Effects of kinetin on the growth and development of barley and its interaction with root size

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ruckenbauer ◽  
E. J. M. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Cytokinin Synthesis ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Apices ◽  
Root Size

SummaryIn some plants the roots have been shown to be major sites of cytokinin production. The part they play in controlling growth and development of cereals was studied by spraying barley with kinetin solution and by changing the size of the root system. Two varieties of barley were grown in culture solution and kinetin was applied and root sexcised at the second-, third- or fifth-leaf stage. The kinetin in aqueous solution was sprayed on the leaves, and either most of the root-tips, or an equivalent weight of entire root strands, were removed. Kinetin increased both shoot apex development and the final ear size. The weights of the main shoot and the whole plant also wore increased, particularly by the later treatments. Removing entire root strands decreased the whole plant dry weight more than removing most of the root apices, but the main shoot weight was less affected. Kinetin interacted with root removal, though neither the interaction nor the main effect of root removal showed unequivocally that cereal roots are the site of cytokinin synthesis, possibly because new root tips were regenerated.

scholarly journals Leaf Growth and Development in the Young Tobacco Plant

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rae V Hannam
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Tobacco Plant ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Weight Data

The growth of the vegetative shoot of tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., and the associated changes in dry weight of the whole plant and its major parts are described. By means of serial reconstruction, the volume changes of successive young leaf primordia are followed, and this information is integrated with the dry weight data for older leaves.

scholarly journals Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Waterlogging and Corn Shoot and Root Growth and Development

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2095
Author(s):  
Charles Hunt Walne ◽  
K. Raja Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Soil Waterlogging ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Corn Plants

Short- and long-term waterlogging conditions impact crop growth and development, preventing crops from reaching their true genetic potential. Two experiments were conducted using a pot-culture facility to better understand soil waterlogging impacts on corn growth and development. Two corn hybrids were grown in 2017 and 2018 under ambient sunlight and temperature conditions. Waterlogging durations of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 days were imposed at the V2 growth stage. Morphological (growth and development) and pigment estimation data were collected 15 days after treatments were imposed, 23 days after sowing. As waterlogging was imposed, soil oxygen rapidly decreased until reaching zero in about 8–10 days; upon the termination of the treatments, the oxygen levels recovered to the level of the 0 days treatment within 2 days. Whole-plant dry weight declined as the waterlogging duration increased, and after 2 days of waterlogging, a 44% and 27% decline was observed in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Leaf area and root volume showed an exponential decay similar to the leaf and root dry weight. Leaf number and plant height were the least sensitive measured parameters and decreased linearly in both experiments. Root forks were the most sensitive parameter after 14 days of waterlogging in both experiments, declining by 83% and 80% in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The data from this study improve our understanding of how corn plants react to increasing durations of waterlogging. In addition, the functional relationships generated from this study could enhance current corn simulation models for field applications.

Growth of bean cells in suspension culture in the presence of NaCl and protein-stabilizing factors

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 777-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gale ◽  
W. G. Boll
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Significant Stimulation ◽  
Standard Culture ◽  
Culture Growth ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Stabilizing Factors ◽  
Cell Culture Growth

Sensitivity of Phaseolus vulgaris to NaCl was much lower in cell suspension than in whole plant cultures. At levels of −4 bars, growth (dry weight accumulation) was decreased by about 40% during the first 9 days. Growth of whole plants was decreased 70% by −2 bars NaCl. There was a small but not statistically significant stimulation of cell culture growth at levels of NaCl between −0.5 and −1.0 bars. (These values are in addition to the −3.5 bars of the standard culture solution itself.)Growth of cells in the control medium stopped at the end of 10 days but continued in the salinized cultures, reaching the level of the controls at about day 13. After six passages in saline medium, there was no evidence of increased tolerance to salt. Sensitivity increased, although subsequent growth in nonsaline medium was not affected.This system was used for assaying the effect of various antioxidants, vitamins, hormones, and amino acids on salt damage at the cellular level. At the concentrations assayed, these materials had either no effect or were toxic.

Effect of Root-zone Temperature on Strawberry Growth and Development

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 460b-460
Author(s):  
Melita Marion Biela ◽  
Gail R. Nonnecke ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Harry T. Horner
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Weight Analysis ◽  
Vegetative And Reproductive Growth ◽  
Zone Temperature

Root-zone temperature (RZT) effects were studied to determine physiological changes on whole-plant and microscopic levels of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) growth and development. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in 1997 with `Tristar' day-neutral strawberry using a randomized complete-block design with three RZT treatments (23, 29, and 35 °C) and four replications. The total number of flowers was less in plants subjected to 35 °C. Total weight of fruit yield was highest at 29 °C and least at 23 °C, due possibly to later fruit development. Fresh weight was highest in plants grown at 23 and 29 °C. Dry weight analysis showed that root and leaf growth were inhibited at 35 °C. Throughout the duration of the experiment, transpiration rates were lower in plants subjected to 35 °C. In general, plants grown under RZT of 29 °C had more optimal vegetative and reproductive growth than those grown under 23 and 35 °C.

Response of Poinsettia Growth and Development to Ratio of Radiant to Thermal Energy

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 508e-508
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Highly Correlated

A concept of ratio of radiant to thermal energy (RRT) has been developed to deal with the interactive effect of light and temperature on plant growth and development. This study further confirms that RRT is a useful parameter for plant growth, development, and quality control. Based on greenhouse experiments conducted with 27 treatment combinations of temperature, light, and plant spacing, a model for poinsettia plant growth and development was constructed using the computer program STELLA II. Results from the model simulation with different levels of daily light integral, temperature, and plant spacing showed that the RRT significantly affects leaf unfolding rate when RRT is lower than 0.025 mol/degree-day per plant. Plant dry weight is highly correlated with RRT; it increases linearly as RRT increases.

scholarly journals Production of cabbage grown in pots containing legumes' root and shoot

Revista CERES ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago de Oliveira Vargas ◽  
Ellen Rúbia Diniz ◽  
Ricardo Henrique Silva Santos ◽  
Alysson Roberto de Almeida ◽  
Segundo Urquiaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Whole Plant

Roots effect is not generally considered in studies assessing the performance of crops in response to green manuring. However, such effect can contribute to a better understanding of crop rotation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of root and shoot of two legumes on the production of cabbage. The experiment was conducted in pots of 10 liters containing substrate of 2:1 soil/sand. The experiment was arranged in a factorial scheme (2x3 + 2) in a randomized block design with five replicates using two legume species (Crotalaria juncea L. and Canavalia ensiformis L), three plant parts (root, shoot, or whole plant), and two additional treatments (mineral fertilization with 100% and 50% of the recommended dose of N for growing cabbage). Pots with legume treatments received mineral fertilizer with 50% of the recommended dose of N for growing cabbage. The experimental plot consisted of a pot containing one plant of cabbage. Legumes were grown in pots and harvested at 78 days. The root biomass was determined in extra pots. Production was assessed using head fresh and dry weight. The application of the whole plant of both legume species reduced cabbage production. However, root or shoot of both legume species was equivalent to 50% of mineral N fertilization required for the cultivation of cabbage.

Infection of adventitious roots of Agrostis palustris by Pythium species at different temperature regimes

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton F. Hodges ◽  
Douglas A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Pythium Arrhenomanes ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Disease Complexes

Pathogenicity of several isolates of Pythium species to the adventitious roots of Agrostis palustris was evaluated at high (35:24, light:dark) and low (24:13 °C, light:dark) temperature regimes. Isolates of P. graminicola–arrhenomanes, P. rostratum, P. torulosum, P. vanterpoolii, and one unclassified species were evaluated. All isolates of all species infected roots. Some isolates of P. graminicola–arrhenomanes (PGA-5), P. torulosum (PT-1, PT-2, PT-3, PT-5), P. vanterpoolii (PV-1), and an unclassified species (UP-1) infected roots and decreased dry weight at both the high and low temperature regimes. Other isolates of P. graminicola–arrhenomanes (PGA-1, PGA-2, PGA-4, PGA-6, PGA-7) and P. torulosum (PT-4) infected roots and decreased dry weight only at the high temperatures. Isolate PGA-7 of P. graminicola–arrhenomanes also stimulated plant growth at low temperatures. The remaining isolates of P. graminicola–arrhenomanes (PGA-3), P. rostratum (PR-1), and P. vanterpoolii (PV-2) infected roots and decreased dry weight only at the low temperatures. Infection of roots was limited to root hairs, root tips, and epidermal and cortical tissues. The observations are discussed relative to the function of Pythium species as minor root pathogens and their potential function in disease complexes. Key words: disease complexes, infection, minor pathogens, pathogenesis, pathogenicity, Pythium arrhenomanes, P. graminicola, P. graminicola–arrhenomanes, P. rostratum, P. torulosum, P. vanterpoolii.

scholarly journals ALLELOPATHIC INFLUENCE OF TRIANTHIMA PORTULACASTRUM L. ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSES OF SESAME (SESAMUM INDICUM L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-186
Author(s):  
Prabhakaran J ◽  
Kavitha D
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Seedling Length ◽  
Developmental Responses

An experiment was conducted in order to determine the allelopathic effects of the aqueous extract of Trianthima portulacastrum L.on the seed germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content ofsesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Greenhouse experiment was carried out as RCBD (Randomized complete block design)with four replications. Treatments included 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% (W/W) residues of whole plant of T.portulacastrum with normal field soil. Results showed that the low concentrations of T.portulacastrum had no significant effect on the germination percentage, seedling length, dry weight, total chlorophyll contents at lower concentration(1%) of weed residues. However, treatments with higher concentrations had negative effects on germination, growth and seedling dry weight of sesame.

scholarly journals Whole-plant Response of Six Poinsettia Cultivars to Three Fertilizer and Two Irrigation Regimes

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Schuch ◽  
Richard A. Redak ◽  
James Bethke
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Leaf N

Six cultivars of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wind.), `Angelika White', `Celebrate 2', `Freedom Red', `Lilo Red', `Red Sails', and `Supjibi Red' were grown for 9 weeks during vegetative development under three constant-feed fertilizer treatments, 80,160, or 240 mg N/liter and two irrigation regimes, well-watered (high irrigation) or water deficient (low irrigation). Plants fertilized with 80 or 240 mg N/liter were 10% to 18% shorter, while those fertilized with 160 mg N/liter were 25 % shorter with low versus high irrigation. Leaf area and leaf dry weight increased linearly in response to increasing fertilizer concentrations. Low irrigation reduced leaf area, leaf, stem, and shoot dry weight 3670 to 41%. Cultivars responded similarly to irrigation and fertilizer treatments in all components of shoot biomass production and no interactions between the main effects and cultivars occurred. Stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased with increasing fertilizer rates or sometimes with low irrigation. Highest chlorophyll contents occurred in leaves of `Lilo Red' and `Freedom Red'. Leaves of plants fertilized with 80 mg N/liter were deficient in leaf N and had 40 % to 49 % lower leaf chlorophyll content compared to plants fertilized with 160 or 240 mg N/liter. Irrigation had no effect on leaf N or chlorophyll content. At the end of the experiment leaves of `Supjibi Red' and `Angelika White' contained higher concentrations of soluble proteins than the other four cultivars.

The apoplastic permeability of root apices

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1502-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl E. Enstone ◽  
Carol A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Fluorescent Tracer ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Casparian Band ◽  
Root Apices ◽  
Apoplastic Permeability

The apoplastic permeability of regions near the root tips of two nonexodermal species (Vicia faba L. and Pisum sativum L.) and three exodermal species (Zea mays L., Allium cepa L., and Helianthus annuus L.) was investigated with a berberine – thiocyanate tracer procedure. In regions of nonexodermal roots where the endodermis was mature, the walls of the epidermis and cortex were permeable; inward diffusion of the tracers was arrested at the endodermis. In regions of exodermal roots where the exodermis was mature, the apoplast was permeable only up to the anticlinal walls of the exodermis; in regions where the exodermis was immature but the endodermis was mature, the cortex was permeable up to the Casparian band of the endodermis. In root tips of both exodermal and nonexodermal species, berberine penetration into the meristem was greatly restricted. In some species there were additional areas adjacent to the meristem into which berberine movement was similarly restricted. It is concluded that even though root apices lack suberized structures, these zones are nevertheless partially apoplastically isolated from the external environment. Key words: apoplastic transport, berberine, fluorescent tracer, root tips.

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