Differential Response of Hemp Dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) to Clopyralid, Dowco 433, and 2,4-D

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 782-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Orfanedes ◽  
Loyd M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Late Application

Field studies were conducted to compare the short- and long-term control of hemp dogbane by POST applications of Dowco 433, clopyralid, and 2,4-D amine. Dowco 433 at 140 g ae ha–1controlled 81 to 93% of weeds at 8 wk after treatment. Good control (79 to 89%) was also achieved with 560 g ae ha–12,4-D amine at 8 wk after treatment. Twelve months after treatment, control of hemp dogbane averaged 65 to 75% where Dowco 433 was applied at rates of 140 g ha–1or higher. Similar results were obtained with 2,4-D amine at 560 g ha–1. Control with clopyralid was minimal. Weed height and dry weight were reduced with all treatments except clopyralid. The effect of early versus late application was also evaluated in two studies. In certain situations, control 8 wk after treatment was greater when application was made during the early reproductive growth stage as opposed to the vegetative growth stage.

Irrigation of field peas (Pisum sativum): response to timing at different crop growth stages

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. KNOTT
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Crop Growth Stages ◽  
Different Growth Stages

The response of two cultivars of dry harvest field peas (Pisum sativum), Solara and Bohatyr, to irrigation at different growth stages was studied on light soils overlying sand in Nottinghamshire, England in 1990, when the spring was particularly dry, in 1991 which had a dry spring and summer and in contrast, 1992, when rainfall was greater compared with the long-term (40 year) mean.Solara, short haulmed and semi-leafless was more sensitive to drought than the tall conventional-leaved cultivar Bohatyr and gave a greater yield response to irrigation, particularly at the vegetative growth stage in the first two dry years 1990 and 1991, of 108% and 55% respectively, compared with unirrigated plots. Bohatyr was less sensitive to the timing of single applications.In all years, peas irrigated throughout on several occasions produced the highest yields, but this was the least efficient use of water.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of Nonconsciously Processed Ambient Scents in a Servicescape: Findings From Two Field Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Girard ◽  
Marcel Lichters ◽  
Marko Sarstedt ◽  
Dipayan Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Railway Company ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Ambient Scents ◽  
Short Term Effects

Ambient scents are being increasingly used in different service environments. While there is emerging research on the effects of scents, almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of consumers’ repeated exposure to ambient scents in a service environment as prior studies on ambient scents have been lab or field studies examining short-term effects of scent exposure only. Addressing this limitation, we examine the short- and long-term effects of ambient scents. Specifically, we present a conceptual framework for the short- and long-term effects of nonconsciously processed ambient scent in olfactory-rich servicescapes. We empirically test this framework with the help of two large-scale field experiments, conducted in collaboration with a major German railway company, in which consumers were exposed to a pleasant, nonconsciously processed scent. The first experiment demonstrates ambient scent’s positive short-term effects on consumers’ service perceptions. The second experiment—a longitudinal study conducted over a 4-month period—examines scent’s long-term effects on consumers’ reactions and demonstrates that the effects persist even when the scent has been removed from the servicescape.

scholarly journals Good control of diffuse brain metastasis with lapatinib plus capecitabine in a patient with HER2-positive breast cancer

ABOUTOPEN ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Giovanni Faggioni
Keyword(s):  
Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Whole Brain Radiotherapy ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Tumor Burden ◽  
Her2 Positive ◽  
Brain Radiotherapy ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Indolent Disease

S We present the case of a patient affected by HER2-positive breast carcinoma, relapsed at supraclavicular and mediastinal lymph nodes level, after three and eight years from initial diagnosis. These relapses were successfully treated by local radiotherapy, hormone therapy and trastuzumab. After 10 years from onset, the patient developed cerebral progression with a number of seizable lesions, overt clinical symptoms. To avoid the short- and long-term side effects of whole brain radiotherapy, the patient is initially treated with lapatinib and capecitabine in light of the favorable data on the efficacy of this combination on brain metastases from HER2-positive breast carcinoma. This therapy results in a considerable lesions reduction, allowing to postpone the panencephalic radiotherapy to a later time with a lower tumor burden. The response to radiotherapy is significant and sustanined for a progression-free interval of about 10 months. This case suggests that lapatinib may represent the treatment of choice in cases of indolent disease, characterized by long progression free intervals with minor symptoms with the aim to postpone the use of more invasive treatments (Oncology).

Influence of Rainfree Period After Asulam Application on Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)Control

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey A. Bruff ◽  
James L. Griffin ◽  
Edward P. Richard
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Maximum Performance ◽  
Rainfall Simulator

A rainfall simulator was used to deliver the equivalent of 1.3 cm of water in 0.25 h at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after POST applications of asulam to johnsongrass in greenhouse and field studies. Johnsongrass control responses were similar when asulam was applied with either a crop oil concentrate or a commercially blended organosilicone/crop oil concentrate premix. Rainfall 24 h after asulam application reduced johnsongrass control in greenhouse studies. Maximum visual johnsongrass control of 80, 69, and 69% was obtained in field studies when rainfall occurred 20, 14, and 8 h after asulam application, respectively. Based on reductions in johnsongrass dry weight, rainfree periods needed to insure maximum performance with asulam in field studies ranged from 3 to 16 h. Variation in critical rainfree periods was related to plant growth stage when asulam was applied and environmental conditions and is indicative of the inconsistency in johnsongrass control commonly observed with asulam.

scholarly journals Developing Functional Relationships between Soil Waterlogging and Corn Shoot and Root Growth and Development

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2095
Author(s):  
Charles Hunt Walne ◽  
K. Raja Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Soil Waterlogging ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Corn Plants

Short- and long-term waterlogging conditions impact crop growth and development, preventing crops from reaching their true genetic potential. Two experiments were conducted using a pot-culture facility to better understand soil waterlogging impacts on corn growth and development. Two corn hybrids were grown in 2017 and 2018 under ambient sunlight and temperature conditions. Waterlogging durations of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 days were imposed at the V2 growth stage. Morphological (growth and development) and pigment estimation data were collected 15 days after treatments were imposed, 23 days after sowing. As waterlogging was imposed, soil oxygen rapidly decreased until reaching zero in about 8–10 days; upon the termination of the treatments, the oxygen levels recovered to the level of the 0 days treatment within 2 days. Whole-plant dry weight declined as the waterlogging duration increased, and after 2 days of waterlogging, a 44% and 27% decline was observed in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Leaf area and root volume showed an exponential decay similar to the leaf and root dry weight. Leaf number and plant height were the least sensitive measured parameters and decreased linearly in both experiments. Root forks were the most sensitive parameter after 14 days of waterlogging in both experiments, declining by 83% and 80% in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The data from this study improve our understanding of how corn plants react to increasing durations of waterlogging. In addition, the functional relationships generated from this study could enhance current corn simulation models for field applications.

Disposal of Waste Material – Evaluation in the KHM Project of Short and Long-Term Effects

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 49-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janén Hartl ◽  
Tom Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Trace Element Composition ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Coal Wastes ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Leachate Water

One of the main objectives of the Swedish Coal-Health-Environment Project is to assess the short and long term effects of the disposal of coal wastes on the environment. The situation described below has been the basis for the discussions, laboratory leaching tests and field studies carried out in the KHM Project. The results of the laboratory works are reported to the conference in a paper by Liem et al, while this paper discusses the water balance and construction measures. Certain trace elements in coal wastes are found in greater concentrations than in normal soils and rocks. As a result of the mineral alteration in the combustion process the mobility of some of the constituents may be higher in the waste than in the coal (or in sediments in general). On the other hand the alkaline properties of the waste reduce the mobility of many elements. Due to the continuous leaching out of buffering substances the pH of the leachate water will vary with time. The construction of trace elements in the leachate from a waste dump, exposed to acid rain, is governed by several factors. Beside the trace element composition and the leaching characteristic of the waste, the buffering capacity, the time and the water balance of the dump are judged to be the main controlling factors.

scholarly journals Malaria control dynamics may explain inconsistent outcomes from bednet trials: a modeling study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Orsborne ◽  
Thomas Walker ◽  
Laith Yakob
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Avoidance Behaviors ◽  
Relevant Field ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBACKGROUNDLong-lasting insecticidal bednets have unparalleled efficacy in reducing malaria burden. However, insecticidal resistance and bednet avoidance behaviors among the mosquito vectors are now widespread.METHODSReviewing the relevant field and semi-field studies highlights the ubiquity of zoophagic and spatiotemporal (biting outdoors or at different times of day) plasticity among vectors in response to bednet deployment. Transmission models coupled with the population genetics of vectors are developed to assess the impact on malaria control caused by insecticide resistance and the avoidance behaviors of mosquitoes.RESULTSInteractions between physiological resistance and behavioral resilience among mosquito vectors can significantly impact malaria control efforts both in the short- and long-term. The possibility of misleading observations from injudiciously timed assessments of malaria control programs is demonstrated through simulation.CONCLUSIONSCurrently, there are no guidelines to inform when during a bednet trial its effectiveness should be measured. The importance of this oversight is described in the context of recent randomized controlled bednet trials.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Straw Mulching and Subsoiling Affect Soil Water, Photosynthesis, and Water Use of Wheat and Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghui Yang ◽  
Jicheng Wu ◽  
Yan-Lei Du ◽  
Cuimin Gao ◽  
Xiaoying Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Straw Mulching ◽  
Resource Sustainability ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Use Efficiency

Water shortages and rainfall variability lead to a decrease in grain yield. Straw mulching (SM), subsoiling (S), and combined amendments (subsoiling + straw mulching, SS) are potential solutions for maintaining crop productivity and water resource sustainability. However, short- and long-term applications of these methods appear to result in different yield and water use efficiency outcomes. In this study, we, therefore, compared short- and long-term applications of SM, S, and SS, with a control. We analyzed field experimental data of wheat and maize cultivation with control (conventional tillage), SM, S, and SS treatments to assess the impact on yield and water use efficiency, resulting from short- and long-term applications of these practices. The results show that SS treatment led to higher soil water storage (SWS) compared with other treatments during the regreening, jointing, and booting stages of wheat, and the big bellmouth and filling stages of maize in the short- and long-term experiments. However, long-term SS treatment also led to higher SWS in the growth stage of wheat in 2015–2016 and in the growth stage of maize in 2015. Additionally, SS treatment was conducive to raising the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and leaf water use efficiency (LWUE) of wheat compared with other treatments in 2015 and 2016. Conversely, Pn and LWUE of maize under S and SS treatments were higher (P < 0.05) compared with other treatments in the two studied years. Short-term treatment led to higher wheat yield compared with long term in 2014–2015 (ample rainfall) and of maize in 2016 (low rainfall). The yield of wheat under long-term S treatment in 2015 was 9625.-kg hm−2, which was the highest (P < 0.05) in 2 years, with a 17.7% increase compared with the control, followed by short-term S treatment. However, the water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat under long-term SS treatment in 2016 was the highest (P < 0.05) compared with other treatments. The yield of maize under SM and S treatments was higher than other treatments, whereas the WUE of maize under long-term SS treatment in 2016 was still the highest (P < 0.05). Our findings provide evidence that S and SS treatments improve both crop productivity and water resource sustainability, and long-term application resulted in higher productivity than short-term application.

Thatch biodegradation and antifungal activities of two lignocellulolyticStreptomycesstrains in laboratory cultures and in golf green turfgrass

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 550-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Chamberlain ◽  
Don L Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Streptomyces Spp ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Streptomyces Violaceusniger

The use of lignocellulolytic Streptomyces spp. as biological agents, to enhance thatch degradation in turf and to slow its rate of accumulation while controlling fungal growth in the thatch layer, was studied. In flask scale studies, two lignocellulolytic Streptomyces violaceusniger (= hygroscopicus) strains (YCED9 and WYE53) decomposed thatch (>30% dry weight) over a 12-week incubation period. Biodegradation was accompanied by production of extracellular cellulases, xylanases, and peroxidases. The accumulation of the polymeric, water-soluble lignin degradation intermediate acid, precipitable polymeric lignin (APPL), was also observed. Residual thatch from 12-week-old cultures had an increased lignin-to-carbohydrate ratio, an indication that although lignin was metabolized, carbohydrates were preferential carbon sources for these actinomycetes. A spore-containing soluble dry powder formulation was used as an inoculum in an in situ field experiment. This formulation was maintained in storage at 4°C for over two years without viability loss. Results from the golf green experiment showed that although treated thatch layers in established greens were not appreciably reduced over the course of one summer, the Streptomyces were active and maintained their populations within the thatch, while fungal growth was suppressed as compared to controls. The results show that treatment of turfgrass with these Streptomyces may be useful for the long-term control of fungal populations within the thatch. Longer field studies are required to assess the long-term potential for also controlling thatch build-up and fungal pathogens.Key words: biocontrol, biodegradation, fungi, Streptomyces, thatch.

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