scholarly journals Grapevine Shoot Tip Cryopreservation and Cryotherapy: Secure Storage of Disease-Free Plants

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2190
Author(s):  
Jean Carlos Bettoni ◽  
Zvjezdana Marković ◽  
Wenlu Bi ◽  
Gayle M. Volk ◽  
Toshikazu Matsumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Vitis Species ◽  
Secure Storage ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Global Exchange

Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is one of the most economically important temperate fruit crops. Grapevine breeding programs require access to high-quality Vitis cultivars and wild species, which may be maintained within genebanks. Shoot tip cryopreservation is a valuable technique for the safe, long-term conservation of Vitis genetic resources that complements traditional field and in vitro germplasm collections. Vitis is highly susceptible to virus infections. Virus-free plants are required as propagation material for clonally propagated germplasm, and also for the global exchange of grapevine genetic resources. Shoot tip cryotherapy, a method based on cryopreservation, has proven to be effective in eradicating viruses from infected plants, including grapevine. This comprehensive review outlines/documents the advances in Vitis shoot tip cryopreservation and cryotherapy that have resulted in healthy plants with high regrowth levels across diverse Vitis species.

scholarly journals Development, progress and future prospects in cryobiotechnology of Lilium spp.

Plant Methods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing-Wei Li ◽  
Xiao-Chen Zhang ◽  
Min-Rui Wang ◽  
Wen-Lu Bi ◽  
M. Faisal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Long Term Preservation ◽  
Made In

Abstract Lilium is one of the most popular flower crops worldwide, and some species are also used as vegetables and medicines. The availability of and easy access to diverse Lilium genetic resources are essential for plant genetic improvements. Cryopreservation is currently considered as an ideal means for the long-term preservation of plant germplasm. Over the last two decades, great efforts have been exerted in studies of Lilium cryopreservation and progress has been made in the successful cryopreservation of pollen, seeds and shoot tips in Lilium. Genes that exist in Lilium, including those that regulate flower shape, color and size, and that are resistant to cold stress and diseases caused by fungi and viruses, provide a rich source of valuable genetic resources for breeding programs to create novel cultivars required by the global floriculture and ornamental markets. Successful cryopreservation of Lilium spp. is a way to preserve these valuable genes. The present study provides updated and comprehensive information about the development of techniques that have advanced Lilium cryopreservation. Further ideas are proposed to better direct future studies on Lilium cryobiotechnology.

scholarly journals Long-term conservation of potato genetic resources: Methods and status of conservation

2019 ◽  
pp. 717-725
Author(s):  
Jane Muthoni ◽  
Hussein Shimelis ◽  
Rob Melis
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Natural Habitats

Plant genetic resources (PGRs) play an important role in agriculture, environment protection, cultural property and trade; they need to be conserved. There are two fundamental approaches for the conservation of PGRs: in situ and ex situ. In situ conservation is the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings. Ex situ preservation is the storage of seeds or plant materials under artificial conditions to maintain their long term viability and availability for use. Genebanks employ seed storage, field collections of living plants and in vitro storage (tissue culture or cryopreservation) for ex situ preservation of PGR. Storage of orthodox seeds, which are tolerant to low moisture content and low temperatures at appropriate temperature and humidity, is the most convenient ex situ conservation method. Plants that produce recalcitrant seeds or non-viable seeds are conserved in field genebanks as well as in-vitro in slow growth media for short-to-medium term and cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen at -1960C for long-term periods. Cryopreservation is very expensive and needs trained personnel; this could explain why this method is rarely used for conservation of plant genetic resources in most developing countries. Potato tubers are bulky and highly perishable; the crop is generally conserved as clones either in field genebanks (with annual replanting), in-vitro conservation in slow growth media for short-to-medium term and cryopreservation for long term. Field genebanks are expensive to maintain and the crop is exposed to many dangers; hence, cryopreservation is the only feasible method for long term conservation. However, given the high cost of cryopreservation, long-term conservation of potato genetic resources is poorly developed in most resource-poor countries leading to high rates of genetic erosion. This paper looks into the various methods that that can be applied to conserve potato genetic resources and the status of conservation of potatoes in major genebanks and some countries.

scholarly journals Cryopreservation of 12 Vitis Species Using Apical Shoot Tips Derived from Plants Grown In Vitro

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 976-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Carlos Bettoni ◽  
Aike Anneliese Kretzschmar ◽  
Remi Bonnart ◽  
Ashley Shepherd ◽  
Gayle M. Volk
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Vitis Species ◽  
Droplet Vitrification ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Ideal Method

The availability of and easy access to diverse Vitis species are prerequisites for advances in breeding programs. Plant genebanks usually maintain collections of Vitis taxa as field collections that are vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stresses. Cryopreservation has been considered an ideal method of preserving these collections as safety back-ups in a cost-effective manner. We report a droplet vitrification method used to cryopreserve 12 Vitis species (Vitis vinifera cvs. Chardonnay and ‘Riesling, V. actinifolia, V. aestivalis, V. jacquemontii, V. flexuosa, V. palmata, V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. sylvestris, V. ficifolia, V. treleasi, and V. ×novae angeliae) using shoot tips excised from plants grown in vitro. Our results demonstrated wide applicability of this technique, with regrowth levels at least 43% for 13 genotypes representing 12 Vitis species. We demonstrated that the droplet vitrification procedure can be successfully replicated by technical staff, thus suggesting that this method is ready for implementation.

Patents and the CGIAR system of International Agricultural Research Centres' germplasm collections under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
International Agricultural Research ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Research Centres

A key controversy in negotiating the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and the likely long-term effectiveness of the agreement, is the way in which the intellectual property provisions are interpreted and applied to the key genetic resources forming the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) system of International Agricultural Research Centres' (IARC) collections. This paper reviews the intellectual property provisions in the treaty and examines the likely consequences from patenting under the Patents Act 1990 over materials derived from these collections. The consequence is argued to be significant and, over time, these practices are likely to deplete the usefulness of these collections and undermine the relevance of the treaty. The paper concludes that Australia's interests might best be served by arguing that access to these collections, and the other materials under the treaty, be subject to a non-exclusive, royalty free licence for any use of the derived materials to develop useful new plant varieties.

scholarly journals Динаміка калусогенезу в культурі in vitro у генотипів кукурудзи зародкової плазми Ланкастер

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
K. V. Derkach
Keyword(s):  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Maize Inbred Lines ◽  
Regenerated Plants

The ability of the maize inbred lines of the Lancaster germ plasm to maintain morphogenic potential of the callus under long cultivation has been estimated. The capability to long-term morphogenic callusogenesis is genotypically determined and longer in the Mo17/Oh43 subplasm line. The line of Oh43 subplasm may be the base for the long-continued cultivation of morphogenic calluses. Regenerated plants from the long-continued cultivated calluses were obtained. Promising inbreds for usage in biotechnology and breeding programs were identified. 

scholarly journals Optimized breeding strategies to harness Genetic Resources with different performance levels

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Allier ◽  
Simon Teyssèdre ◽  
Christina Lehermeier ◽  
Laurence Moreau ◽  
Alain Charcosset
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
Genetic Base ◽  
Base Broadening ◽  
Genetic Value

ABSTRACTThe narrow genetic base of elite germplasm compromises long-term genetic gain and increases the vulnerability to biotic and abiotic stresses in unpredictable environmental conditions. Therefore, an efficient strategy is required to broaden the genetic base of commercial breeding programs while not compromising short-term variety release. Optimal cross selection aims at identifying the optimal set of crosses that balances the expected genetic value and diversity. We propose to consider genomic selection and optimal cross selection to recurrently improve genetic resources (i.e. pre-breeding), to bridge the improved genetic resources with elites (i.e. bridging), and to manage introductions into the elite breeding population. Optimal cross selection is particularly adapted to jointly identify bridging, introduction and elite crosses to ensure an overall consistency of the genetic base broadening strategy. We compared simulated breeding programs introducing donors with different performance levels, directly or indirectly after bridging. We also evaluated the effect of the training set composition on the success of introductions. We observed that with recurrent introductions of improved donors, it is possible to maintain the genetic diversity and increase mid- and long-term performances with only limited penalty at short-term. Considering a bridging step yielded significantly higher mid- and long-term genetic gain when introducing low performing donors. The results also suggested to consider marker effects estimated with a broad training population including donor by elite and elite by elite progeny to identify bridging, introduction and elite crosses.

scholarly journals High glucose levels increase influenza-associated damage to the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katina D Hulme ◽  
Limin Yan ◽  
Rebecca J Marshall ◽  
Conor J Bloxham ◽  
Kyle R Upton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
High Glucose ◽  
Endothelial Barrier ◽  
Junctional Complex ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Severe Influenza

Diabetes mellitus is a known susceptibility factor for severe influenza virus infections. However, the mechanisms that underlie this susceptibility remain incompletely understood. Here, the effects of high glucose levels on influenza severity were investigated using an in vitro model of the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier as well as an in vivo murine model of type II diabetes. In vitro we show that high glucose conditions prior to IAV infection increased virus-induced barrier damage. This was associated with an increased pro-inflammatory response in endothelial cells and the subsequent damage of the epithelial junctional complex. These results were subsequently validated in vivo. This study provides the first evidence that hyperglycaemia may increase influenza severity by damaging the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier and increasing pulmonary oedema. These data suggest that maintaining long-term glucose control in individuals with diabetes is paramount in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza virus infections.

scholarly journals Pre-breeding: a link between genetic resources and maize breeding

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Lourenço Nass ◽  
Ernesto Paterniani
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
The Future ◽  
Germplasm Banks

Activities related to genetic resources are characterized by high cost and long term return. Thus the conservation of genetic variability for the future and the efficient utilization of available accessions are two important goals to be attained. However, the low utilization of germplasm banks is not restricted to Brazil but to other developing countries as well. Therefore, pre-breeding is a promising alternative to link genetic resources and breeding programs. Several aspects for maize are discussed such as concept, importance, methods and results. Problems to be investigated and suggestions are also presented.

scholarly journals Challenges and Prospects for the Conservation of Crop Genetic Resources in Field Genebanks, in In Vitro Collections and/or in Liquid Nitrogen

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Panis ◽  
Manuela Nagel ◽  
Ines Van den houwe
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Crop Genetic Resources ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
The Future ◽  
Orthodox Seeds

The conservation of crop genetic resources, including their wild relatives, is of utmost importance for the future of mankind. Most crops produce orthodox seeds and can, therefore, be stored in seed genebanks. However, this is not an option for crops and species that produce recalcitrant (non-storable) seeds such as cacao, coffee and avocado, for crops that do not produce seeds at all; therefore, they are inevitably vegetatively propagated such as bananas, or crops that are predominantly clonally propagated as their seeds are not true to type, such as potato, cassava and many fruit trees. Field, in vitro and cryopreserved collections provide an alternative in such cases. In this paper, an overview is given on how to manage and setup a field, in vitro and cryopreserved collections, as well as advantages and associated problems taking into account the practical, financial and safety issues in the long-term. In addition, the need for identification of unique accessions and elimination of duplicates is discussed. The different conservation methods are illustrated with practical examples and experiences from national and international genebanks. Finally, the importance of establishing safe and long-term conservation methods and associated backup possibilities is highlighted in the frame of the global COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals RESTORATION OF LATVIAN ALFALFA (Medicago sativa) GENETIC RESOURCES PERSPECTIVE FOR BREEDING

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Lita Lapiņa ◽  
Dace Grauda ◽  
Biruta Jansone ◽  
Aldis Jansons ◽  
Isaak Rashal
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Plant Industry ◽  
Breeding Programs

We have carried out restoring of some Latvian alfalfa genetic resources from seeds of accessions that did not germinate in soil at all. Two of them were repatriated from the N. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Industry (multiplied more than 40 years ago) and three from the Research Institute of Agriculture (Latvia) (multiplied 15-20 years ago). For germination of old seeds we used early elaborated in vitro culture conditions. Germination rate ranged 2-60%, depending from the genotype and seeds storage conditions. Plantlets with well developed roots and 2-3 leaves were planted in the substrate in small pots and grown in a greenhouse about a month, then replanted in the soil in field conditions and grown till the maturity. Restored accessions are available now for evaluation and involving in the alfalfa breeding programs.

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