scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Bacterial and Fungal Communities in the Gut and the Crop of Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes: A Preliminary Study

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Morgane Guégan ◽  
Edwige Martin ◽  
Claire Valiente Moro
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Nectar Feeding ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Pathogen Vector

The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a major pathogen vector and one of the world’s most invasive species. In recent years, the study of mosquito-associated microbiota has received growing interest for reducing transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. Most of studies on mosquito microbiota mainly focused on the gut bacteria. However, microorganisms can also colonize other organs and are not restricted to bacteria. In mosquitoes, the crop is the primary storage organ for sugars from the nectar feeding before it is transferred into the midgut for digestion. No study has yet investigated whether this organ can harbor microorganisms in Ae. albopictus. By using high-throughput sequencing, this study is the first to describe the microbiota including both bacteria and fungi in sugar-fed Ae. albopictus males and females. The results showed the presence of diverse and rich bacterial and fungal communities in the crop of both sexes that did not strongly differ from the community composition and structure found in the gut. Altogether, our results provide a thorough description of the crop-associated microbiota in Ae. albopictus which can open new avenues for further studies on trophic interactions between the mosquito and its microbiota.

Analysis of the structure of bacterial and fungal communities in disease suppressive and disease conducive tobacco-planting soils in China

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Lin Gao ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Jiaming Gao ◽  
Fangming Li ◽  
Guanghua Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Tobacco Cultivation ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Disease Suppressive Soil ◽  
Conducive Soil

To clarify the differences between microbial communities resident in disease suppressive soil (DSS) and disease conducive soil (DCS) in tobacco cultivation, representative soil samples were collected from tobacco plantations in Shengjiaba, China, and the structure and diversity of the resident bacterial and fungal communities were analysed using high-throughput sequencing technology. Our results showed a greater number of operational taxonomic units associated with bacteria and fungi in DSS than in DCS. At the phylum level, abundances of Chloroflexi, Saccharibacteria, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes in DSS were lower than in DCS, but abundance of Gemmatimonadetes was significantly higher. Abundances of Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota were higher in DSS than DCS, but abundance of Rozellomycota was significantly lower. At the genus level, abundances of 18 bacterial and nine fungal genera varied significantly between DSS and DCS. Relative abundances of Acidothermus, Microbacterium, Curtobacterium, and Colletotrichum were higher in DCS than DSS. The Shannon and Chao1 indices of DSS microbial communities were higher than those of DCS communities. High microbial diversity reduces the incidence of soil-borne diseases in tobacco plantations and promotes the formation of DSSs.

Effects of photoperiod on population performance and sexually dimorphic responses in two major arbovirus mosquito vectors, Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (04) ◽  
pp. 177-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. Costanzo ◽  
R.A. Dahan ◽  
D. Radwan
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Developmental Constraints ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Female Response ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Population Performance

AbstractThe Asian tiger mosquito,Aedes albopictus(Skuse) and the yellow fever mosquito,Aedes aegypti(Linnaeus) are medically important species that vector several arboviruses. Globally, populations of both species experience (and are sensitive to) photoperiodic variations. The present study aims to test if photoperiod regimes affect the population performance ofAe. albopictusandAe. aegypti. Since mosquitoes have sex-specific strategies to maximize fitness, we also tested the hypothesis thatAe. albopictusandAe. aegyptiwould exhibit differences in the male and female response (sexually dimorphic response) to various photoperiod treatments. We reared cohorts of first instar larvae to adulthood in three photoperiod treatments: short day (10 h light), control (12 h light) and long day (14 h light). We measured and compared survival to adulthood, population growth, development time of males and females, and wing length across treatments. Although we detected no effects of photoperiod on the population performance of both species, we found evidence of a sexual dimorphic response to photoperiod inAe. albopictus, but not inAe. aegypti, withAe. albopictusfemales being more sensitive to variations in photoperiod. The observed differences between sexes ofAe. albopictusare consistent with sex-specific developmental constraints. The absence of a sexually dimorphic response to photoperiod inAe. aegyptican be attributed to different strategies evolved in this species to prepare for unfavourable conditions associated with shorter day length. We discuss the ecological and medical implications of our findings.

scholarly journals Host-environment interplay shapes fungal diversity in mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patil Tawidian ◽  
Kerri L. Coon ◽  
Ari Jumpponen ◽  
Lee W. Cohnstaedt ◽  
Kristin Michel
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Fungal Entomopathogens ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTMosquito larvae encounter diverse assemblages of bacteria (i.e. ‘microbiota’) and fungi (i.e. ‘mycobiota’) in the aquatic environments they develop in. However, while a number of studies have addressed the diversity and function of microbiota in mosquito life history, relatively little is known about mosquito-mycobiota interactions outside of several key fungal entomopathogens. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing of ITS2 gene amplicons to provide the first simultaneous characterization of the mycobiota in field-collected Aedes albopictus larvae and their associated aquatic environments. Our results reveal unprecedented variation in mycobiota among adjacent but discrete larval breeding habitats. Our results also reveal distinct mycobiota assembly in the mosquito gut versus other tissues, with gut-associated fungal communities being most similar to those present in the environment where larvae feed. Altogether, our results identify the environment as the dominant factor shaping mosquito mycobiota with no evidence of environmental filtering of the gut mycobiota. These results also identify mosquito feeding behavior and fungal mode of nutrition as potential drivers of tissue-specific mycobiota assembly after environmental acquisition.IMPORTANCEThe Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is the dominant mosquito species in the USA and an important vector of arboviruses of major public health concern. One aspect of mosquito control to curb mosquito-borne diseases has been the use of biological control agents such as fungal entomopathogens. Recent studies also demonstrate the impact of mosquito-associated microbial communities on various mosquito traits, including vector competence. However, while much research attention has been dedicated to understanding the diversity and function of mosquito-associated bacterial communities, relatively little is known about mosquito-associated fungal communities. A better understanding of the factors that drive mycobiota diversity and assembly in mosquitoes will be essential for future efforts to target mosquito micro- and mycobiomes for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control.

scholarly journals Changes in soil microbial communities at Jinsha earthen site are associated with earthen site deterioration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Li ◽  
Xiaoyue Zhang ◽  
Lin Xiao ◽  
Ke Liu ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Yeast Genus ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Physicochemical Factors ◽  
Permanent Loss ◽  
Relative Abundances ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Abstract Background: Earthen sites are immobile cultural relics and an important part of cultural heritage with historical, artistic and scientific values. The deterioration of features in earthen sites result in permanent loss of cultural information, causing immeasurable damage to the study of history and culture. Most research on the deterioration of earthen sites has concentrated on the physicochemical factors, and information on microbial communities in earthen sites and their relationship with the earthen site deterioration is scarce. We used high-throughput sequencing to analyze bacterial and fungal communities in soils from earthen walls with different degree of deterioration at Jinsha earthen site to characterize the communities and their correlation with environmental factors, and compare community structures and the relative abundances of individual taxa associated with different degree of deterioration for identifying possible marker taxa.Results: The relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were higher and that of Actinobacteria lower with higher degree of deterioration. At the genus level, the relative abundances of Rubrobacter were highest in all sample groups except in the most deteriorated samples where that of Bacteroides was highest. The relative abundance of the yeast genus Candida was highest in the severely deteriorated sample group. The bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes and genus Bacteroides, and fungal class Saccharomycetes that includes Candida sp. were specific for the most deteriorated samples. For both bacteria and fungi, the differences in community composition were associated with differences in EC, moisture, pH, and the concentrations of NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and SO42-. Conclusion: The microbial communities in soil with different degree of deterioration were distinctly different, and deterioration was accompanied with bigger changes in the bacterial than in the fungal community. In addition, the deteriorated soil contained higher concentrations of soluble salts. Potentially, the accumulation of Bacteroides and Candida plays an important role in the deterioration of earthen features. Further work is needed to conclude whether controlling the growth of the bacteria and fungi with high relative abundances in the deteriorated samples can be applied to alleviate deterioration.

scholarly journals Fungal Diversity in the Phyllosphere of Pinus heldreichii H. Christ—An Endemic and High-Altitude Pine of the Mediterranean Region

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Lazarević ◽  
Audrius Menkis
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Coniferous Tree Species

Pinus heldreichii is a high-altitude coniferous tree species naturaly occurring in small and disjuncted populations in the Balkans and southern Italy. The aim of this study was to assess diversity and composition of fungal communities in living needles of P. heldreichii specifically focusing on fungal pathogens. Sampling was carried out at six different sites in Montenegro, where 2-4 year-old living needles of P. heldreichii were collected. Following DNA isolation, it was amplified using ITS2 rDNA as a marker and subjected to high-throughput sequencing. Sequencing resulted in 31,831 high quality reads, which after assembly were found to represent 375 fungal taxa. The detected fungi were 295 (78.7%) Ascomycota, 79 (21.0%) Basidiomycota and 1 (0.2%) Mortierellomycotina. The most common fungi were Lophodermium pinastri (12.5% of all high-quality sequences), L. conigenum (10.9%), Sydowia polyspora (8.8%), Cyclaneusma niveum (5.5%), Unidentified sp. 2814_1 (5.4%) and Phaeosphaeria punctiformis (4.4%). The community composition varied among different sites, but in this respect two sites at higher altitudes (harsh growing conditions) were separated from three sites at lower altitudes (milder growing conditions), suggesting that environmental conditions were among major determinants of fungal communities associated with needles of P. heldreichii. Trees on one study site were attacked by bark beetles, leading to discolouration and frequent dieback of needles, thereby strongly affecting the fungal community structure. Among all functional groups of fungi, pathogens appeared to be an important component of fungal communities in the phyllosphere of P. heldreichii, especially in those trees under strong abiotic and biotic stress.

scholarly journals The Banana Root Endophytome: Differences between Mother Plants and Suckers and Evaluation of Selected Bacteria to Control Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás ◽  
Antonio J. Fernández-González ◽  
Martina Cardoni ◽  
Antonio Valverde-Corredor ◽  
Javier López-Cepero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Fusarium Wilt Of Banana ◽  
Identification And Characterization

This study aimed to disentangle the structure, composition, and co-occurrence relationships of the banana (cv. Dwarf Cavendish) root endophytome comparing two phenological plant stages: mother plants and suckers. Moreover, a collection of culturable root endophytes (>1000) was also generated from Canary Islands. In vitro antagonism assays against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) races STR4 and TR4 enabled the identification and characterization of potential biocontrol agents (BCA). Eventually, three of them were selected and evaluated against Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) together with the well-known BCA Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 under controlled conditions. Culturable and non-culturable (high-throughput sequencing) approaches provided concordant information and showed low microbial diversity within the banana root endosphere. Pseudomonas appeared as the dominant genus and seemed to play an important role in the banana root endophytic microbiome according to co-occurrence networks. Fungal communities were dominated by the genera Ophioceras, Cyphellophora, Plecosphaerella, and Fusarium. Overall, significant differences were found between mother plants and suckers, suggesting that the phenological stage determines the recruitment and organization of the endophytic microbiome. While selected native banana endophytes showed clear antagonism against Foc strains, their biocontrol performance against FWB did not improve the outcome observed for a non-indigenous reference BCA (strain PICF7).

scholarly journals Earthworms drastically change fungal and bacterial communities during vermicomposting of sewage sludge

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Domínguez ◽  
Manuel Aira ◽  
Keith A. Crandall ◽  
Marcos Pérez-Losada
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Earthworm Casts ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Sustainable Agricultural Practices

AbstractWastewater treatment plants produce hundreds of million tons of sewage sludge every year all over the world. Vermicomposting is well established worldwide and has been successful at processing sewage sludge, which can contribute to alleviate the severe environmental problems caused by its disposal. Here, we utilized 16S and ITS rRNA high-throughput sequencing to characterize bacterial and fungal community composition and structure during the gut- and cast-associated processes (GAP and CAP, respectively) of vermicomposting of sewage sludge. Bacterial and fungal communities of earthworm casts were mainly composed of microbial taxa not found in the sewage sludge; thus most of the bacterial (96%) and fungal (91%) taxa in the sewage sludge were eliminated during vermicomposting, mainly through the GAP. Upon completion of GAP and during CAP, modified microbial communities undergo a succession process leading to more diverse microbiotas than those found in sewage sludge. Consequently, bacterial and fungal community composition changed significantly during vermicomposting. Vermicomposting of sewage resulted in a stable and rich microbial community with potential biostimulant properties that may aid plant growth. Our results support the use of vermicompost derived from sewage sludge for sustainable agricultural practices, if heavy metals or other pollutants are under legislation limits or adequately treated.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation Characteristics of Bacteria and Fungi in PM2.5 in Typical Basin Cities of Xi’an and Linfen, China

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 809
Author(s):  
Sen Wang ◽  
Wanyu Liu ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Haotian Sun ◽  
Yali Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Ecological Functions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Variation Characteristics ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Microorganisms existing in airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) have key implications in biogeochemical cycling and human health. In this study, PM2.5 samples, collected in the typical basin cities of Xi’an and Linfen, China, were analyzed through high-throughput sequencing to understand microbial seasonal variation characteristics and ecological functions. For bacteria, the highest richness and diversity were identified in autumn. The bacterial phyla were dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Metabolism was the most abundant pathway, with the highest relative abundance found in autumn. Pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Serratia, and Delftia) were positively correlated with most disease-related pathways. Besides, C cycling dominated in spring and summer, while N cycling dominated in autumn and winter. The relative abundance of S cycling was highest during winter in Linfen. For fungi, the highest richness was found in summer. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota mainly constituted the fungal phyla. Moreover, temperature (T) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in Xi’an, and T, SO2, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Linfen were the key factors affecting microbial community structures, which were associated with different pollution characteristics in Xi’an and Linfen. Overall, these results provide an important reference for the research into airborne microbial seasonal variations, along with their ecological functions and health impacts.

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