scholarly journals Horseradish Essential Oil as a Promising Anti-Algal Product for Prevention of Phytoplankton Proliferation and Biofouling

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1550
Author(s):  
István Bácsi ◽  
Sándor Gonda ◽  
Zsuzsanna Nemes-Kókai ◽  
Viktória B-Béres ◽  
Gábor Vasas
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Phytoplankton Assemblages ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Eukaryotic Algae ◽  
Individual Number ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Phytoplankton

Increased proliferation of algae is a current problem in natural and artificial water bodies. Controlling nutrients is the most sustainable treatment of increased algal proliferation, however in certain cases, it is not sufficiently available, or it does not provide results fast enough. Chemicals derived from natural sources, which could be effective in low concentrations and are biodegradable, may have an advantage over conventional chemical treatments. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-cyanobacterial and anti-algal properties of allyl-isothiocyanate-containing essential oil produced from horseradish roots with a complex approach of the topic: on laboratory strains of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae, on microcosms containing natural phytoplankton assemblages, and on semi-natural biofilms. The results show that acute treatment can significantly reduce the viability of all the tested cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae. Results of microcosm experiments with natural phytoplankton assemblages show that horseradish essential oil from 7.1 × 10−6% (v/v) is applicable to push back phytoplankton proliferation even in natural assemblages. The individual number in the biofilm was dropped down to one-fifth of the original individual number, so 7.1 × 10−6% (v/v) and higher concentration of the essential oil can be considered as a successful treatment against biofouling.

scholarly journals Behavioral and Antennal Responses of Tribolium confusum to Varronia globosa Essential Oil and Its Main Constituents: Perspective for Their Use as Repellent

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4393
Author(s):  
Cesar Auguste Badji ◽  
Jean Dorland ◽  
Lynda Kheloul ◽  
Dimitri Bréard ◽  
Pascal Richomme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Tribolium Confusum ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Stored Product Pest ◽  
Indigenous Plant ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Electroantennogram Recordings ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Main Component

Essential oils of aromatic plants represent an alternative to classical pest control with synthetic chemicals. They are especially promising for the alternative control of stored product pest insects. Here, we tested behavioral and electrophysiological responses of the stored product pest Tribolium confusum, to the essential oil of a Brazilian indigenous plant, Varronia globosa, collected in the Caatinga ecosystem. We analyzed the essential oil by GC-MS, tested the effects of the entire oil and its major components on the behavior of individual beetles in a four-way olfactometer, and investigated responses to these stimuli in electroantennogram recordings (EAG). We could identify 25 constituents in the essential oil of V. globosa, with anethole, caryophyllene and spathulenole as main components. The oil and its main component anethole had repellent effects already at low doses, whereas caryophyllene had only a repellent effect at a high dose. In addition, the essential oil abolished the attractive effect of the T. confusum aggregation pheromone. EAG recordings revealed dose-dependent responses to the individual components and increasing responses to the blend and even more to the entire oil. Our study reveals the potential of anethole and the essential oil of V. globosa in the management of stored product pests.

Inhibition of carbon fixation as a function of zinc uptake in natural phytoplankton assemblages

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Davies ◽  
Jillian A. Sleep
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Phytoplankton Assemblages ◽  
Metal Contents ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Natural Phytoplankton

There is now a substantial body of evidence that the growth rates of phytoplankton in culture are more closely related to the cellular levels of the rate-limiting constituent, be it a nutrient, micronutrient or toxic metal, than to the concentrations in the supporting medium; nitrate, Caperon (1968); phosphate, Fuhs (1969); silicate, Paasche (1973); vitamin B12, Droop (1968); iron, Davies (1970); mercury, Davies (1974); cadmium, Davies (1978a). This has suggested the requirement for a technique which would allow the determination of comparable relationships for natural populations of phytoplankton - how, for instance, their carbon fixation rates depend upon the metal contents of the plant cells. Although the effects of metals upon carbon fixation in phytoplankton assemblages from several different sea areas have already been examined (Knauer & Martin, 1972; Patin et al. 1974; Zingmark & Miller, 1975; Ibragim & Patin, 1976) no data seem to have been obtained on the levels of the metals present in the phytoplankton at the time of the measurements.

The effect of fungal colonization on the morphine production of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) capsules

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Laughlin ◽  
D. Munro
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Capsule Wall ◽  
Surface Cover ◽  
Morphine Concentration ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Individual

SUMMARYAbnormally low concentrations of morphine in capsules of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) in the 1970–1 season were associated with heavy fungal colonization. The effect of fungal colonization on the morphine production of capsules was later studied in a series of field, glasshouse and in vitroexperiments.In a field experiment morphine concentration of severely colonized (> 30% surface cover) intact capsules was 20% less (P <0·01) than slightly colonized (< 10% surface cover) capsules. Colonization of these field-grown capsules was generally localized in the top half and the morphine concentration of the top half was about 20% less than the bottom half for all colonization categories. In contrast, glasshouse-grown capsules were free of fungal colonization and the top and bottom halves had similar morphine concentrations.In a field experiment studying the effect of fungicides, 2 kg benomyl (50% a.i.) + 2 kg mancozeb (80% a.i.)/ha were applied as a spray at 10-day intervals from flowering till 1 month after commercial harvest and plants were harvested at weekly intervals from 10 days after full bloom. The mean dry-matter yield of sprayed capsules was 11% greater (P <0·01) than non-sprayed with a similar trend for morphine concentration and morphine yield. In addition, the sprayed treatment significantly reduced the area covered by sporulating lesions on the surface of the capsule after dry maturity. This superficial fungal cover had a NNE orientation in both sprayed and non-sprayed capsules.In an in vitroexperiment using capsules from the field fungicide study, fungi were isolated from the interior of green capsule wall tissue as early as 17 days after flowering. Colonization increased with successive harvests and culturing of fungi from the interior of capsule wall tissue showed the presence of fungi in both sprayed and non-sprayed capsules with no difference in the degree of colonization.Two of the major fungi isolated from the field experiment were identified as Dendryphion penidllatum (Corda) Fr. and Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and the individual effect of these was assessed in an in vitro experiment using ground capsule material. D. penidllatuvi and A. alternata reduced the morphine concentration of ground capsules in 24 days to 7 and 11% respectively of non-inoculated controls.

scholarly journals Antigens of worms and eggs showed a differentiated detection of specific IgG according to the time of Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaella Fortini Queiroz Grenfell ◽  
Watson Hermann Martins ◽  
Vanessa Silva-Moraes ◽  
Suedali Villas-Boas Barata ◽  
Elizandra Giani Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Perfusion Technique ◽  
Individual Number ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Immunological Assays ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Positive Groups ◽  
Sera Samples

INTRODUCTION: The correlation between the immunological assay and the antibody titer can offer a tool for the experimental analysis of different phases of the disease. METHODS: Two simple immunological assays for Schistosoma mansoni in mice sera samples based on specific IgG detection for worms soluble antigens and eggs soluble antigens were standardized and evaluated in our laboratory. Fifty mice were used in negative and positive groups and the results obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) assays were compared with the number of worms counted and the IgG titers at different times of infection. RESULTS: Data showed that ELISA using adult worm antigens (ELISA-SWAP) presented a satisfactory correlation between the absorbance value of IgG titers and the individual number of worms counted after perfusion technique (R²=0.62). In addition, ELISA-SWAP differentially detected positive samples with 30 and 60 days post infection (p=0.011 and 0.003, respectively), whereas ELISA using egg antigens (ELISA-SEA) detected samples after 140 days (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: These data show that the use of different antigens in immunological methods can be used as potential tools for the analysis of the chronological evolution of S. mansoni infection in murine schistosomiasis. Correlations with human schistosomiasis are discussed.

scholarly journals Indian Mustard and Allyl Isothiocyanate Inhibit Sclerotium rolfsii

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie G. Harvey ◽  
Heather N. Hannahan ◽  
Carl E. Sams
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Soilborne Pathogen ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Sclerotial Germination

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is the predominant isothiocyanate produced by damaged tissues of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L) Czerniak). This study investigated Indian mustard and AITC mediated suppression of mycelial growth and sclerotial germination of Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo, a common soilborne pathogen. Indian mustard (IM) treatments of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 2.0, 4.1, 5.1, 10.2, 20.4, 40.8, 81.6, and 163.3 g·L-1 (weight of reconstituted mustard per liter of air) were evaluated for suppression of mycelial growth. Treatment effect was evaluated by measuring the radial growth of mycelia. Sclerotia were placed in culture tubes containing 18 g autoclaved soil and covered with an additional 5 g soil. AITC at concentrations of 0, 4.0, 16.0, 64.0, 256.0, 1024.0, or 4096.0 μmol·L-1 was injected into the tubes. Treated sclerotia were removed from tubes and plated on potato dextrose agar to determine viability. Mycelial growth was inhibited with IM treatments (P < 0.01). Inhibiting concentrations (IC) of IM for mycelial growth inhibition of 50% and 90% were 0.7 and 1.0 g·L-1, respectively, with death resulting with >2 g·L-1. Inhibition attributable to AITC alone was lower than that achieved by IM producing equivalent amounts of AITC. Germination of sclerotia was negatively correlated with AITC concentration (r = 0.96; P < 0.01). The IC50 and IC90, of AITC were 249.0 and 528.8 μmol·L-1, respectively, at 42 hours. The lethal concentration for sclerotia was not reached; only suppression occurred at the highest treatment concentrations. Sclerotium rolfsii mycelia were sensitive to the IM volatiles and were suppressed at low concentrations. Sclerotia were more resistant than the mycelia and required higher concentrations of AITC to suppress germination.

scholarly journals Three Mothers (2006) by Dina Zvi-Riklis: The Repressed Israeli Trauma of Immigration

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Yael Munk
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Jewish Family ◽  
Outstanding Achievement ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Past ◽  
Promised Land ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Jewish Religion

This article relates to the complex approach of Dina Zvi-Riklis’ film Three Mothers (2006) to immigration, an issue that is central to both the Jewish religion and Israeli identity. While for both, reaching the land of Israel means arriving in the promised land, they are quite dissimilar, in that one is a religious command, while the other is an ideological imperative. Both instruct the individual to opt for the obliteration of his past. However, this system does not apply to the protagonists of Three Mothers, a film which follows the extraordinary trajectory of triplet sisters, born to a rich Jewish family in Alexandria, who are forced to leave Egypt after King Farouk’s abdication and immigrate to Israel. This article will demonstrate that Three Mothers represents an outstanding achievement, because it dares to deal with its protagonists’ longing for the world left behind and the complexity of integrating the past into the present. Following Nicholas Bourriaud’s radicant theory, designating an organism that grows roots and adds new ones as it advances, this article will argue that, although the protagonists of Three Mothers never avow their longing for Egypt, the film’s narrative succeeds in revealing a subversive démarche, through which the sisters succeed in integrating Egypt into their present.

scholarly journals Assessment of Mint, Basil, and Lavender Essential Oil Vapor-Phase in Antifungal Protection and Lemon Fruit Quality

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata M. Sumalan ◽  
Raufdzhon Kuganov ◽  
Diana Obistioiu ◽  
Iuliana Popescu ◽  
Isidora Radulov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Set Up

There is an increasing interest in developing natural methods to replace the current chemicals used for maintaining postharvest quality of citrus fruits. The essential oil antifungal activity of mint (MEO), basil (BEO), and lavender (LEO) acting as the vapor-phases was tested against Penicillium digitatum. The minimum doses with fungistatic and fungicidal effect, in vitro, acting as the vapor-phases, were set up. The minimum fungicidal dose was 300 μL for BEO and 350 μL LEO, while for MEO only minimal dose with fungistatic effect was reached. The IC50 values were calculated and used (v/v) for testing preservation of lemon fruits, in close space enriched in vapor oil. For this purpose, the following two independent in vivo experiments were carried out: experiment 1, inoculated lemons with P. digitatum stored without chemical treatments 7 days, at 22 ± 2 °C, at two concentrations (C1—IC50 equivalent; C2—half of C1); and experiment 2, the non-inoculated lemons kept under the same conditions and concentrations of EO vapor served to evaluate the lemon quality properties. The results showed that antifungal protective effect was provided in the order of LEO-C1 > BEO-C1 > MEO-C1 > BEO-C2 > MEO-C2 > LEO-C2. The quality indicators like weight loss, pH, and firmness were not negatively influenced.

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