Synthesis of Carvedilol–Organotin Complexes and Their Effects on Reducing Photodegradation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) undergoes photodegradation induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation; therefore, for outdoor applications, its photostability should be enhanced through the use of additives. Several carvedilol tin complexes were synthesized, characterized and mixed with PVC to produce thin films. These films were irradiated at 25 °C with a UV light (λ = 313 nm) for up to 300 h. The reduction in weight and changes in chemical structure and surface morphology of the PVC films were monitored. The films containing synthesized complexes showed less undesirable changes than the pure PVC film. Organotin with a high content of aromatics was particularly efficient in inhibiting photodegradation of PVC. The carvedilol tin complexes both absorbed UV light and scavenged radicals, hydrochloride, and peroxides and, therefore, photostabilized PVC.

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FTIR, Weight, and Surface Morphology of Poly(vinyl chloride) Doped with Tin Complexes Containing Aromatic and Heterocyclic Moieties

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13193264 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 3264

Author(s):

Anaheed A. Yaseen ◽

Emad Yousif ◽

Emaad T. B. Al-Tikrity ◽

Gamal A. El-Hiti ◽

Benson M. Kariuki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Surface Morphology ◽

Vinyl Chloride ◽

Photo Oxidation ◽

Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽

Stabilizing Effect ◽

Tin Complexes ◽

The One ◽

Harsh Conditions

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is an important synthetic plastic that is produced in large quantities (millions of tons) annually. Additives to PVC are necessary to allow its use in many applications, particularly in harsh conditions. In regard to this, investigation of the synthesis of trimethoprim–tin complexes and their use as PVC additives is reported. Trimethoprim–tin complexes were obtained from the reaction of trimethoprim and tin chlorides using simple procedures. Trimethoprim–tin complexes (0.5% by weight) were added to PVC to produce homogenous mixtures and thin films were made. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the surface and properties of the PVC films was investigated. The level of both photodecomposition and photo-oxidation of PVC films containing trimethoprim–tin complexes was observed to be lower than for the blank film. The effectiveness of tin complexes as PVC photostabilizers reflects the aromaticity of the additives. The complex containing three phenyl groups attached to the tin cation showed the most stabilizing effect on PVC. The complex containing two phenyl groups was next, with the one containing butyl substituents resulting in the least stabilization of PVC. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the role of the synthesized complexes in PVC photostabilization.

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Tin Complexes Containing an Atenolol Moiety as Photostabilizers for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12122923 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 2923

Author(s):

Baneen Salam ◽

Gamal A. El-Hiti ◽

Muna Bufaroosha ◽

Dina S. Ahmed ◽

Ahmed Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Surface Morphology ◽

Vinyl Chloride ◽

Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽

Phenyl Rings ◽

Tin Complexes ◽

High Yields ◽

Loss Determination ◽

Surface Changes

The lifetime of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) can be increased through the addition of additives to provide protection against irradiation. Therefore, several new tin complexes containing atenolol moieties were synthesized and their photostabilizing effect on PVC was investigated. Reacting atenolol with a number of tin reagents in boiling methanol provided high yields of tin complexes. PVC was then mixed with the tin complexes at a low concentration, producing polymeric thins films. The films were irradiated with ultraviolet light and the resulting damage was assessed using different analytical and surface morphology techniques. Infrared spectroscopy and weight loss determination indicated that the films incorporating tin complexes incurred less damage and less surface changes compared to the blank film. In particular, the triphenyltin complex was very effective in enhancing the photostability of PVC, and this is due to its high aromaticity (three phenyl rings) compared to other complexes. Such an additive acts as a hydrogen chloride scavenger, radical absorber, and hydroperoxide decomposer.

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Synthesis, characterization, and application of polyanisidines as efficient photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) films

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics ◽

10.1177/0095244319877668 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

pp. 537-547

Author(s):

Magdy W. Sabaa ◽

Mohamed A Sanad ◽

Mahmoud A Abd El-Ghaffar ◽

Nourelhoda A Abdelwahab ◽

Soha MA Sayed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vinyl Chloride ◽

Uv Irradiation ◽

Oxidation Process ◽

Irradiation Time ◽

Chemical Oxidation ◽

Polymeric Chain ◽

Conductivity Measurements ◽

Uv Absorber ◽

Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽

Pvc Film

Conducting polymers have great attention due to their electrical activity in π-electrons conjugation over backbone of the polymeric chain. These properties make them attractive for enormous applications. On that account, we prepared polyanisidines (PAs) derivatives ( ortho, meta, and para) by chemical oxidation process using ammonium peroxydisulfate as an initiator. The prepared PAs were characterized using various techniques. Moreover, conductivity measurements of PA derivatives showed that the ortho-derivative gave the highest value. The prepared PAs were investigated as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films. Different PVC films were prepared in the absence and the presence of PA derivatives and they were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for 30 days. The gel weight % for irradiated PVC films was followed as a function of irradiation time. The results revealed that the blank PVC film (free PA derivatives) was completely degraded reaching 100% gel content. PVC films contain PA derivatives showed higher photostability than PVC blank film. A comparison between the investigated PA derivatives as UV stabilizers and Chimassorb commercial UV absorber was also investigated. PA derivatives showed better efficiency as UV stabilizers than the commercial one till 288 h of UV irradiation.

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Antibacterial and Physical Properties of Poly(vinyl chloride)-based Film Coated with ZnO Nanoparticles

Food Science and Technology International ◽

10.1177/1082013209353986 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 225-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

X.H. Li ◽

Y.G. Xing ◽

W.L. Li ◽

Y.H. Jiang ◽

Y.L. Ding

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Vinyl Chloride ◽

Zno Nanoparticles ◽

Uv Light ◽

Nano Zno ◽

Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽

Pvc Film ◽

Coated Film ◽

Zno Particles

Nanoparticles of ZnO and their application in coating systems have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years because of its multifunction property, especially antibacterial activity. In this study, antibacterial and physical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) based film coated with ZnO nanoparticles were investigated. It was found that the antibacterial action should be attributed to the killing effect property of ZnO nanoparticles. The ZnO-coated films treated by shaking for 10 h exhibited a similar high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as the untreated ZnO-coated films. This result indicated that the ZnO nanoparticles adhered very well to the plastic film. The antibacterial activity of the ZnO-coated film to inactivate E. coli or S. aureus was improved by UV irradiation. The analysis of physical properties of the ZnO-coated films revealed that the nano-ZnO particles showed less effects on the tensile strength and elongation at break of the film. The ultraviolet (UV) light fastness of the ZnO-coated PVC film was improved, which may be attributed to the absorption of ZnO nanoparticles against UV light. Water vapor transmission of the ZnO-coated film decreased from 128 to 85 g/m 2 · 24 h, whereas the thickness of film increased from 6.0 μm with increasing the amount of nano-ZnO particles coated from 0 to 187.5 μg/cm 2. This research revealed that the PVC film coated with nano-ZnO particles has a good potential to be used as an active coating system for food packaging.

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A Surface Morphological Study, Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Photo-Stabilizers Utilizing Ibuprofen Tin Complexes against Ultraviolet Radiation

Surfaces ◽

10.3390/surfaces3040039 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 579-593

Author(s):

Baraa Watheq ◽

Emad Yousif ◽

Mohammed H. Al-Mashhadani ◽

Alaa Mohammed ◽

Dina S. Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vinyl Chloride ◽

Uv Light ◽

Average Molecular Weight ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Conjugation System ◽

X Ray ◽

Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽

Before And After ◽

Tin Complexes ◽

Photo Stability

In this work, three Ibuprofen tin complexes were synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H and 119Sn-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopies to identify the structures. The complexes were mixed separately with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) to improve its photo-stability properties. Their activity was demonstrated by several approaches of the FTIR to exhibit the formation of new groups within the polymer structure due to the exposure to UV light. Moreover, the polymer’s weight loss during irradiation and the average molecular weight estimation using its viscosity before and after irradiation were investigated. Furthermore, different techniques were used to study the surface morphology of the PVC before and after irradiation. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and optical microscope demonstrated that applying Ibuprofen tin complexes keeps the surface of PVC smoother, with fewer cracks and spots after irradiation comparing to the blank PVC. Finally, It seems possible that such synthesized Ibuprofen tin complexes can work as excellent photo-stabilizers of PVC. In particular, complex 1 showed the best results among other stabilizers due to the large conjugation system of the stabilizer.

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Tin Complexes of 4-(Benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide: Synthesis, Structure Elucidation and Their Efficiency as PVC Photostabilizers

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13152434 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 2434

Author(s):

Hassan Ghani ◽

Emad Yousif ◽

Dina S. Ahmed ◽

Benson M. Kariuki ◽

Gamal A. El-Hiti

Keyword(s):

Vinyl Chloride ◽

Structure Elucidation ◽

Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽

Polymeric Chains ◽

Process Decomposition ◽

Stabilizing Effect ◽

Surface Alteration ◽

Tin Complexes ◽

High Yields ◽

Harsh Conditions

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) suffers from photo-xidation and photodegradation when exposed to harsh conditions. Application of PVC thus relies on the development of ever more efficient photostabilizers. The current research reports the synthesis of new complexes of tin and their assessment as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers. The three new complexes were obtained in high yields from reaction of 4-(benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide and tin chlorides. Their structures were elucidated using different tools. The complexes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) at a very low concentration and thin films were made from the blends. The effectiveness of the tin complexes as photostabilizers has been established using a variety of methods. The new tin complexes led to a decrease in weight loss, formation of small residues, molecular weight depression, and surface alteration of poly(vinyl chloride) after irradiation. The additives act by absorption of ultraviolet light, removal the active chlorine produced through a dehydrochlorination process, decomposition of peroxides, and coordination with the polymeric chains. The triphenyltin complex showed the greatest stabilizing effect against PVC photodegradation as a result of its high aromaticity.

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Structural and morphological changes in Poly(caprolactone)/poly(vinyl chloride) blends caused by UV irradiation

Journal of Materials Science ◽

10.1007/s10853-007-2210-9 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 1063-1069 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Sandra Mara Martins-Franchetti ◽

Adriana Campos ◽

Terry A. Egerton ◽

Jim R. White

Keyword(s):

Vinyl Chloride ◽

Uv Irradiation ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽

Poly Caprolactone

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Additives Aid Switch to Protect the Photodegradation of Plastics in Outdoor Construction

Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences ◽

10.29194/njes.22040277 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 277-282

Author(s):

Salam A. Mohammed ◽

Rahimi M. Yusop ◽

Mohammed Abdulsattar Mohammed ◽

Rasheed Abed Mohammed ◽

Dina S. Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Schiff Base ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Scanning Electron Microscope ◽

Surface Morphology ◽

Ultraviolet Radiation ◽

Vinyl Chloride ◽

Leaching Test ◽

Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽

Effective Additive ◽

Scanning Electron

Poly(vinyl chloride) photodecomposition films that contains melamine Schiff base (0.5% by weight) as photostabilizers upon preservation with an ultraviolet light (UV) was investigated. The photodecomposition rate constant was reduced significantly in existence of melamine Schiff base compared to PVC (blank). The Schiff base 1 was found to most effective additive in PVC photostabilization films. Photodecomposition rate content for PVC films containing Schiff base 1 was found to be 5 × 10-3 sec-1 compared to 8.7 × 10-3 sec-1 for blank film. Ultraviolet radiation aging behaviors of PVC films were studied through leaching test by measuring the degree of migration. The surface morphology of PVC films was inspected by scanning electron microscope.

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