scholarly journals Host-environment interplay shapes fungal diversity in mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patil Tawidian ◽  
Kerri L. Coon ◽  
Ari Jumpponen ◽  
Lee W. Cohnstaedt ◽  
Kristin Michel
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Fungal Entomopathogens ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTMosquito larvae encounter diverse assemblages of bacteria (i.e. ‘microbiota’) and fungi (i.e. ‘mycobiota’) in the aquatic environments they develop in. However, while a number of studies have addressed the diversity and function of microbiota in mosquito life history, relatively little is known about mosquito-mycobiota interactions outside of several key fungal entomopathogens. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing of ITS2 gene amplicons to provide the first simultaneous characterization of the mycobiota in field-collected Aedes albopictus larvae and their associated aquatic environments. Our results reveal unprecedented variation in mycobiota among adjacent but discrete larval breeding habitats. Our results also reveal distinct mycobiota assembly in the mosquito gut versus other tissues, with gut-associated fungal communities being most similar to those present in the environment where larvae feed. Altogether, our results identify the environment as the dominant factor shaping mosquito mycobiota with no evidence of environmental filtering of the gut mycobiota. These results also identify mosquito feeding behavior and fungal mode of nutrition as potential drivers of tissue-specific mycobiota assembly after environmental acquisition.IMPORTANCEThe Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is the dominant mosquito species in the USA and an important vector of arboviruses of major public health concern. One aspect of mosquito control to curb mosquito-borne diseases has been the use of biological control agents such as fungal entomopathogens. Recent studies also demonstrate the impact of mosquito-associated microbial communities on various mosquito traits, including vector competence. However, while much research attention has been dedicated to understanding the diversity and function of mosquito-associated bacterial communities, relatively little is known about mosquito-associated fungal communities. A better understanding of the factors that drive mycobiota diversity and assembly in mosquitoes will be essential for future efforts to target mosquito micro- and mycobiomes for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Bacterial and Fungal Communities in the Gut and the Crop of Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes: A Preliminary Study

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 628
Author(s):  
Morgane Guégan ◽  
Edwige Martin ◽  
Claire Valiente Moro
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Nectar Feeding ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Pathogen Vector

The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a major pathogen vector and one of the world’s most invasive species. In recent years, the study of mosquito-associated microbiota has received growing interest for reducing transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. Most of studies on mosquito microbiota mainly focused on the gut bacteria. However, microorganisms can also colonize other organs and are not restricted to bacteria. In mosquitoes, the crop is the primary storage organ for sugars from the nectar feeding before it is transferred into the midgut for digestion. No study has yet investigated whether this organ can harbor microorganisms in Ae. albopictus. By using high-throughput sequencing, this study is the first to describe the microbiota including both bacteria and fungi in sugar-fed Ae. albopictus males and females. The results showed the presence of diverse and rich bacterial and fungal communities in the crop of both sexes that did not strongly differ from the community composition and structure found in the gut. Altogether, our results provide a thorough description of the crop-associated microbiota in Ae. albopictus which can open new avenues for further studies on trophic interactions between the mosquito and its microbiota.

scholarly journals Early Stage Root-Associated Fungi Show a High Temporal Turnover, but Are Independent of Beech Progeny

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kezia Goldmann ◽  
Silke Ammerschubert ◽  
Rodica Pena ◽  
Andrea Polle ◽  
Bin-Wei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Temporal Turnover ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

The relationship between trees and root-associated fungal communities is complex. By specific root deposits and other signal cues, different tree species are able to attract divergent sets of fungal species. Plant intraspecific differences can lead to variable fungal patterns in the root’s proximity. Therefore, within the Beech Transplant Experiment, we analyzed the impact of three different European beech ecotypes on the fungal communities in roots and the surrounding rhizosphere soil at two time points. Beech nuts were collected in three German sites in 2011. After one year, seedlings of the different progenies were out-planted on one site and eventually re-sampled in 2014 and 2017. We applied high-throughput sequencing of the fungal ITS2 to determine the correlation between tree progeny, a possible home-field advantage, plant development and root-associated fungal guilds under field conditions. Our result showed no effect of beech progeny on either fungal OTU richness or fungal community structure. However, over time the fungal OTU richness in roots increased and the fungal communities changed significantly, also in rhizosphere. In both plant compartments, the fungal communities displayed a high temporal turnover, indicating a permanent development and functional adaption of the root mycobiome of young beeches.

scholarly journals Microbial community structure in rice, crops, and pastures rotation systems with different intensification levels in the temperate region of Uruguay

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Martinez
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
New Crops ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
The Impact

Rice is an important crop in Uruguay associated mostly with livestock production in a rice and pasture rotation system since the 1920s. However, in recent years there has been interest in intensifying the production in some of these systems to satisfy market demands and increase income. Intensification occurs by augmenting the rice frequency in the rotation, including new crops like sorghum and soybean, or shortening the pasture phase. A long-term experiment was established in 2012 in the main rice producing area of Uruguay with the objective to study the impact of intensification in rice rotations. After the first cycle of rotation soils from seven rotation phases were sampled and microbial communities were studied by means of high-throughput sequencing of Illumina NovaSeq 6000. Archaeal/bacterial and fungal community composition were studied (16S rRNA and 18S gene regions) detecting 3662 and 807 bacterial and fungal Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), respectively. Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most common bacterial phyla. Among them, only Proteobacteria differed significantly between rotations. Although most fungal OTUs were unidentified, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota were the most abundant fungal classes within identified taxa. Bacterial communities differed between rotations forming three groups according to the percentage of rice in the system. Fungal communities clustered in four groups, although not well differentiated, and mostly associated with the antecessor crop. Only P and C:N varied between rotations among soil physicochemical variables after six years, and individual bacterial OTUs appeared weakly influenced by P, pH, Mg and fungal OTUs by P. The results suggest that after six years, bacteria/archaeal communities were influenced by the time with rice in the rotation, and fungal communities were more influenced by the antecessor crop. More studies are needed to associate fungal communities with certain rotational or environmental variables. Some taxa were associated with a particular rotation, and some bacterial taxa were identified as biomarkers. Fungal indicator taxa were not identified at the species level for any rotation.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Fungal Biodiversity in Long-Term Polychlorinated Biphenyl-Contaminated Soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2051
Author(s):  
Camille Marchal ◽  
Joaquim Germain ◽  
Muriel Raveton ◽  
Blandine Lyonnard ◽  
Cindy Arnoldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Penicillium Chrysogenum ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Penicillium Canescens ◽  
Polluted Soils ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Impact

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) belong to the organic pollutants that are toxic to humans and harmful to environments. Numerous studies dealing with the impact of PCBs on soil microorganisms have focused on bacterial communities. The effects of PCBs on fungal communities in three different PCB-polluted soils from former industrial sites were investigated using high-throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region. Significant differences in fungal alpha diversity were observed mainly due to soil physico-chemical properties. PCBs only influenced the richness of the fungal communities by increasing it. Fungal composition was rather strongly influenced by both PCBs and soil properties, resulting in different communities associated with each soil. Sixteen Ascomycota species were present in all three soils, including Stachybotrys chartarum, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium canescens, Penicillium chrysogenum,Penicillium citrosulfuratum and Penicillium brevicompactum, which are usually found in PCB-polluted soils, and Fusarium solani, Penicillium canescens, Penicillium citrosulfuratum and Penicillium chrysogenum, which are known PCB degraders. This study demonstrated that PCBs influence the richness and the composition of fungal communities. Their influence, associated with that of soil physico-chemical properties, led to distinct fungal communities, but with sixteen species common to the three soils which could be considered as ubiquitous species in PCB-polluted soils.

scholarly journals Time-Dependent Effect of Graphene on the Microbial Activity of the Soil Under Single and Repeated Exposures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjuan Liu ◽  
Yufeng Guo ◽  
Guoli Chai ◽  
Wenbo Deng
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Soil Bacterial Community ◽  
Soil Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Soil Bacterial ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Graphene (GR) has huge industrial and biomedical potential, and its adverse effect on soil microorganisms has been evaluated in some ecotoxicological studies. These studies focus on a single exposure to GR, but repeated exposures are more likely to occur in soil. In this study, we compared the impact of single and repeated exposures (one, two and three exposures that resulted in the same final concentration) of GR on structure, abundance and function of soil bacterial community based on soil enzyme activity and high-throughput sequencing. The activities of urease and fluorescein diacetate esterase and alpha diversity demonstrate that repeated exposure to GR increase the diversity of soil bacterial diversity after 4 days of incubation following the last application of GR to soil. And the PCoA and sample level clustering tree showed single exposure to GR after 4 days alter the soil bacterial community to some extent, but the difference has been narrowed with the extension of time. During the entire incubation process, no matter what kind of exposure scenarios to GR, the majority of bacterial phylotypes remained unchanged except for Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria according to the relative abundance of phylotypes.

scholarly journals Time-dependent Effect of Graphene on the Microbial Activity of the Soil Under Single and Repeated Exposures

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
wenjuan liu ◽  
yufeng guo ◽  
guoli chai ◽  
wenbo deng
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Soil Bacterial Community ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Time Dependent Effect ◽  
Soil Bacterial ◽  
And Function ◽  
Clustering Tree ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Graphene (GR) has huge industrial and biomedical potential, and its adverse effect on soil microorganisms has been evaluated in ecotoxicological studies. These studies focus on a single exposure to GR, but repeated exposures are more likely to occur. In this study, we compared the impact of single and repeated exposures of GR on structure, abundance and function of soil bacterial community based on soil enzyme activity and high-throughput sequencing. The activities of urease and fluorescein diacetate esterase and alpha diversity demonstrate that repeated exposure to GR increase the diversity of soil bacteria. The PCoA and sample level clustering tree showed single exposure to GR after 4 days alter the soil bacterial community to some extent. During the entire incubation process, no matter what kind of exposure scenarios to GR, the majority of bacterial phylotypes remained unchanged except for Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria according to the relative abundance of phylotypes.

scholarly journals New insight into the divergent responses of plants to warming in the context of root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11340
Author(s):  
Xiaoting Wei ◽  
Fengyan Jiang ◽  
Bing Han ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Ding Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Suitable Habitats ◽  
And Function ◽  
Endophytic Community

Plant adaptation under climate changes is critical to the maintenance of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function. Studying the response of the endophytic community to climate warming is a novel way to reveal the mechanism of host environmental adaptability because of the prominent role endophytes play in host nutrient acquisition and stress tolerance. However, host performance was generally neglected in previous relevant research, which limits our understanding of the relationships between the endophytic community and host responses to climate warming. The present study selected two plants with different responses to climate warming. Elymus nutans is more suitable for growing in warm environments at low altitude compared to Kobresia pygmaea. K. pygmaea and E. nutans were sampled along an altitude gradient in the natural grassland of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed using high throughput sequencing. The results revealed that hosts growing in more suitable habitats held higher endophytic fungal diversity. Elevation and host identity significantly affected the composition of the root endophytic bacterial and fungal community. 16S rRNA functional prediction demonstrated that hosts that adapted to lower temperatures recruited endophytic communities with higher abundance of genes related to cold resistance. Hosts that were more suitable for warmer and drier environments recruited endophytes with higher abundance of genes associated with nutrient absorption and oxidation resistance. We associated changes in the endophytic community with hosts adaptability to climate warming and suggested a synchronism of endophytic communities and hosts in environmental adaptation.

Changes in structure and function of bacterial and fungal communities in open composting of Chinese herb residues

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Chang ◽  
Fengan Jia ◽  
Rui Lv ◽  
Lisha Zhen ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Herb Residues ◽  
And Function ◽  
Environmental Information Processing

In this study, dynamic changes in bacterial and fungal communities, metabolic characteristics, and trophic modes in Chinese herb residues open composting for 30 days were analyzed by using high-throughput sequencing, PICRUSt, and FUNGuild, respectively. Bacillaceae and Basidiomycota predominated at the early composting stage, while Proteobacteria and Ascomycota became the dominant phyla during the active phase. Aerobic composting had a significant effect on bacterial metabolic characteristics and fungal trophic modes over the composting time. The function of the bacterial communities changed from environmental information processing to metabolism. Fungal communities changed as well, with the pathogenic fungi decreasing and wood saprotrophs increasing. These results indicated that open composting of Chinese herb residues not only influenced microbial community structure but also changed metabolic characteristics and trophic modes, which became the internal dynamics of composting.

Surgery for Lung Cancer and the Consequences for the Swallow

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
Pippa Hales ◽  
Corinne Mossey-Gaston
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Vocal Cord Palsy ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Physiological Reserve ◽  
Palliative Phase ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Swallow Function

Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers across Northern America and Europe. Treatment options offered are dependent on the type of cancer, the location of the tumor, the staging, and the overall health of the person. When surgery for lung cancer is offered, difficulty swallowing is a potential complication that can have several influencing factors. Surgical interaction with the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) can lead to unilateral vocal cord palsy, altering swallow function and safety. Understanding whether the RLN has been preserved, damaged, or sacrificed is integral to understanding the effect on the swallow and the subsequent treatment options available. There is also the risk of post-surgical reduction of physiological reserve, which can reduce the strength and function of the swallow in addition to any surgery specific complications. As lung cancer has a limited prognosis, the clinician must also factor in the palliative phase, as this can further increase the burden of an already compromised swallow. By understanding the surgery and the implications this may have for the swallow, there is the potential to reduce the impact of post-surgical complications and so improve quality of life (QOL) for people with lung cancer.

The Laryngeal Epithelium in Reflux

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Erickson-Levendoski ◽  
Mahalakshmi Sivasankar
Keyword(s):  
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Laryngeal Disease ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The epithelium plays a critical role in the maintenance of laryngeal health. This is evident in that laryngeal disease may result when the integrity of the epithelium is compromised by insults such as laryngopharyngeal reflux. In this article, we will review the structure and function of the laryngeal epithelium and summarize the impact of laryngopharyngeal reflux on the epithelium. Research investigating the ramifications of reflux on the epithelium has improved our understanding of laryngeal disease associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. It further highlights the need for continued research on the laryngeal epithelium in health and disease.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document