scholarly journals Immunization Coverage and Antibody Retention against Rabies in Domestic Dogs in Lusaka District, Zambia

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 738
Author(s):  
Chiho Kaneko ◽  
Michihito Sasaki ◽  
Ryosuke Omori ◽  
Ryo Nakao ◽  
Chikako Kataoka-Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Booster Immunization ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Single Vaccination ◽  
Expanded Program On Immunization ◽  
Over Time

Rabies remains endemic in Zambia. Despite conducting canine vaccinations in Lusaka district, the vaccination coverage and actual seropositivity in the dog population in Lusaka district are rarely evaluated. This study estimated the seropositivity-based immunization coverage in the owned dog population in Lusaka district using the expanded program on immunization cluster survey method. The time-series trend of neutralizing antibodies against rabies in vaccinated dogs was also evaluated. Of 366 dogs in 200 dog-owning households in Lusaka district, blood samples were collected successfully from 251 dogs. In the sampled dogs, 42.2% (106/251) had an antibody titer ≥0.5 IU/mL. When the 115 dogs whose blood was not collected were assumed to be seronegative, the minimum immunization coverage in Lusaka district’s owned dog population was estimated at 29.0% (95% confidence interval: 22.4–35.5). It was also found that a single vaccination with certified vaccines is capable of inducing protective levels of antibodies. In contrast, higher antibody titers were observed in multiple-vaccinated dogs than in single-vaccinated dogs, coupled with the observation of a decline in antibody titer over time. These results suggest the importance of continuous booster immunization to maintain herd immunity and provide useful information to plan mass vaccination against rabies in Zambia.

scholarly journals Booster immunization of meningococcal meningitis vaccine among children in Hangzhou, China, 2014-2019

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251567
Author(s):  
Xinren Che ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Yuyang Xu ◽  
Xuechao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Event ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Meningococcal Meningitis ◽  
Epidemiological Methods ◽  
Booster Immunization ◽  
Adverse Event Following Immunization ◽  
Expanded Program On Immunization ◽  
Reported Data

Background Despite China’s Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) provides 2 doses of group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPV-AC) for children at 3 years and 6 years old, more self-paying group ACYW135 meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines (MPV-ACYW135) have been used as an alternative to MPV-AC to prevent Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C,Y,W135. We provide recommendations for Chinese booster immunization of meningococcal meningitis vaccine by analyzing the service status of MPV-AC and MPV-ACYW135. Methods Reported data of routine immunization coverage from all districts of Hangzhou registered in the China Information Management System For Immunization Programming (CIMSFIP) between 2014 to 2019 were described and evaluated. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to characterize the data. Adverse event following immunization (AEFI) were collected from Chinese national adverse event following immunization information system (CNAEFIIS) to compare the safety of MPV-AC and MPV-ACYW135. Results 1376919 doses of booster immunization of meningococcal meningitis vaccine (MenV) in CIMSFIP were conducted in China Hangzhou from 2014 to 2019, with reported immunization coverage rates above 95%. The proportion of children using MPV-ACYW135 increased from 12.63% in 2014 to 29.45% in 2019. The incidence of AEFI of MPV-AC and MPV-ACYW135 were 49.75 per 100,000 and 45.44 per 100,000, respectively, without statistical difference. Conclusion Children in Hangzhou had high booster immunization of MenV coverage. The use amount and use rate of MPV-ACYW135 increased year by year, indicating more and more parents had chosen MPV-ACYW135 as an alternative to MPV-AC at their own expense for children. The use proportions of MPV-ACYW135 were different in urban, suburban and rural areas. Both MPV-AC and MPV-ACYW135 were safe for children.

RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES IN PERSONS RESIDING IN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 761-770
Author(s):  
Marc Beem ◽  
Rosalie Egerer ◽  
Julia Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Wild Strains ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Syncytial Virus

The R.S. virus neutralization test was examined in terms of several factors bearing on the consistency and specificity of antibody response to a single strain (Randall) of this virus. It was found that this virus detected significant rises in antibody titer in 90% of 30 patients over 6 months of age who were infected with wild strains of R.S. virus between the years 1958 and 1962. Heterologous neutralizing antibodies to R.S. virus did not occur following human infections with various myxoviruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses and herpesvirus. Indirect evidence was presented indicating that tile neutralizing activity of human serums is due to specific antibody and not due to non-specific, heat stable neutralizing substance. The titer of R.S. neutralizing antibodies was determined in the serums of 26 parturient mothers, and their 27 newborn babies, and 186 other individuals between the ages of 6 months and 69 years. Longitudinal observations of antibody titer were also conducted on 12 other infants. Neutralizing antibodies to R.S. virus were found to reach the term fetus at undiminished titer. In the longitudinal observations, serum neutralizing antibody titers were found to fall during the first months of life, decreasing by half in an average time of 43 days. Neutralizing antibodies, actively formed in response to R.S. virus infection, were observed to occur with rapidly increasing frequency in relation to age in subjects older than 6 months. These serologic findings indicated that among individuals residing in the metropolitan Chicago area, R.S. virus infection has been experienced by many during the first 2 years of life, most by school age, and all by 7 years of age. Geometric mean antibody titers were found to show a small, but probably significant, increase with age. The restriction of low titer reactors to pre-school children was noted. These serologic findings were interpreted as evidence that re-infections with R.S. virus occur, perhaps quite commonly.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Repeated Convalescent Plasma Collection: Analysis of 149 Donations from 88 French Military Health Workers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Pierre-Louis Conan ◽  
Cécile Ficko ◽  
Marine Chueca ◽  
Carole Rolland ◽  
Olivier Javaudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Military Health ◽  
Service Workers ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Antibody Titers

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Passive therapy with convalescent plasma (CP) could be an effective and safe treatment option in COVID-19 patients. Neutralizing antibodies present in CP generated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and directed against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein are considered to play a major role in the viral clearance. CP infusion may also contribute to the modulation of the immune response through its immunomodulatory effect. We describe for the first time the effectiveness of a CP collection protocol from repeated donations in young patients. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> We enrolled health service workers who experienced mild to moderate COVID-19 and from whom several donations have been collected. No minimal severity threshold and no biological cure criteria were required. Donors could return to a second plasma donation 14 days after the first donation. A minimal neutralizing antibody titer of 1:40 was considered for clinical use. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Eighty-eight donors were included (median age 35 [28–48] years, 41 women), and 149 plasma products were collected. COVID-19 were mainly WHO stage 2 infections (96%). Among the 88 first donations, 76% had neutralizing antibody titers higher than or equal to 1:40. Eighty-eight percent of donors who came for a second donation had a neutralizing antibody titer of 1:40. Median durations were 15 (15–19) and 38 (33–46) days from the first to the second donation and from recovery to the second donation, respectively. Sixty-nine percent of donors who came for a third donation had a neutralizing antibody titer of 1:40. Median durations were 16 (13–37) and 54 (49–61) days from the second to the third donation and from recovery to the third donation, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the IgG ratio and the age of the donors or the time between recovery and donation. The average IgG ratio did not significantly vary between donations. When focused on repeated blood donors, no significant differences were observed either. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The recruitment of young patients with a mild to moderate CO­VID-19 course is an efficient possibility to collect CP with a satisfactory level of neutralizing antibodies. Repeated donations are a well-tolerated and effective way of CP collection.

scholarly journals Search for Correlates of Protective Immunity Conferred by Anthrax Vaccine

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 2888-2893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaul Reuveny ◽  
Moshe D. White ◽  
Yaakov Y. Adar ◽  
Yaron Kafri ◽  
Zeev Altboum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Anthrax Spores ◽  
Antibody Titers

ABSTRACT Vaccination by anthrax protective antigen (PA)-based vaccines requires multiple immunization, underlying the need to develop more efficacious vaccines or alternative vaccination regimens. In spite of the vast use of PA-based vaccines, the definition of a marker for protective immunity is still lacking. Here we describe studies designed to help define such markers. To this end we have immunized guinea pigs by different methods and monitored the immune response and the corresponding extent of protection against a lethal challenge with anthrax spores. Active immunization was performed by a single injection using one of two methods: (i) vaccination with decreasing amounts of PA and (ii) vaccination with constant amounts of PA that had been thermally inactivated for increasing periods. In both studies a direct correlation between survival and neutralizing-antibody titer was found (r 2 = 0.92 and 0.95, respectively). Most significantly, in the two protocols a similar neutralizing-antibody titer range provided 50% protection. Furthermore, in a complementary study involving passive transfer of PA hyperimmune sera to naive animals, a similar correlation between neutralizing-antibody titers and protection was found. In all three immunization studies, neutralization titers of at least 300 were sufficient to confer protection against a dose of 40 50% lethal doses (LD50) of virulent anthrax spores of the Vollum strain. Such consistency in the correlation of protective immunity with anti-PA antibody titers was not observed for antibody titers determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that neutralizing antibodies to PA constitute a major component of the protective immunity against anthrax and suggest that this parameter could be used as a surrogate marker for protection.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of an Assay To Detect Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-Specific Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Pig Oral Fluid Samples

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1305-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Ouyang ◽  
Basavaraj Binjawadagi ◽  
Apisit Kittawornrat ◽  
Chris Olsen ◽  
Jagadish Hiremath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Breeding Farms

ABSTRACTPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-specific neutralizing antibodies (NA) are important for clearing the virus. Pen-based pig oral fluid samples for disease surveillance are gaining in importance due to the ease of collection and low cost. The aim of this study was to develop a PRRSV-specific NA assay to determine NA titers in pig oral fluid samples. At first, we standardized the PRRSV NA assay using pen-based pig oral fluid samples collected over a period of 3 months from a herd of swine that received a PRRSV modified live vaccine (PRRS-MLV), and we also used oral fluid and serum samples collected from individual boars that were vaccinated with PRRS-MLV or infected with a virulent PRRSV strain. Our results suggest that a PRRSV NA titer of >8 in oral fluid samples is virus specific and can be detected beginning at 28 days after vaccination or infection. To validate the assay, we used 104 pen-based pig oral fluid and five representative serum samples from each pen of unknown history, as well as 100 serum samples from repeatedly vaccinated sows and oral fluid samples of their respective litters belonging to four different swine-breeding farms. Our results demonstrated that PRRSV NA titers in oral fluid samples are correlated with serum sample titers, and maternally derived PRRSV-specific NA titers could be detected in litters at the time of weaning. In conclusion, we have standardized and validated the pig oral fluid-based PRRSV NA assay, which has 94.3% specificity and 90.5% repeatability. The assay can be used to monitor herd immunity against PRRSV in vaccinated and infected herds of swine.

scholarly journals Donors for SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Plasma for a Controlled Clinical Trial: Donor Characteristics, Content and Time Course of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sixten Körper ◽  
Bernd Jahrsdörfer ◽  
Victor M. Corman ◽  
Jan Pilch ◽  
Patrick Wuchter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trial ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Over Time

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Convalescent plasma is one of the treatment options for COVID-19 which is currently being investigated in many clinical trials. Understanding of donor and product characteristics is important for optimization of convalescent plasma. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Patients who had recovered from CO­VID-19 were recruited as donors for COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) for a randomized clinical trial of CCP for treatment of severe COVID-19 (CAPSID Trial). Titers of neutralizing antibodies were measured by a plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Correlation of antibody titers with host factors and evolution of neutralizing antibody titers over time in repeat donors were analysed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A series of 144 donors (41% females, 59% males; median age 40 years) underwent 319 plasmapheresis procedures providing a median collection volume of 850 mL and a mean number of 2.7 therapeutic units per plasmapheresis. The majority of donors had a mild or moderate course of COVID-19. The titers of neutralizing antibodies varied greatly between CCP donors (from &#x3c;1:20 to &#x3e;1:640). Donor factors (gender, age, ABO type, body weight) did not correlate significantly with the titer of neutralizing antibodies. We observed a significant positive correlation of neutralization titers with the number of reported COVID-19 symptoms and with the time from SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis to plasmapheresis. Neutralizing antibody levels were stable or increased over time in 58% of repeat CCP donors. Mean titers of neutralizing antibodies of first donation and last donation of repeat CCP donors did not differ significantly (1:86 at first compared to 1:87 at the last donation). There was a significant correlation of neutralizing antibodies measured by PRNT and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibodies which were measured by ELISA. CCP donations with an anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody content above the 25th percentile were substantially enriched for CCP donations with higher neutralizing antibody levels. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> We demonstrate the feasibility of collection of a large number of CCP products under a harmonized protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Titers of neutralizing antibodies were stable or increased over time in a subgroup of repeat donors. A history of higher number of COVID-19 symptoms and higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibodies in immunoassays can preselect donations with higher neutralizing capacity.

scholarly journals Early fulminant BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in two kidney transplant patients with low neutralizing antibody titers receiving allografts from the same donor

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Myrvoll Lorentzen ◽  
Stian Henriksen ◽  
Amandeep Kaur ◽  
Grete Birkeland Kro ◽  
Clara Hammarström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Mycophenolate Mofetil ◽  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Bk Polyomavirus ◽  
Antibody Titers

Abstract Background BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV) causes premature graft failure in 1 to 15% of kidney transplant (KT) recipients. High-level BKPyV-viruria and BKPyV-DNAemia precede polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN), and guide clinical management decisions. In most cases, BKPyV appears to come from the donor kidney, but data from biopsy-proven PyVAN cases are lacking. Here, we report the early fulminant course of biopsy-proven PyVAN in two male KT recipients in their sixties, receiving kidneys from the same deceased male donor. Case presentations Both recipients received intravenous basiliximab induction, and maintenance therapy consisting of tacrolimus (trough levels 3–7 ng/mL from time of engraftment), mycophenolate mofetil 750 mg bid, and prednisolone. At 4 weeks post-transplant, renal function was satisfactory with serum creatinine concentrations of 106 and 72 μmol/L in recipient #1 and recipient #2, respectively. Plasma BKPyV-DNAemia was first investigated at 5 and 8 weeks post-transplant being 8.58 × 104 and 1.12 × 106 copies/mL in recipient #1 and recipient #2, respectively. Renal function declined and biopsy-proven PyVAN was diagnosed in both recipients at 12 weeks post-transplant. Mycophenolate mofetil levels were reduced from 750 mg to 250 mg bid while tacrolimus levels were kept below 5 ng/mL. Recipient #2 cleared BKPyV-DNAemia at 5.5 months post-transplant, while recipient #1 had persistent BKPyV-DNAemia of 1.07 × 105 copies/mL at the last follow-up 52 weeks post-transplant. DNA sequencing of viral DNA from early plasma samples revealed apparently identical viruses in both recipients, belonging to genotype Ib-2 with archetype non-coding control region. Retrospective serological work-up, demonstrated that the donor had high BKPyV-IgG-virus-like particle ELISA activity and a high BKPyV-genotype I neutralizing antibody titer, whereas both KT recipients only had low neutralizing antibody titers pre-transplantation. By 20 weeks post-transplant, the neutralizing antibody titer had increased by > 1000-fold in both recipients, but only recipient #2 cleared BKPyV-DNAemia. Conclusions Low titers of genotype-specific neutralizing antibodies in recipients pre-transplant, may identify patients at high risk for early fulminant donor-derived BKPyV-DNAemia and PyVAN, but development of high neutralizing antibody titers may not be sufficient for clearance.

scholarly journals Comparative immune responses of pups following modified live virus vaccinations against canine parvovirus

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1422-1427
Author(s):  
Jayalakshmi Vasu ◽  
Mouttou Vivek Srinivas ◽  
Prabhakar Xavier Antony ◽  
Jacob Thanislass ◽  
Vijayalakshmi Padmanaban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Primary Vaccination ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Antibody Titers

Background and Aim: Canine parvovirus (CPV) is the most important viral cause of enteritis and mortality in pups. Evaluation and monitoring of pre- and post-vaccine immune responses may help to determine the efficacy of the current vaccination schedule being followed in pups in India. This study aimed to evaluate and monitor the pre- and post-vaccine immune responses of CPV vaccinated pups using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The neutralizing antibody titer levels were also detected using serum neutralization test (SNT). Materials and Methods: The pups were categorized into two groups, the double booster and the single booster groups. In this study, serum samples were subjected to HI and SNT for measuring the CPV antibody titer at frequent intervals for up to 6 months from 27 healthy pups following primary and booster CPV vaccinations. Results: The antibody titers in double booster pups reached their peaks at the 21st day after the second booster vaccination with a geometric mean (GM) of 3.57. The antibody titers in single booster pups reached their peaks at the 21st day after the first booster vaccination with a lower GM of 3.18. Conclusion: The double booster pups maintained a higher immune response throughout the period of the study compared to single booster pups though the difference in titers was not statistically significant. SNT results indicated that the raised antibody titer was also able to yield virus-neutralizing antibodies. No interfering maternally derived antibodies were found in the pups at the age of primary vaccination (45th day) in our study. Therefore, the second booster vaccination may be useful in maintaining the protective titer for a prolonged period.

scholarly journals Rapidly Declining SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Titers within 4 Months after BNT162b2 Vaccination

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1145
Author(s):  
Dong-Ho Jo ◽  
Dohsik Minn ◽  
Jaeg-Yun Lim ◽  
Ki-Deok Lee ◽  
Yu-Min Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Over Time

The efficacy and safety of the BNT162b2 vaccine are known, but antibodies are expected to decrease over time after vaccination. We collected blood samples from 104 fully vaccinated health care workers at 3 and 5 weeks after first vaccination and 4 months after second vaccination. Antibody titers and neutralizing antibodies were measured. In our study, both antibody titers and neutralizing antibodies increased significantly at 5 weeks after first vaccination but decreased rapidly at 4 months after second vaccination. Additionally, the results showed a significant decrease regardless of gender or age. Further studies are needed to help determine the interval of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations.

Neutralizing antibodies to 500 μg interferon beta-1b: 28-month results of the IDEAS extension trial

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Gottesman ◽  
S. Friedman-Urevich ◽  
E. Boylan ◽  
D. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Dose Escalation ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Interferon Beta ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Extension Trial ◽  
Over Time

The Interferon Dose Escalation Assessment of Safety extension trial monitored neutralizing antibodies to interferon beta-1b in patients who currently or had previously received the double dose (500 μg) for up to 28 months. Fifteen patients entered the extension trial; five patients were neutralizing antibody-positive at the start of the trial. The present study demonstrates that when neutralizing antibodies develop in patients receiving higher doses of interferon beta-1b they tend to persist for a prolonged period, although neutralizing antibody titers tend to decrease over time and some patients may revert to neutralizing antibody-negative status.

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