future studies are needed to (a) establish longitudinal causal connections, and (b) assess the effect of interventions that specifically target cognitive change in patients with different levels and types of pathology.

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Relationship Between Performance Error and Human Information Processing

Encyclopedia of Healthcare Information Systems ◽

10.4018/978-1-59904-889-5.ch145 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 1161-1167

Author(s):

Mitsuhiko Karashima

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Information Processing ◽

Human Information Processing ◽

View Point ◽

Memory Errors ◽

Temporary Reduction ◽

Performance Error ◽

Error Generation ◽

The Relationship

Human information processing (HIP) performance using the working memory can be assessed by two types of indicator when an HIP task is carried out. One is error occurrence and the other is HIP time taken when the HIP task is carried out using the working memory. Errors are classified into the error which is caused by the task requirement exceeding some human’s limitation or the error which is caused by carelessness even though all of human’s limitations still allow enough capacity to do the task (Reason, 1990). The former is regarded as an error that is caused by the lack of the HIP ability in order to do the required information processing. The latter is regarded as an error that is caused by the temporary reduction of some HIP ability such as attention. Even though there are many kinds of factors of error generation, from the view point of HIP, error can be considered to be caused by the relationship between the required quantity or quality of the information processing and the HIP ability. The characteristics of HIP can be considered to influence error generation directly. In this chapter the characteristics of HIP related to the error are illustrated with the results of the experiments. (Karashima, Okamura & Saito, 1994, Karashima & Saito, 2001)

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Impacts of Milking and Housing Environment on Milk Microbiota

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10122339 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2339

Author(s):

Bingyao Du ◽

Lu Meng ◽

Huimin Liu ◽

Nan Zheng ◽

Yangdong Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Milk ◽

Heilongjiang Province ◽

Management Level ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Housing Environment ◽

Rrna Sequencing ◽

Cleaning Procedures ◽

The Relationship ◽

Bacterial Groups

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of farming environments on microbiota in raw milk and to assess the relationship among microbes by 16S rRNA sequencing methods. Samples of raw milk, cow trough water, teat dip cup, teat, teat liner, dairy hall air, cowshed air, feces, feed, and bedding from two farms were collected. The two highest abundant bacterial groups of Moraxellaceae and Staphylococcaceae were found in milk and teat liner samples, respectively, at Zhengzhou farm, Henan Province. Moreover, the two highest abundant bacterial groups of Enterobacteriaceae and Moraxellaceae were found in milk and teat dip cup samples, respectively, at Qiqihar farm, Heilongjiang Province. Source Tracker analysis revealed that the teat liner and teat dip cup were the most important contributors of microbes in milk samples at Zhengzhou farm and Qiqihar farm, respectively, which could be attributed to the management level of the farm. Therefore, disinfection and cleaning procedures should be developed to improve the quality of raw milk.

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Is the Oral Microbiome Important in HIV-Associated Inflammation?

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00034-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jennifer A. Fulcher

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Future Research ◽

Soluble Cd14 ◽

Microbiome Diversity ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRACT Alterations in the gut microbiome during HIV infection have been implicated in chronic inflammation, but the role of the oral microbiome in this process is less clear. The article by M. K. Annavajhala, S. D. Khan, S. B. Sullivan, J. Shah, et al. (mSphere 5:e00798-19, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00798-19) investigated the relationship between oral and gut microbiome diversity and immune activation in patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. In this study, oral microbiome diversity was inversely associated with inflammatory markers such as soluble CD14 (sCD14), but surprisingly similar associations were not seen with gut microbiome diversity. Oral microbiome diversity was also associated with periodontitis in these patients. This study highlights the importance of continuing multisite examinations in studying the gastrointestinal tract microbiome and also stimulates important directions for future research defining the role of the oral-gut axis in HIV-associated inflammation.

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Transcriptomic context of DRD1 is associated with prefrontal activity and behavior during working memory

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1717135115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (21) ◽

pp. 5582-5587 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Leonardo Fazio ◽

Giulio Pergola ◽

Marco Papalino ◽

Pasquale Di Carlo ◽

Anna Monda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Coexpression Network ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Gene Coding ◽

Imaging Results ◽

And Behavior ◽

The Relationship ◽

Healthy Participants

Dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) signaling shapes prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during working memory (WM). Previous reports found higher WM performance associated with alleles linked to greater expression of the gene coding for D1Rs (DRD1). However, there is no evidence on the relationship between genetic modulation of DRD1 expression in PFC and patterns of prefrontal activity during WM. Furthermore, previous studies have not considered that D1Rs are part of a coregulated molecular environment, which may contribute to D1R-related prefrontal WM processing. Thus, we hypothesized a reciprocal link between a coregulated (i.e., coexpressed) molecular network including DRD1 and PFC activity. To explore this relationship, we used three independent postmortem prefrontal mRNA datasets (total n = 404) to characterize a coexpression network including DRD1. Then, we indexed network coexpression using a measure (polygenic coexpression index—DRD1-PCI) combining the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on coexpression. Finally, we associated the DRD1-PCI with WM performance and related brain activity in independent samples of healthy participants (total n = 371). We identified and replicated a coexpression network including DRD1, whose coexpression was correlated with DRD1-PCI. We also found that DRD1-PCI was associated with lower PFC activity and higher WM performance. Behavioral and imaging results were replicated in independent samples. These findings suggest that genetically predicted expression of DRD1 and of its coexpression partners stratifies healthy individuals in terms of WM performance and related prefrontal activity. They also highlight genes and SNPs potentially relevant to pharmacological trials aimed to test cognitive enhancers modulating DRD1 signaling.

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