scholarly journals Risk Factors for Zoonotic Tuberculosis at the Wildlife–Livestock–Human Interface in South Africa

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petronillah R. Sichewo ◽  
Anita L. Michel ◽  
Jolly Musoke ◽  
Eric M.C. Etter
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Infected Herd ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Nasal Swabs

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the risk factors associated with zoonotic tuberculosis in humans and its transmission to people living at the wildlife–livestock–human interface. A questionnaire was administered to collect information on food consumption habits, food handling practices, and knowledge of zoonotic TB. Sputum samples were also collected from 150 individuals that belonged to households of cattle farmers with or without a bTB infected herd. In addition, 30 milk samples and 99 nasal swabs were randomly collected from cattle in bTB infected herds for isolation of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). The sputum samples were screened for TB using the GeneXpert test and this was followed by mycobacterial culture and speciation using molecular techniques. No M. bovis was isolated from TB positive sputum samples and only one sample was confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). M. bovis was isolated from 6.6% (n = 2/30) milk samples and 9% (n = 9/99) of nasal swabs. Ownership of a bTB infected herd and consumption of milk were recognized as highly significant risk factors associated with a history of TB in the household using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and logistic regression. The findings from this study have confirmed the potential for zoonotic TB transmission via both unpasteurized milk and aerosol thus, the role of M. bovis in human TB remains a concern for vulnerable communities.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Rural Thai Older People, Associated Risk Factors and their Cognitive Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiranan Griffiths ◽  
Lakkana Thaikruea ◽  
Nahathai Wongpakaran ◽  
Peeraya Munkhetvit
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Older People ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Rural Thailand

Introduction: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional stage between normal cognition and dementia. A review showed that 10–15% of those with MCI annually progressed to Alzheimer’s disease. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with MCI as well as the characteristics of cognitive deficits among older people in rural Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional study in 482 people who were 60 years old and over was conducted in northern Thailand. The assessments were administered by trained occupational therapists using demographic and health characteristics, Mental Status Examination Thai 10, Activities of Daily Living – Thai Assessment Scale, 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-B, Thai version). Results: The mean age of MCI was 68.3 ± 6.82 years, and most had an education ≤4 years. The prevalence of MCI in older people was 71.4% (344 out of 482), and it increased with age. Low education and diabetes mellitus (DM) were the significant risk factors associated with cognitive decline. Older people with MCI were more likely to have an education ≤4 years (RR 1.74, 95% CI 1.21–2.51) and DM (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.04–1.36) than those who did not. The 3 most common cognitive impairments according to MoCA-B were executive function (86%), alternating attention (33.1%) and delayed recall (31.1%). Conclusion: The prevalence of MCI in older Thai people in a rural area is high compared with that in other countries. The explanation might be due to low education and underlying disease associated with MCI. A suitable program that can reduce the prospects of MCI in rural Thailand is needed.

scholarly journals The habit of bathing, washing, and defecation habits with malaria events in Pagedongan, Banjarnegara

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Hastuti Tongkodu ◽  
Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto ◽  
Trisno Agung Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Implementation Program ◽  
Primary Cluster

The habits of bathing, washing, and defecation associated with malaria events in Pagedongan, BanjarnegaraPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with the incidence of malaria in Pagedongan, Banjarnegara.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted involving 262 respondents in Pagedongan, Banjarnegara. GPS was used to determine the coordinate points of the respondent's house.ResultsThe prevalence of malaria increased 1.2911 times greater in people who bathe, wash, and defecate outside of the house compared with malaria prevalence in people who did not bathe, wash, defecate outside the house, and it was statistically significant (p=0.0021).ConclusionThe use of mosquito nets, the use of mosquito coils, night out, washing, bathing, defecation the presence of gardens were statistically significant risk factors for malaria incidence. In addition, there was found a clustering of cases (primary cluster) of malaria incidence that was statistically significant. Education on the importance of using mosquito nets, and the use of mosquito repellent, to avoid mosquito bites at night while sleeping need to be done, while 3M implementation program also needs to be improved.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Risk Factors Associated with Brucellosis and Presence of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Camel Milk in Garissa County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
M. Noor ◽  
V. Rotich ◽  
J. W. Kiarie ◽  
K. Cheruiyot ◽  
J. M. Kagira
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Camel Milk ◽  
Ring Test ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Milk Samples

Aim: The current study was undertaken to assess the prevalence, risk factors of brucellosis and presence of pathogenic bacteria isolated from camel milk in Garrisa County, Kenya. Methodology: The study design was cross-sectional where questionnaires were administered to farmers to assess the risk factors associated with brucellosis. The experimental study was also employed to identify bacteria in milk samples which were collected from 104 camels. Fifty milk samples were obtained from local farms while 54 were from sales point at Garissa market. Further test for brucellosis using milk ring test was also carried out. Results: The overall prevalence of brucellosis in camel milk was 8%. Most (12.5%) of the positive samples were from Dadaab Sub-county while the rest of the positive samples were from Fafi (5.9%) and Balambala (5.9%) sub-counties. All the 54 samples obtained from Garissa market were negative of brucellosis. Of the total (118) bacteria isolates, those from the farm level were 68.6% and from market were 31.2%. The bacteria isolated from the 104 milk samples were Pseudomonas spp. (32.2%), Salmonella spp. (30.5%), Staphylococcus spp (21.2%), Eschericia coli (8.5%) and Shigella spp. (7.6%). The risk factors that significantly (p<0.05) associated brucellosis were: age of lactating camels (higher in camels aged above 20 years), herd size (higher in camels from herd sizes of between 30-50 camels) and herding of camels with other livestock (higher in camels kept with other livestock). Conclusion: In conclusion, a few milk samples from camels in Garissa County were found to have brucellosis and were heavily infected with bacteria which can cause mastitis. Considering that most people in the study area drank raw milk, spread of these bacteria to man is a high possibility and thus animal and public health officers should implement one health disease control strategies.

scholarly journals Faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan nyeri ekstremitas inferior pada guru sekolah dasar di Kecamatan Tuminting

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvin A. Herlambang ◽  
Vanda D. Doda ◽  
Helina I. S. Wungouw
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Inferior Extremity ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is a major cause of work-related illness and become a cost burden for individuals, industry and society in many countries and as has been acknowledged by the United Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO). One of the common disease of MSDs is inferior ekstremity pain. The purpose of this study is to determine the risk factors associated with the onset of MSDs, especially in the inferior ekstremity. This study was a cross sectional study with surveys of 282 respondents who are of primary school teachers in Tuminting. This study found that respondents experiencing inferior extremity pain as much as 94% while never experiencing inferior extremity pain as much as 6%. Significant risk factors associated with inferior extremity pain are gender and psychosocial factors that respondents felt over the last few years his work increasingly demanding (p <0.05). This result support the teoritical framework that individual factor and psikosocial factor associate with workrelated MSDs.Keywords: Inferior ekstremity pain, Risk factors, Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)Abstrak: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) merupakan penyebab utama terjadinya sakit yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan, dan menjadi beban biaya bagi individu, industri dan masyarakat di banyak negara dan telah diakui oleh United Nation dan World Health Organization (WHO). Salah satu keluhan dari MSDs adalah nyeri pada ektremitas inferior. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengetahui faktor risiko apa saja yang berhubungan dengan timbulnya MSDs khususnya yang terjadi pada ekstremitas inferior. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional dengan survei lapangan terhadap 282 responden yang merupakan guru sekolah dasar di kecamatan Tuminting. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan responden yang mengalami nyeri ekstremitas inferior sebanyak 94% sedangkan yang tidak pernah mengalami nyeri ekstremitas inferior sebanyak 6%. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan signifikan dengan nyeri ekstremitas inferior adalah jenis kelamin dan faktor psikososial dimana responden merasakan selama beberapa tahun terakhir pekerjaannya semakin lama semakin banyak (p< 0,05). Hasil penelitian ini yaitu faktor individu dengan faktor psikososial berhubungan dengan MSDs yang disebabkan oleh kerja.Kata kunci: Nyeri ekstremitas inferior, Faktor risiko, Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)

scholarly journals Trends in malaria prevalence and risk factors associated with the disease in Nkongho-mbeng; a typical rural setting in the equatorial rainforest of the South West Region of Cameroon

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251380
Author(s):  
Raymond Babila Nyasa ◽  
Esendege Luke Fotabe ◽  
Roland N. Ndip
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

Globally, malaria in recent years has witnessed a decline in the number of cases and death, though the most recent world malaria report shows a slight decrease in the number of cases in 2018 compared to 2017 and, increase in 2017 compared to 2016. Africa remains the region with the greatest burden of the disease. Cameroon is among the countries with a very high burden of malaria, with the coastal and forest regions carrying the highest burden of the disease. Nkongho-mbeng is a typical rural setting in the equatorial rain forest region of Cameroon, with no existing knowledge of the epidemiology of malaria in this locality. This study aimed at determining the current status of malaria epidemiology in Nkongho-mbeng. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, during which blood samples were collected from 500 participants and examined by microscopy. Risk factors such as, age, sex, duration of stay in the locality, housing type, environmental sanitation and intervention strategies including use of, LLINs and drugs were investigated. Trends in malaria morbidity were also determined. Of the 500 samples studied, 60 were positive, giving an overall prevalence of 12.0% with the prevalence of asymptomatic infection (10.8%), more than quadruple the prevalence of symptomatic infections (1.2%) and, fever burden not due to malaria was 1.4%. The GMPD was 6,869.17 parasites/μL of blood (95% C.I: 4,977.26/μL– 9,480.19/μL). A LLINs coverage of 84.4% and 77.88% usage was observed. Unexpectedly, the prevalence of malaria was higher among those sleeping under LLINs (12.56%) than those not sleeping under LLINs (8.97%), though the difference was not significant (p = 0.371). Being a male (p = 0.044), being unemployed (p = 0.025) and, living in Mbetta (p = 0.013) or Lekwe (p = 0.022) and the presence bushes around homes (p = 0.002) were significant risk factors associated with malaria infection. Trends in proportion demonstrated that, the prevalence of malaria amongst patients receiving treatment in the health center from 2015 to 2019 decreased significantly (p < 0.001) and linearly from 9.74% to 3.08% respectively. Data generated from this study can be exploited for development of a more effective control measures to curb the spread of malaria within Nkongho-mbeng.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated with Helminthic Intestinal Infection in Lurambi Subcounty, Kakamega, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ruth W. Kiiti ◽  
Elizabeth N. Omukunda ◽  
Jackson C. Korir
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Children's Caregivers

Background. Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and schistosome infections have been known to be major causes of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan countries. School aged and preschool children are known to be at high risk of infection. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with soil-transmitted helminths among school-going children in Lurambi Subcounty, Kakamega, Kenya. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted from Jan 2020 to Feb 2020 among 392 randomly selected primary school-going children aged 5 to 14 years old in six primary schools. Risk factors associated with STH infection were obtained using a structured questionnaire answered by the children’s caregivers. Stool samples were examined using the standard quantitative Kato-Katz technique. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 and Epi Info version 7.2.3.1. Result. A total of 278 children provided stool samples for analysis. The overall prevalence of intestinal helminths was 14.4% (40/278). The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was 11.5% (32/278), 0.4% (1/278) for hookworm, 0.4% (1/278) for Trichuris trichiura, and 2.1% (6/278) for Schistosoma mansoni; coinfection was detected in 0.4% (1/278). The intensity of infection ranged between light and moderate. Significant risk factors for STH infection included failure to wash hands before eating (OR: 3.529; P = 0.041 ), failure to wash fruits and vegetables before eating (OR: 2.3129; P = 0.005 ), and not washing hands after soil contact (OR: 2.1529; P = 0.005 ). Age ( Z = 2.4006 , P = 0.0164 ) was a risk factor only for infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Conclusion. Preventive chemotherapy and proper hygienic and sanitation practices should be integrated to achieve elimination of STH and Schistosoma mansoni in Lurambi Subcounty and at large in Kenya.

Renal Failure after Coronary Bypass Surgery and the Associated Risk Factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 006
Author(s):  
Hasan Reyhanoglu ◽  
Kaan Ozcan ◽  
Murat Erturk ◽  
Fatih İslamoglu ◽  
İsa Durmaz
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Bypass ◽  
Bypass Surgery ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Factors Associated

<strong>Objective:</strong> We aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with acute renal failure in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> One hundred and six patients who developed renal failure after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) constituted the study group (RF group), while 110 patients who did not develop renal failure served as a control group <br />(C group). In addition, the RF group was divided into two subgroups: patients that were treated with conservative methods without the need for hemodialysis (NH group) and patients that required hemodialysis (HR group). Risk factors associated with renal failure were investigated.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Among the 106 patients that developed renal failure (RF), 80 patients were treated with conservative methods without any need for hemodialysis (NH group); while <br />26 patients required hemodialysis in the postoperative period (HR group). The multivariate analysis showed that diabetes mellitus and the postoperative use of positive inotropes and adrenaline were significant risk factors associated with development of renal failure. In addition, carotid stenosis and postoperative use of adrenaline were found to be significant risk factors associated with hemodialysis-dependent renal failure (P &lt; .05). The mortality in the RF group was determined as 13.2%, while the mortality rate in patients who did not require hemodialysis and those who required hemodialysis was 6.2% and 34%, respectively.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Renal failure requiring hemodialysis after CABG often results in high morbidity and mortality. Factors affecting microcirculation and atherosclerosis, like diabetes mellitus, carotid artery stenosis, and postoperative vasopressor use remain the major risk factors for the development of renal failure.<br /><br />

Characteristics and risk factors associated with stroke subtypes among adult patients admitted to stroke unit of JUMC

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekalu Getachew Gebreegziabher ◽  
Tesema Etefa Birhanu ◽  
Diriba Dereje Olana ◽  
Behailu Terefe Tesfaye
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Stroke Unit ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Stroke Subtypes

Background: Stroke is a great public health problem in Ethiopia. According to reports, in-hospital stroke mortality was estimated to be 14.7% in Ethiopia. Despite this, in this country researches done on factors associated with stroke sub-types were inadequate. Objective: To assess the Characteristics and risk factors associated with stroke sub-types among patients admitted to JUMC. Methods and materials: A retrospective cross sectional study was conducted from May 2017 to May 2018 in stroke unit of Jimma University Medical Center. A total of 106 medical charts of patients diagnosed with stroke were reviewed. Checklist comprising of relevant variables was used to collect data. SPSS version 21 was employed for data entry and analysis. Chi-square test was used to point-out association and difference among stroke sub-types. The data was presented using text, tables and figures. Result: From a total of 106 patients, 67(63.2%) were men. The mean ± SD of age was 52.67±12.46 years, and no significant association was found. Of all the patients, 59(55.6%) had ischemic strokes and 47(44.4%) had hemorrhagic strokes. The most common risk factor in the patients was alcohol use with a prevalence of 69.9%. Of all the risk factors, only sex, cigarettes smoking and dyslipidemia were significantly associated to sub-types of stroke. Conclusion: Ischemic stroke was the most common subtype of stroke. Sex of patient, cigarette smoking and dyslipidemia are significantly associated with the two stroke subtypes.

scholarly journals Risk Factors of Inadequate Bowel Preparation for Screening Colonoscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2740
Author(s):  
Efrat L. Amitay ◽  
Tobias Niedermaier ◽  
Anton Gies ◽  
Michael Hoffmeister ◽  
Hermann Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bowel Preparation ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Screening Colonoscopy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Screening Practice ◽  
Abdominal Symptoms ◽  
Inadequate Bowel Preparation

The success of a colonoscopy in detecting and removing pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions depends heavily on the quality of bowel preparation. Despite efforts, 20–44% of colonoscopy participants have an inadequate bowel preparation. We aimed to assess and compare risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation and for the presence of advanced colorectal neoplasms in routine screening practice. In this cross-sectional study, among 8125 participants of screening colonoscopy in Germany with a comprehensive assessment of sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and medical history, we examined factors associated with inadequate bowel preparation and with findings of advanced neoplasms using adjusted log-binomial regression models. Among the identified risk factors assessed, three factors were identified that were significantly associated with inadequate bowel preparation: age ≥ 70 years (adjusted prevalence ratios, aPR, 1.50 95%CI 1.31–1.71), smoking (aPR 1.29 95%CI 1.11–1.50) and abdominal symptoms (aPR 1.14 95%CI 1.02–1.27). The same risk factors were also associated with the prevalence of advanced neoplasms in our study (aPR 1.72, 1.62 and 1.44, respectively). The risk factors associated with inadequate bowel preparation in this study were also associated with a higher risk for advanced neoplasms. Inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy might lead to missed colorectal cancer (CRC) precursors and the late diagnosis of CRC. People at high risk of advanced neoplasms are in particular need of enhanced bowel preparation.

scholarly journals Hierarchical disentanglement of contextual from compositional risk factors of diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe ◽  
A. Olalekan Uthman ◽  
Latifat Ibisomi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractSeveral studies have documented the burden and risk factors associated with diarrhoea in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). To the best of our knowledge, the contextual and compositional factors associated with diarrhoea across LMIC were poorly operationalized, explored and understood in these studies. We investigated multilevel risk factors associated with diarrhoea among under-five children in LMIC. We analysed diarrhoea-related information of 796,150 under-five children (Level 1) nested within 63,378 neighbourhoods (Level 2) from 57 LMIC (Level 3) using the latest data from cross-sectional and nationally representative Demographic Health Survey conducted between 2010 and 2018. We used multivariable hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models for data analysis. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea was 14.4% (95% confidence interval 14.2–14.7) ranging from 3.8% in Armenia to 31.4% in Yemen. The odds of diarrhoea was highest among male children, infants, having small birth weights, households in poorer wealth quintiles, children whose mothers had only primary education, and children who had no access to media. Children from neighbourhoods with high illiteracy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.07, 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.04–1.10] rates were more likely to have diarrhoea. At the country-level, the odds of diarrhoea nearly doubled (aOR = 1.88, 95% CrI 1.23–2.83) and tripled (aOR = 2.66, 95% CrI 1.65–3.89) among children from countries with middle and lowest human development index respectively. Diarrhoea remains a major health challenge among under-five children in most LMIC. We identified diverse individual-level, community-level and national-level factors associated with the development of diarrhoea among under-five children in these countries and disentangled the associated contextual risk factors from the compositional risk factors. Our findings underscore the need to revitalize existing policies on child and maternal health and implement interventions to prevent diarrhoea at the individual-, community- and societal-levels. The current study showed how the drive to the attainment of SDGs 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 will enhance the attainment of SDG 3.

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