Chelating Agents Usage in Optimization of Fracturing Fluid Rheology Prepared from Seawater

Hydraulic fracturing consumes massive volumes of freshwater that is usually scarce and costly. Such operation is not sustainable, and hence seawater could be used as an alternative. Nevertheless, seawater has high total dissolved solids (TDS), affecting the fracturing fluid rheology and providing a damage potential to the subterranean hydrocarbon reservoirs. Resolving these issues requires fracturing fluid systems with many additives, which results in an expensive and non-eco-friendly system. This study proposes eco-friendly and biodegradable chelating agents that could replace many additives such as scale inhibitors and crosslinkers. The study aims to optimize the rheology of seawater fracturing fluids using a chelating agent and polymer. By optimizing N,N-Dicarboxymethyl glutamic acid (GLDA) conditions, high viscosity was achieved using a standard industry rheometer. The GLDA was mixed with carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) polymer and tested in both deionized water (DW) and seawater (SW). The polymer was examined first, where the rheology did not show a time-dependent behavior. The polymer in SW showed a slightly higher viscosity than in DW. The GLDA and CMHPG were tested at different temperatures, pH, and concentrations. These sets showed a time-dependent viscosity behavior, which can be utilized in various fracturing steps. Results showed that the solution pH and GLDA concentration significantly impacted the fluid viscosity magnitude and behavior. The developed formulation is shear thinning, where the viscosity declines as the shear rate increases. The temperature negatively impacted the viscosity and caused the formulation to break. The study provided an understanding of how to optimize the rheology of SW fracturing fluid based on GLDA chelating and CMHPG polymer.

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Optimizing Seawater Based Fracture Fluids Rheology Utilizing Chelating Agents

10.2118/204684-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amro Othman ◽

Murtada Saleh Aljawad ◽

Muhammad Shahzad Kamal ◽

Mohamed Mahmoud ◽

Shirish Patil

Keyword(s):

Chelating Agents ◽

Guar Gum ◽

Polymer Concentration ◽

High Viscosity ◽

Fluid Viscosity ◽

Fracturing Fluid ◽

Gulf Region ◽

Low Viscosity ◽

Fracturing Fluids ◽

Ph Level

Abstract Due to the scarcity and high cost of freshwater, especially in the Gulf region, utilization of seawater as a fracturing fluid gained noticeable interest. However, seawater contains high total dissolved solids (TDS) that may damage the formation and degrade the performance of the fracturing fluids. Numerous additives are required to reduce the damaging effect and improve the viscosity resulting in an expensive and non-eco-friendly fracturing fluid system. Chelating agents, which are environmentally benign, are proposed in this study as the replacement of many additives for seawater fracturing fluids. This study focuses on optimizing chelating agents to achieve high viscosity employing the standard industry rheometers. Carboxymethyl Hydroxypropyl Guar Gum (CMHPG) polymer, which is effective in hydraulic fracturing, was used in this research with 0.5 and 1.0 wt% in deionized water (DW) as well as seawater (SW). It was first tested as a standalone additive at different conditions to provide a benchmark then combined with different concentrations, and pH level chelating agents. In this study the hydration test was conducted through different conditions. It was observed that CMHPG, when tested as a standalone additive, provided slightly higher viscosity in SW compared to DW. Also, increasing polymer concentration from 0.5 to 1.0 wt% provided three folds of viscosity. The viscosity did not show time dependence behavior at room temperature for the aforementioned experiments where all hydration tests were run at 511 1/s shear rate. Temperature, however, had a significant impact on both viscosity magnitude and behavior. At 70 °C, the fluid viscosity increased with time where low viscosity was achieved early on but kept increasing with shearing time. Similarly, high pH chelating agents provided time dependant viscosity behavior when mixed with CMHPG. This behavior is important as low viscosity is favorable during pumping but high viscosity when the fluids hit the formation. The study investigates the possibility of utilizing chelating agents with seawater to replace numerous additives. It acts as a crosslinker at early shearing times, where a gradual increase in viscosity was observed and a breaker in the reservoir harsh conditions. It also captures the divalent ions that are common in seawater, which replaces the need for scale inhibitors. The viscosity increase behavior can be controlled by adjusting the pH level, which could be desirable during operations.

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Reusing Flowback and Produced Water with Different Salinity to Prepare Guar Fracturing Fluid

Energies ◽

10.3390/en15010153 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 153

Author(s):

Erdong Yao ◽

Hang Xu ◽

Yuan Li ◽

Xuesong Ren ◽

Hao Bai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metal Ions ◽

Chelating Agents ◽

Produced Water ◽

Chelating Agent ◽

The Novel ◽

Magnesium Ions ◽

Fracturing Fluid ◽

Flowback Water ◽

Calcium And Magnesium ◽

Calcium And Magnesium Ions

Economical and environmental concerns have forced the oil and gas industry to consider reusing flowback and produced water for fracturing operations. The major challenge is that the high-salinity of flowback water usually prevents its compatibility with several fracturing fluid additives. In this paper, the authors explored an economic and effective method to prepare guar fracturing fluids with different salinity waters. The main research idea was to use chelating agents to mask metal ions, such as calcium and magnesium, that are harmful to crosslinking. Firstly, a complexometric titration test was conducted to measure the chelating ability of three chelating agents. Secondly, through viscosity, crosslinking, and hanging tests, it was verified that the complex masking method could cope with the problem of high-valence metal ions affecting crosslinking. Thirdly, the preferred chelating agent was mixed with several other additives, including thickeners, crosslinkers, and pH regulators, to prepare the novel guar fracturing fluid. The comprehensive performances of the novel fluid system were tested such as temperature and shear resistance, friction reduction, gel-breaking performance, and core damage rate. The results show that the organophosphate chelating agent (i.e., CA-5) had the greatest ability to chelate calcium and magnesium ions. There was a good linear relationship between the dosage of CA-5 and the total molar concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in brine water. The main mechanism was that the chelating agent formed a complex with calcium and magnesium ions at a chelation ratio of 1:5. The test results of the comprehensive performance evaluation indicate that the prepared guar fracturing fluid met the requirements for field application, and the lower the salinity of the flowback water, the more it is economical and effective.

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Study on the Behavior and Removal of Cadmium and Zinc Using Taraxacum officinale and Gazania under the Application of Biodegradable Chelating Agents

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11041557 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1557

Author(s):

Naoki Kano ◽

Takumi Hori ◽

Haixin Zhang ◽

Naoto Miyamoto ◽

David Eva Vanessa Anak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Chelating Agents ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Chelating Agent ◽

Taraxacum Officinale ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Icp Ms ◽

Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽

Experimental Treatments ◽

The One

The removal of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) from soil by phytoremediation was investigated using Taraxacum officinale and Gazania. A plant environmental control system was used to cultivate the plants. The effects of different biodegradable chelating agents (i.e., EDDS, HIDS, and GLDA), relative humidity, and other competitive metals on the adsorption of Cd and Zn were also studied. In addition, the approach for metal recovery was explored by extraction of metals from plants after phytoremediation using Gazania. The concentrations of Cd and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed.to determine significant differences between the experimental treatments adopted in this work. Consequently, the following main conclusions were obtained: (1) In the case of Taraxacum officinale, Cd and Zn could be removed even under the presence of other heavy metals. (2) By adding a chelating agent, the amount absorbed by the shoot generally increased. (3) In the case of Gazania, the concentration of Cd was higher in root than that in shoot, whereas the concentration of Zn was higher in the shoot than that in the root. (4) Taraxacum officinale was more suitable for phytoremediation of Cd than Gazania. (5) Cd and Zn could be extracted from plants by adding a low concentration of nitric acid. (6) The one-way ANOVA tests showed no statistically significant differences among the experimental treatments.

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Transportation of modified nanofluid flow with time dependent viscosity over a Riga plate: Exponentially stretching

Ain Shams Engineering Journal ◽

10.1016/j.asej.2021.01.034 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nadeem Abbas ◽

S. Nadeem ◽

S. saleem ◽

Alibek Issakhov

Keyword(s):

Time Dependent ◽

Nanofluid Flow ◽

Riga Plate ◽

Exponentially Stretching ◽

Dependent Viscosity

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Heat Transfer in Turbulent Pipe Flow for Liquids Having a Temperature-Dependent Viscosity

Journal of Heat Transfer ◽

10.1115/1.3450785 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. 224-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

O. T. Hanna ◽

O. C. Sandall

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Friction Factor ◽

Pipe Flow ◽

Turbulent Pipe Flow ◽

Fluid Viscosity ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

Temperature Dependent Viscosity ◽

Analytical Approximations ◽

Constant Viscosity ◽

Dependent Viscosity

Analytical approximations are developed to predict the effect of a temperature-dependent viscosity on convective heat transfer through liquids in fully developed turbulent pipe flow. The analysis expresses the heat transfer coefficient ratio for variable to constant viscosity in terms of the friction factor ratio for variable to constant viscosity, Tw, Tb, and a fluid viscosity-temperature parameter β. The results are independent of any particular eddy diffusivity distribution. The formulas developed here represent an analytical approximation to the model developed by Goldmann. These approximations are in good agreement with numerical solutions of the model nonlinear differential equation. To compare the results of these calculations with experimental data, a knowledge of the effect of variable viscosity on the friction factor is required. When available correlations for the friction factor are used, the results given here are seen to agree well with experimental heat transfer coefficients over a considerable range of μw/μb.

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Gastric emptying of nondigestible solids in dogs: a hydrodynamic correlation

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1990.258.1.g65 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 258 (1) ◽

pp. G65-G72 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. J. Sirois ◽

G. L. Amidon ◽

J. H. Meyer ◽

J. Doty ◽

J. B. Dressman

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Gastric Emptying ◽

Gravitational Constant ◽

Particle Density ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

High Viscosity ◽

Fluid Viscosity ◽

Fluid Flow Rate ◽

Hydrodynamic Correlation ◽

Viscosity Polymer

The influence of particle size, particle density, fluid viscosity, and fluid flow rate on the gastric emptying of nondigestible solids was investigated in five dogs with chronically placed fistulas. Six hundred and fifty particles of 13 different size and density combinations were administered simultaneously with 500 ml of either normal saline or low-, medium-, or high-viscosity polymer solutions. The canine stomach was found to discriminate between these solids on the basis of size and density at all levels of viscosity above saline. The observed patterns of emptying are consistent with the hypothesis that gastric emptying of nondigestible solids is governed in part by hydrodynamics and correlate well with the gastric-emptying coefficient (GEC), a dimensionless grouping of variables that takes the form GEC = (Dpy/Dp) [g(rho f - rho p)Dp2]/[eta (nu)] where [g(rho f - rho p)] is particle buoyancy consisting of fluid (rho f) and particle (rho p) densities and g, the gravitational constant; (Dp) is the particle diameter, (Dpy) the estimated pyloric diameter, eta the fluid viscosity, and (nu) the average linear velocity of fluid exiting the stomach.

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Chelating agent and substrate effect on hydrothermal growth of Yb3+/Er3+ doped NaYf4 film

Processing and Application of Ceramics ◽

10.2298/pac2101069d ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 69-78

Author(s):

Suman Duhan ◽

Kedar Sahoo ◽

Ahmad Imteyaz ◽

Sudhir Singh ◽

Manoj Kumar

Keyword(s):

Crystal Growth ◽

Hydrothermal Method ◽

Luminescence Intensity ◽

Chelating Agents ◽

Chelating Agent ◽

Upconversion Emission ◽

Substrate Effect ◽

Current Investigation ◽

One Step ◽

Film Roughness

We report simultaneous crystal growth and deposition of upconverting Yb3+/Er3+ doped NaYF4 film (UCF) on conducting and non-conducting substrates by one-step hydrothermal method. The characteristics such as film topography, morphology, crystallographic phase and upconverting luminescence intensity were found to depend both on the chelating agent and nature of the substrate. The characteristics of the prepared films varied interestingly when either the chelating agent or the substrate was changed. The upconversion emission intensities were found to increase with decreasing film roughness. Further, current investigation demonstrated that the NaYF4 films deposited using EDTA or DTPA chelating agents on ITO substrate and EGTA chelating agent on PG substrate were more uniform and resulted in greater upconverted emission intensities. We envision plausible use of current technology in the development of affordable optical platforms for several optoelectronic applications.

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Effect of EDTA and EDDS on Phytoremediation of Pb- and Zn- Contaminated Soil by Brassica Juncea

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.5040 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 518-523 ◽

pp. 5040-5046 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Li Di Gao ◽

Naoki Kano ◽

Yuichi Sato ◽

Shuang Zhang ◽

Hiroshi Imaizumi

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Control System ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Brassica Juncea ◽

Contaminated Soil ◽

Chelating Agents ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Chelating Agent ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Biomass Loss

Effect of EDTA and EDDS on phytoremediation of Pb- and Zn- contaminated soil by Brassica Juncea was investigated in this work. Especially, the effect of the kind and the method of adding chelating agent was investigated during the plant growth. Plants were grown in an environmental control system. The biomass of the whole plant was weighed, and the uptake of Pb and Zn in shoot and root were determined using ICP-AES. Consequently, the following matters have been obtained: (1) Both EDTA and EDDS significantly enhanced the translocation of metals (Pb and Zn) in soil from root to shoot. Furthermore, the two chelating agents resulted in a sharply biomass loss for more than 30% of the control. As a result, the total uptake amount of metals by Brassica Juncea was decreased (except the uptake of Pb with the addition of 3.0 mmol•kg-1 EDTA). (2) EDDS showed the higher inhibition for the growth of Brassica Juncea than EDTA. (3) The method for adding EDTA and EDDS at several times separately did not necessarily increase the uptake of heavy metals.

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