scholarly journals Cl− More Detrimental Than Na+ in Rice Under Long-Term Saline Conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Hanh Duy Dao ◽  
Yoshihiko Hirai
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Difference

Rice is considered sensitive to salinity and hence, improving the salinity tolerance of rice is desired to increase productivity. Most research on salinity tolerance for the growth and grain yield of rice focuses on the toxicity of sodium (Na+) and not chloride (Cl−); the information on the negative effects of Cl− on rice is still limited. To learn the difference in the long-term effects of Na+ and Cl− on the whole plant and grain productivities, three rice varieties differing in salinity tolerance were grown in pots irrigated by water with NaCl and KCl in the same molar concentration. The whole plant dry weight and grain yield in all varieties decreased to the same extent after NaCl and KCl treatments compared to the control during the full heading and maturity stages. However, Na+ content in shoots of all varieties under NaCl treatment were higher at all stages than that under KCl treatment and the control. In the most cases, the Cl− content in plants was similar in the NaCl and KCl treatment groups. There was a negative significant correlation between the relative dry weight and grain yield (treated/control) and the Cl− content in the plants. From these results, it was suggested that plant dry weight and grain yield under long-term salinity conditions was reduced by Cl− toxicity rather than Na+ toxicity.

scholarly journals Silicon Fertilization Affects Growth of Hybrid Phalaenopsis Orchid Liners

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wagner A. Vendrame ◽  
Aaron J. Palmateer ◽  
Ania Pinares ◽  
Kimberly A. Moore ◽  
Lawrence E. Datnoff
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Silicon Fertilization ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Si Content ◽  
Control Water

Experiments were conducted during two different time periods to determine if hybrid phalaenopsis orchid (Phalaenopsis spp.) liners accumulate silicon (Si) and if this element can affect liner growth. A total of 800 liners were evaluated and Si fertilization was performed by applying potassium silicate (KSiO3) as a drench with three treatments (0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% v/v) and a control (water, no Si fertilization). The application of KSiO3 affected overall growth of phalaenopsis orchid liners, where Si content of the plant ranged from 0.5% to 1.7%. Overall, Si applied at 0.5% and 1.0% increased fresh weight and dry weight (DW) and at 1.0% Si significantly increased DW of root, shoot, and whole plant over the control. Increases in DW ranged from 27% up to 118%. Results from the second experiment were similar. Other plant parameters evaluated such as leaf number and size, root number, and length were unaffected by Si application. Although leaves of phalaenopsis orchid liners treated with Si appeared darker green when compared with the control, no significant differences were observed in chlorophyll content of leaves. Reduced growth was observed when 2.0% Si was applied affecting Si tissue concentrations and substrate electric conductivity. The data obtained from this study indicate that hybrid phalaenopsis orchid liners are Si accumulators and that this element influences their growth. Further studies are warranted to address the long-term effects of Si fertilization on the complete life cycle of hybrid phalaenopsis orchids.

Long-term effects of 2, 4-D application on plants. I. Effects on the weed community in a wheat crop

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2530-2536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Hume
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
The Difference

At Indian Head, Saskatchewan, there are plots that have been sprayed annually with 2,4-D for 36 years, since 1947. Herbicide application rates since 1969 in two sets of plots were 0.42 and 1.12 kg/ha, along with control plots with no application. The crop was wheat in a 3-year wheat – wheat – fallow rotation. The plots were monitored throughout the growing season in 1982 and 1983. The 14 most abundant species on these plots were grouped as susceptible, moderately tolerant, or highly tolerant to 2,4-D. These three groups differed significantly from each other with respect to the number of emerging seedlings during four separate time periods, survival to crop harvest, plant dry weight, and seed production. In all treatments, plant number and size decreased with emergence date, with only a few small plants emerging late in the season. Over the long term, 2,4-D use significantly reduced the number of plants of susceptible species, but it did not eliminate them. Reduced numbers of susceptible plants enabled the number of plants of highly tolerant species to increase. Even in plots treated with high rates of 2,4-D, plants of the susceptible species, Chenopodium album L. and Thlaspi arvense L., were still as abundant as those of any other species group. The overall effect of 2,4-D application was to reduce the difference in performance of susceptible and tolerant species, resulting in changes in quantitative aspects of community structure. No new major species has become established since 1947 as a result of 2,4-D application.

scholarly journals The long-term bio-behavioural effects of juvenile sildenafil treatment in Sprague-Dawley versus Flinders Sensitive Line rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Juandré Lambertus Bernardus Saayman ◽  
Stephanus Frederik Steyn ◽  
Christiaan Beyers Brink
Keyword(s):  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Bdnf Level ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Sensitive Line ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Flinders Sensitive Line

Abstract Objective: To investigate the long-term effects of juvenile sub-chronic sildenafil (SIL) treatment on the depressive-like behaviour and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels of adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) versus Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats. Methods: SD and FSL rats were divided into pre-pubertal and pubertal groups, whereafter 14-day saline or SIL treatment was initiated. Pre-pubertal and pubertal rats were treated from postnatal day 21 (PND21) and PND35, respectively. The open field and forced swim tests (FST) were performed on PND60, followed by hippocampal BDNF level analysis one day later. Results: FSL rats displayed greater immobility in the FST compared to SD rats (p < 0.0001), which was reduced by SIL (p < 0.0001), regardless of treatment period. Hippocampal BDNF levels were unaltered by SIL in all treatment groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Juvenile sub-chronic SIL treatment reduces the risk of depressive-like behaviour manifesting during young adulthood in genetically susceptible rats.

Do researchers impact their study populations? Assessing the effect of field procedures in a long term population monitoring of sea kraits

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Fauvel ◽  
François Brischoux ◽  
Marine Jeanne Briand ◽  
Xavier Bonnet
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Head Morphology

Long term population monitoring is essential to ecological studies; however, field procedures may disturb individuals. Assessing this topic is important in worldwide declining taxa such as reptiles. Previous studies focussed on animal welfare issues and examined short-term effects (e.g. increase of stress hormones due to handling). Long-term effects with possible consequences at the population level remain poorly investigated. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of widely used field procedures (e.g. handling, marking, forced regurgitation) both on short-term (hormonal stress response) and on long-term (changes in body condition, survival) scales in two intensively monitored populations of sea kraits (Laticauda spp.) in New Caledonia. Focusing on the most intensively monitored sites, from 2002 to 2012, we gathered approximately 11 200 captures/recaptures on 4500 individuals. Each snake was individually marked (scale clipping + branding) and subjected to various measurements (e.g. body size, head morphology, palpation). In addition, a subsample of more than 500 snakes was forced to regurgitate their prey for dietary analyses. Handling caused a significant stress hormonal response, however we found no detrimental long-term effect on body condition. Forced regurgitation did not cause any significant effect on both body condition one year later and survival. These results suggest that the strong short-term stress provoked by field procedures did not translate into negative effects on the population. Although similar analyses are required to test the validity of our conclusions in other species, our results suggest distinguishing welfare and population issues to evaluate the potential impact of population surveys.

scholarly journals Residual effects of superficial liming on tropical soil under no-tillage system

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1633-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Hideo Martins da Costa ◽  
Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽  
Jayme Ferrari Neto ◽  
Gustavo Spadotti Amaral Castro
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Tillage System

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the long-term effects of the surface application of lime on soil fertility and on the mineral nutrition and grain yield of soybean, and of black oat and sorghum in crop succession. The experiment was carried out on a clayey Oxisol, in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. Treatments consisted of lime the rates of 0, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 kg ha-1, applied in October 2002 and November 2004. Soil samples were collected at five soil layers, down to 0.60-m depth. Surface liming was effective in reducing soil acidity and increasing Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents in the subsurface. Moreover, it increased available phosphorus contents and soil organic matter in the long term (48 to 60 months after the last lime application). Surface liming improved plant nutrition, mainly for N, Ca, and Mg, and increased dry matter production and grain yield of the crops, even in years with regular distribution of rainfall. The greatest productivities of soybean, black oat, and sorghum were obtained with the respective estimated lime doses of 4,000, 2,333, and 3,281 kg ha-1, for shoot dry matter, and of 2,550, 3,555, and over 4,000 kg ha-1, for grain yield.

scholarly journals ALLELOPATHIC INFLUENCE OF TRIANTHIMA PORTULACASTRUM L. ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSES OF SESAME (SESAMUM INDICUM L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-186
Author(s):  
Prabhakaran J ◽  
Kavitha D
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Seedling Length ◽  
Developmental Responses

An experiment was conducted in order to determine the allelopathic effects of the aqueous extract of Trianthima portulacastrum L.on the seed germination, seedling growth and chlorophyll content ofsesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Greenhouse experiment was carried out as RCBD (Randomized complete block design)with four replications. Treatments included 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4% (W/W) residues of whole plant of T.portulacastrum with normal field soil. Results showed that the low concentrations of T.portulacastrum had no significant effect on the germination percentage, seedling length, dry weight, total chlorophyll contents at lower concentration(1%) of weed residues. However, treatments with higher concentrations had negative effects on germination, growth and seedling dry weight of sesame.

Factors Influencing the Rate and Duration of Grain Filling in Wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sofield ◽  
LT Evans ◽  
MG Cook ◽  
IF Wardlaw
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Leaf Photosynthetic Rate

Controlled-environment conditions were used to examine the effects of cultivar and of temperature and illuminance after anthesis on grain setting and on the duration and rate of grain growth. After an initial lag period, which did not differ greatly between cultivars, grain dry weight increased linearly under most conditions until final grain weight was approached. Growth rate per grain depended on floret position within the ear, varied between cultivars (those with larger grains at maturity having a faster rate), and increased with rise in temperature. With cultivars in which grain number per ear was markedly affected by illuminance, light had relatively little effect on growth rate per grain. With those in which grain number was less affected by illuminance, growth rate per grain was highly responsive to it, especially in the more distal florets. In both cases there was a close relation between leaf photosynthetic rate as influenced by illuminance, the rate of grain growth per ear, and final grain yield per ear. The duration of linear grain growth, on the other hand, was scarcely influenced by illuminance, but was greatly reduced as temperature rose, with pronounced effects on grain yield per ear. Cultivars differed to some extent in their duration of linear growth, but these differences accounted for less of the difference in final weight per grain than did those in rate of grain growth. Under most conditions the cessation of grain growth did not appear to be due to lack of assimilates.

scholarly journals LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF GRAIN LEGUMES ON RAINY-SEASON SORGHUM PRODUCTIVITY IN A SEMI-ARID TROPICAL VERTISOL

2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. REGO ◽  
V. NAGESWARA RAO
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Central India ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sorghum Grain

In southern and central India, farmers crop Vertisols only in the post-rainy season, to avoid land management problems in the rainy season. In 1983 ICRISAT established a long-term trial seeking to intensify cropping. The trial included intercrops, sequential crops and appropriate Vertisol management technology to allow consecutive rainy-season and post-rainy season crops to be grown. Benefits provided by legumes to succeeding rainy-season sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were analysed in relation to a non-legume system of sorghum + safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Rainy-season sorghum grain yield production was sustained at about 2.7 t ha−1 over 12 years within a continuous sorghum–pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) intercrop system. With a cowpea–pigeonpea intercrop system, succeeding sorghum benefitted each year by about 40 kg N ha−1 (fertilizer nitrogen (N) equivalent). Without N fertilizer application the sorghum grain yield was around 3.3 t ha−1. Legume benefits were less marked in the chickpea (Cicer arietinum)-based rotation than in the pigeonpea system, in which a 12-year build up of soil total N (about 125 μg g−1) was observed. Although sorghum benefitted from this system, pigeonpea yields declined over time due to soil-borne fungi and nematodes. Wider rotations of crops with pigeonpea may help to overcome these problems, while sustaining sorghum production.

Comparison of soil CO2 emissions from three different tillage methods on chernozem soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márton Dencső ◽  
Ágota Horel ◽  
Zsófia Bakacsi ◽  
Eszter Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tillage Methods

&lt;p&gt;Tillage practices influence soil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, hence many research investigate the long-term effects of conservation and conventional tillage methods e.g. ploughing and no-tillage on soil greenhouse gas emission.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The experiment site is an 18-years-old long-term tillage trial established on chernozem soil. During 2020, we took weekly CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;emission measurements in the mouldboard ploughing (MP), no-tillage (NT), and shallow cultivation (SC) treatments Tillage depth was 26-30 cm, 12-16 cm and 0 cm in the cases of MP, SC and NT respectively. The experiment was under wither oat cultivation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We investigated the similarity in the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission trends of SC to MP or NT treatments. Besides CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission measurements, we also monitored environmental parameters such as soil temperature (Ts) and soil water content (SWC) in each treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;During the investigated year (2020 January - December) SC had higher annual mean CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission (0.115&amp;#177;0.083 mg m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) compared to MP (0.099&amp;#177;0.089 mg m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and lower compared to NT (0.119&amp;#177;0.100 mg m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). The difference of the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions was significant between SC and MP (p&lt;0.05); however, it was not significant between SC and NT (p&gt;0.05) treatments. The Ts dependency of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission was moderate in all treatments. CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions were moderately depended on SWC in MP and SC, and there was no correlation between these parameters in NT.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The annual mean CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission of the SC treatment was more similar to the NT, than to the MP treatment.&lt;/p&gt;

ASSESSING THE COMBINING ABILITY OF RICE GENOTYPES IN F1 GENERATION USING COMPLETE DIALLEL CROSS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
I. A. Odhano ◽  
H. B. Bozdar ◽  
M. A. Sial
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Short Stature ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Panicle Length ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cross Combination ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Days To Heading

A complete diallel analysis was carried out to determine combining ability of Shandar, NIA-Mehran, NIA-19/A, KS-282 and Shua-92 rice varieties in F1 during 2017. The objective of the study was to identify potential recombinants for future rice breeding program. The research was conducted at Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam. Genotypic mean squares were significant (P ?0.01) for all of the traits i.e.; days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of tillers plant-1, panicle length, grains panicle-1 and grain yield plant-1 indicating genetic variation. Importance of both additive and non-additive gene action was found with preponderance of additive genetic effects in expression of traits studied. Showing negative GCA effects, NIA-Mehran, NIA-19/A and Shua-92 proved better parent varieties for developing early maturity. While, NIA-Mehran, KS-282 and Shua-92 for developing short stature genotypes. While, Shandar remained the best combiner for yield and yield associated traits with higher positive GCA effects. Cross combination of Shandar × KS-282 was the best with higher negative effects for days to heading and maturity and higher positive effects for grain yield plant-1. NIA-Mehran × Shua-92 gave the highest negative SCA effects indicating best combination for short stature. In case of number of tillers plant-1 and grains panicle-1, the cross NIA-19/A × KS-282 was the better combination with the highest positive SCA effects. Shandar × NIA-Mehran manifested the highest value for panicle length. Findings of reciprocal SCA  revealed that the reciprocal cross combination of Shua-92 × Shandar was fruitful illustrating negative effects for days to heading and maturity. While, KS-282 × NIA-Mehran was the best reciprocal combination for yield and yield associated traits. It is concluded that rice varieties Shandar and NIA-Mehran could be used to improve yield contributing traits in rice, while, NIA-Mehran and KS-282 may be used to improve early maturity and short stature in rice crop.

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