Process Optimization and Upscaling of Spray-Dried Drug-Amino acid Co-Amorphous Formulations

The feasibility of upscaling the formulation of co-amorphous indomethacin-lysine from lab-scale to pilot-scale spray drying was investigated. A 22 full factorial design of experiments (DoE) was employed at lab scale. The atomization gas flow rate (Fatom, from 0.5 to 1.4 kg/h) and outlet temperature (Tout, from 55 to 75 °C) were chosen as the critical process parameters. The obtained amorphization, glass transition temperature, bulk density, yield, and particle size distribution were chosen as the critical quality attributes. In general, the model showed low Fatom and high Tout to be beneficial for the desired product characteristics (a co-amorphous formulation with a low bulk density, high yield, and small particle size). In addition, only a low Fatom and high Tout led to the desired complete co-amorphization, while a minor residual crystallinity was observed with the other combinations of Fatom and Tout. Finally, upscaling to a pilot scale spray dryer was carried out based on the DoE results; however, the drying gas flow rate and the feed flow rate were adjusted to account for the different drying chamber geometries. An increased likelihood to achieve complete amorphization, because of the extended drying chamber, and hence an increased residence time of the droplets in the drying gas, was found in the pilot scale, confirming the feasibility of upscaling spray drying as a production technique for co-amorphous systems.

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Effect of operating parameters on production of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of maize stalk in bubbling fluidized bed reactor

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology ◽

10.1515/pjct-2016-0053 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 88-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Najaf Ali ◽

Mahmood Saleem ◽

Khurram Shahzad ◽

Sadiq Hussain ◽

Arshad Chughtai

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Superficial Velocity ◽

Operating Parameters ◽

Gas Flow Rate ◽

Carrier Gas ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Carrier Gas Flow

Abstract The yield and composition of pyrolysis products depend on the characteristics of feed stock and process operating parameters. Effect of particle size, reaction temperature and carrier gas flow rate on the yield of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of Pakistani maize stalk was investigated. Pyrolysis experiments were performed at temperature range of 360-540°C, feed particle size of 1-2 mm and carrier gas fl ow rate of 7.0-13.0 m3/h (0.61.1 m/s superficial velocity). Bio-oil yield increased with the increase of temperature followed by a decreasing trend. The maximum yield of bio-oil obtained was 42 wt% at a temperature of 490°C with the particle size of around 1.0 mm and carrier gas flow rate of 11.0 m3/h (0.9 m/s superficial velocity). High temperatures resulted in the higher ratios of char and non-condensable gas.

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KARAKTERISTIK FISIK NANOKOMPOSIT ZNO/Fe2O3 YANG DIBUAT MENGGUNAKAN FLAME SPRAY PYROLISIS DENGAN VARIASI LAJU ALIR GAS PEMBAWA

EKUILIBIUM ◽

10.20961/ekuilibrium.v10i1.2222 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Arif Jumari ◽

Agus Purwanto ◽

Sperisa Distantina

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Surface Area ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Flame Spray Pyrolysis ◽

Flame Spray ◽

Gas Flow Rate ◽

Carrier Gas ◽

Carrier Gas Flow

Abstract: Biodiesel is a very potential alternative energy resources. Producing of Biodiesel was much carried out using homogeneous catalytic esterification of vegetable oil and alcohol. These proces had many disanvantages. ZnO as a transesterification catalyst has given high yield. To improve the catalytic performance, the surface area per mas of catalyst must be increased by decreasing the size of particle. To ease the separation between product and catalyst, the magnetic behaviour should be added to the catalyst. The aim of the research were to obtain nanocomposite ZnO/Fe2O3 and determine physical characteristic as well as catalytic and separation performance. Nanocomposite ZnO/Fe2O3 was synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis method. Assisted by carrier air precursor solution of Zn(NO3)2 and Fe(NO3)3 was nebulized and flowed to the inner tube of the burner. Nebulasation was carried out by varying carrier gas flow rate but at constant rateof nebulization. LPG gas dan oxidant air were flowed to the inner annulus and outer annulus, respectively. The solid produced was separated from gas by particle filter. The solid particle was then examined by XRD , FE-SEM and BET as wel as catalytic performance. The result showed that the crystalinity of samples decreased by increasing the carrier gas flow rate. The particle size was not influenced by carrier gas flow rate and the size were dominantly between 50-100 nm. A part of particle was flowerlike particle. The specific surface area of particle was not inflenced by carrier gas flow rate and its value was 50.5 m2/gram. Keywords : Tran-esterification, nanocomposite ZnO/Fe2O3, flame spray pyrolysis, carrier gas, particle size, particle morphology, specific surface area

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Experimental Analysis and Characterization of High-Purity Aluminum Nanoparticles (Al-NPs) by Electromagnetic Levitation Gas Condensation (ELGC)

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10102084 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2084

Author(s):

Rana Sabouni Tabari ◽

Mohammad Halali ◽

Akbar A. Javadi ◽

Mohammad Hassan Khanjanpour

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Flow Rate ◽

High Purity ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Electromagnetic Levitation ◽

Aluminum Nanoparticles ◽

Gas Flow Rate ◽

X Ray ◽

Gas Condensation ◽

High Purity Aluminum

The production of high-purity aluminum nanoparticles (Al-NPs) is challenging due to the highly reactive nature of Al metals. Electromagnetic levitation gas condensation (ELGC) is a promising method to produce high-purity metallic particles as it avoids the interaction between molten metal and refractory-lined, which guarantees the removal of impurities such as oxygen (O). In this research, high-purity Al-NPs were successfully fabricated via ELGC process and fully characterized. The effects of power input and gas flow rate on particle size and distribution were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results showed that the Al-NPs have spherical morphologies with an average diameter of 17 nm and size distribution of NPs is narrow under helium (He) flow rate of 15 L/min at a constant temperature of 1683 ± 10 K. The purity of the NPs was confirmed by utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Finally, metal purity of 99.976% and 99.97% was measured by AAS and XRF analyses, respectively. Moreover, it was found that increasing gas flow rate and sample temperature results in a decrease in the particle size. The particle sizes for the Al-NPs obtained under He atmosphere were smaller than those obtained under Ar atmosphere.

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Study on the Kinetics of Chemical Looping Combustion of Copper-Based Oxygen Carrier

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.1140 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 724-725 ◽

pp. 1140-1144

Author(s):

Yong Qiang Liu ◽

Zhi Qi Wang ◽

Jing Li Wu ◽

Jin Hu Wu

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Conversion Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Oxygen Carrier ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Chemical Looping Combustion ◽

Chemical Looping ◽

Gas Flow Rate

Kinetics is the study of rates of chemical processes, which includes investigations of how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and the reactions mechanism. In this paper, the influences of several parameters including particle size and mass of copper-based oxygen carrier, reaction gas flow rate and temperature on the conversion rate of oxygen carrier in chemical looping combustion was investigated. The results of experiment reveal that the conversion rate of oxygen carrier is influenced by the reaction temperature, mass of the oxygen carrier and the reaction gas flow rate. The conversion rate of oxygen carrier is improved with decreasing the mass of the oxygen carrier and increasing the reaction gas flow rate within a certain extent in the chemical looping combustion process. The particle size has very little effect on the conversion rate, and 800 °C is an advisable reaction temperature for chemical looping combustion process of copper-based oxygen carrier with methane and air.

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Investigation on the Transport Characteristics of Typical Biological Slender Particles in a Pilot-Scale Rotary Dryer

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.315 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 396-398 ◽

pp. 315-321

Author(s):

Wen Kui Zhu ◽

Bin Li ◽

Chuan Fang Yu ◽

Liang Yuan Chen

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Average Residence Time ◽

Gas Flow Rate ◽

Rotating Speed ◽

Rotary Dryer ◽

Transport Velocity ◽

Cut Tobacco

The transport characteristics of cut tobacco as a typical biological wet slender particle were investigated in a pilot-scale rotary cylinder. Effect of solids and gas flow rate, moisture content of particles and rotating speed of cylinder was analyzed. The adaptability of the classical Friedman model for predicting average residence time of these type particles was also investigated. The result shows that the gas flow rate, moisture content of particles as well as rotating speed of cylinder have a significant influence on the axis transport velocity and forward step per cycle of cut tobacco in rotary cylinder. It’s difficult for Friedman model to accurately describe influence of gas flow rate and moisture content on transport of cut tobacco, which was associated with the particle characterize and influence of moisture content on the fluidity of particles.

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Inhibition Mechanism of Magnesium Ion on Carbonation Reaction with Ca(OH)2 and CO2

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.990 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 510-511 ◽

pp. 990-993 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jeong Hwan Kim ◽

Ji Whan Ahn ◽

Sang Jin Ko ◽

Woon Kyoung Park ◽

Choon Han

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Aspect Ratio ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Inhibition Mechanism ◽

Gas Flow Rate ◽

High Concentration ◽

Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽

Carbonation Reaction ◽

Co2 Gas

The objective of this study is to synthesize the single phase aragonite precipitated calcium carbonate by the carbonation process in the Ca(OH)2-MgCl2-CO2 system. Many researchers reported the influence of Mg2+ ion on the synthetic properties. The inhibition of calcite nucleation and crystal growth, distortion of calcite lattice, and change of surface electrification were investigated. Variety of particle size and aspect ratio were observed according to changes in the concentration of Ca(OH)2 slurry, temperature, and CO2 gas flow rate. The nucleation rate increased when decreasing the temperature and increasing the CO2 gas flow rate. Particle size and aspect ratio increased at high temperature, low CO2 gas flow rate, and high concentration of Ca(OH)2 slurry, however small-sized aragonite was obtained at low temperature.

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Numerical Investigation on the Evaporation Performance of Desulfurization Wastewater in a Spray Drying Tower without Deflectors

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings11091022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1022

Author(s):

Debo Li ◽

Ning Zhao ◽

Yongxin Feng ◽

Zhiwen Xie

Keyword(s):

Spray Drying ◽

Droplet Size ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Flue Gas ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Initial Temperature ◽

Gas Temperature ◽

Gas Flow Rate ◽

Complete Evaporation ◽

Desulfurization Wastewater

The desulfurization wastewater evaporation technology with flue gas has been widely applied to dispose of desulfurization wastewater. This paper investigates the effect of flue gas flow rate and temperature, wastewater flow rate and initial temperature, and droplet size on the evaporation performance of the desulfurization wastewater in a spray drying tower without deflectors. The results show that the flue gas flow rate and temperature affect the evaporation performance of desulfurization wastewater. The larger flow rate and higher temperature of flue gas correspond to the faster evaporation speed and the shorter complete evaporation distance of the wastewater droplet. Decreasing the flow rate and increasing the initial temperature of the desulfurization wastewater is advantageous to enhance the evaporation speed and shorten the complete evaporation distance of the wastewater droplet. Reducing the droplet size is beneficial to improve the evaporation performance of the desulfurization wastewater. The orthogonal test results show that the factors affecting droplet evaporation performance are ranked as follows: flue gas flow rate > wastewater flow rate > flue gas temperature > wastewater initial temperature > droplet size. Considering the evaporation ratio and the complete evaporation distance, the optimal setting is 14.470 kg/s for flue gas flow rate, 385 °C for flue gas temperature, 0.582 kg/s for wastewater flow rate, 25 °C for wastewater initial temperature, and 60 μm for droplet size. These studied results can provide valuable information to improve the operational performance of the desulfurization wastewater evaporation technology with flue gas.

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PURIFICATION OF SMOKE AND PROCESS GASES IN DIRECT-FLOW CYCLONES

Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University) ◽

10.36807/1998-9849-2020-56-82-44-50 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 56 ◽

pp. 44-50

Author(s):

Valeriy S. Toptalov ◽

◽

Nikolai A. Martsulevich ◽

Oleg M. Flisyuk ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Velocity Profiles ◽

Geometric Parameters ◽

Gas Velocity ◽

Gas Flow Rate ◽

Direct Flow ◽

Calculation Results ◽

Process Gases

In this work, gas velocity profiles in the separating chamber of a direct-flow cyclone are obtained, and a method for calculating its efficiency is proposed. The method allows us to trace the influence of the geometric parameters of the chamber, the particle size and the gas flow rate on the degree of its purification. The calculation results are confirmed by numerous experiments

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A Design of Experiment Approach to Optimize Spray-Dried Powders Containing Pseudomonas aeruginosaPodoviridae and Myoviridae Bacteriophages

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13101926 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1926

Author(s):

Emilie Tabare ◽

Tea Glonti ◽

Christel Cochez ◽

Cyrille Ngassam ◽

Jean-Paul Pirnay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spray Drying ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Spray Dryer ◽

Gas Flow Rate ◽

Residual Moisture ◽

Spray Dried

In the present study, we evaluated the effect of spray-drying formulations and operating parameters of a laboratory-scale spray-dryer on the characteristics of spray-dried powders containing two Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages exhibiting different morphotypes: a podovirus (LUZ19) and a myovirus (14-1). We optimized the production process for bacteriophage-loaded powders, with an emphasis on long-term storage under ICH (international conference on harmonization) conditions. D-trehalose-/L-isoleucine-containing bacteriophage mixtures were spray-dried from aqueous solutions using a Büchi Mini Spray-dryer B-290 (Flawil, Switzerland). A response surface methodology was used for the optimization of the spray-drying process, with the following as-evaluated parameters: Inlet temperature, spray gas flow rate, and the D-trehalose/L-isoleucine ratio. The dried powders were characterized in terms of yield, residual moisture content, and bacteriophage lytic activity. L-isoleucine has demonstrated a positive impact on the activity of LUZ19, but a negative impact on 14-1. We observed a negligible impact of the inlet temperature and a positive correlation of the spray gas flow rate with bacteriophage activity. After optimization, we were able to obtain dry powder preparations of both bacteriophages, which were stable for a minimum of one year under different ICH storage conditions (up to and including 40 °C and 75% relative humidity).

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Pyrolysis of wild cyanophyta from Chaohu lake for bio-oil

Environment Technology Resources Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference ◽

10.17770/etr2015vol2.630 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

Jun Chen ◽

Juan Ci ◽

Xin Lai Wei ◽

Zhi Min Yu ◽

Jie Jin

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Liquid Product ◽

Chaohu Lake ◽

Gas Flow Rate ◽

Nitrogenous Compounds ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Liquid Products ◽

Carrier Gas Flow

To solve the environmental problems caused by the algae, pyrolysis experiment was studied to produce bio-oil with the wild cyanophyta from Chaohu lake for the first time. The results showed that the suitable temperature, carrier gas flow rate, and the smaller particle size were better for liquid products generation, the liquid (bio-oil) yield obtained maximum (66 %) at temperature of 450 oC, carried gas flow rate of 50 mL/min and particle size of less than 0.25 mm. The main ingredients of liquid product from cyanophyta pyrolysis consisted of hydrocarbons, nitrogenous compounds, acids and other organic compounds (such as alcohols, phenols esters and non-identified materials). Acid content was the highest and greatly affected by temperature. The content of hydrocarbons was about 15%.

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