scholarly journals Production of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Using Polyol from Liquefied Oil Palm Biomass: Variation of Isocyanate Indexes

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3072
Author(s):  
Umar Adli Amran ◽  
Kushairi Mohd Salleh ◽  
Sarani Zakaria ◽  
Rasidi Roslan ◽  
Chin Hua Chia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Foaming Properties ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Compressive Properties ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Complex Process

Development of polyurethane foam (PUF) containing bio-based components is a complex process that requires extensive studies. This work reports on the production of rigid PUFs from polyol obtained via liquefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) biomass with different isocyanate (NCO) indexes. The effect of the NCO index on the physical, chemical and compressive properties of the liquefied EFB-based PUF (EFBPUF) was evaluated. The EFBPUFs showed a unique set of properties at each NCO index. Foaming properties had affected the apparent density and cellular morphology of the EFBPUFs. Increasing NCO index had increased the crosslink density and dimensional stability of the EFBPUFs via formation of isocyanurates, which had also increased their thermal stability. Combination of both foaming properties and crosslink density of the EFBPUFs had influenced their respective compressive properties. The EFBPUF produced at the NCO index of 120 showed the optimum compressive strength and released the least toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas under thermal degradation. The normalized compressive strength of the EFBPUF at the NCO index of 120 is also comparable with the strength of the PUF produced using petrochemical polyol.

Physical chemical characterization of alkali pretreatment for oil palm empty fruit bunch

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joko Waluyo ◽  
R. Irni Fitria Anggraini ◽  
Hendris Hendarsyah Kurniawan ◽  
Yanni Sudiyani
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Alkali Pretreatment ◽  
Physical Chemical

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DAN TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI ALTERNATIF RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Herlina Anggriani Marbun ◽  
Giyanto . ◽  
Hardiansyah Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunches

Fluctuations in fuel prices stimulate efforts to find alternative energy that is environmentally friendly. The processing of oil palm plantations produces waste or quite a lot of products ± 23% of the weight of fresh fruit bunches. Utilization of Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) as biobriquettes was chosen in this study by mixing other ingredients, namely coconut shell. The treatment in the study was the composition of the mixture of PEFB and shell PEFB-1, PEFB-2, PEFB-3, PEFB-4 and PEFB-5 with a ratio of weight (100% -0%), (75% -25%), (50% -50%), (25% -75%) and     (0% -100%). The research was carried out in Medan STIPAP, ITM Laboratory and PTKI Alboratorium in April - September 2018. Observation parameters were heating value, water content, ash content, density, compressive strength and combustion rate. The results showed that briquettes with dominant PEFB material, PEFB-1 and PEFB-2, produced less quality biobriquettes, especially low calorific value. The best treatment is PEFB-4 (25% EFB and 75% shell) with characters that appropriate to the specifications of the quality standard of charcoal briquettes. 

Chemical Pretreatment Comparison for Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch: A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. 851-855
Author(s):  
Sumayyah Tsabitah ◽  
Abdul Aziz Omar ◽  
Lukman Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Dilute Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Physical Chemical

Lignocellulosic waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunch are becoming attractive research areas as it can be converted into biofuel or cellulose fiber. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic due to its complex structure is needed to enhance its digestibility during conversion to the required product.Lignin content and distribution is responsible for recalcitrance of lignocellulosic material, therefore delignification process can improve the rate and extent of enzymatic hydrolysis. Pretreatment of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) that mainly aim for delignification can be classified as biological, physical, chemical, and physical-chemical pretreatment. Most common chemical pretreatment of OPEFB are alkaline pretreatment, dilute acid pretreatment, and organosolv delignification. High efficiency of delignification can be achieved by combining several methods.

scholarly journals Utilization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch in Cement Bricks

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jen Hua Ling ◽  
Yong Tat Lim ◽  
Wen Kam Leong ◽  
How Teck Sia
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Feasibility Evaluation ◽  
Oil Palm Industry

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is a biomass waste abundantly produced by the oil palm industry in Malaysia. To minimize the environmental impacts, it needs to be properly disposed of or being rapidly consumed as a raw material of another industry. This study investigated the feasibility of substituting EFB in cement bricks, which is in high demand by the construction industry. A total of 120 specimens having the cement-to-sand (c/s) ratios of 1:2.5 and 1:3 were produced in the laboratory. EFB fibre was used to replace 10% to 25% of sand in the mix by volume. The specimens were tested for the compressive strength, density and water absorption after 28 days of casting. For the mix of 1:2.5 c/s ratio, 25% EFB content reduced 22% of density, decreased 59% of compressive strength and increased 43% of water absorption capacity of normal cement brick. This was mainly attributed to the porous cellular structure of EFB fibre that created a large volume of voids in the mix. Based on the feasibility evaluation, EFB fibre can only replace up to 15% and 10% of sand in the mixes of 1:2.5 and 1:3 c/s ratios respectively.

Effects of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Magnesium Oxide Volume Fraction on Mechanical Characteristics of Railway Brake Block Composite Material

2020 ◽  
Vol 867 ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
Sutikno ◽  
Wajan Berata ◽  
Kussuma H.S. Fendy ◽  
Ahmat Safaat
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Magnesium Oxide ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Brake Block

Railway brake block is one of the most important components of the braking system of a railway vehicle. Materials for railway brake blocks are commonly made from metal or composite. The metallic brake blocks have some disadvantages that are heavy, low wear-resistant and has potential in generating a spark. While the composite brake blocks do not have those disadvantages. Natural fiber from oil palm empty fruit bunches as the waste from the production of palm oil can be used as a composite constituent. This composite brake blocks made from oil palm empty fruit bunches as reinforcement, phenol resin as matrix, and alumina, magnesium oxide and iron powder as a friction modifier. Density, hardness, coefficient of friction, compressive strength and flexural strength tests were carried out to determine the mechanical characteristic of the composite railway brake block material. The railway brake block test results consist of the density of 1.96 g/cm3, the hardness of 57.6 HRB, coefficient of friction of 0.43, the compressive strength of 37.1 MPa, and flexural strength of 33 MPa. There are three samples of volume fraction combination with 20% of oil palm empty fruit bunch in sample 1, 15% oil palm empty fruit bunch in sample 2 and 10% oil palm empty fruit bunch in sample 3. Percentage of MgO is adjusted to compensate the volume fraction of oil palm empty fruit bunch in the sample. Sample test results show that composite with volume fraction 10% of oil palm empty fruit bunch, phenolic resin of 30%, Al2O3 of 25%, MgO of 20%, iron powder of 15% has better mechanical properties for the alternative composite railway brake block material as compared to the other two.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of the quality of concrete blocks produced from coconut fibre, oil palm empty fruit bunch, and rice husk as filler material

2018 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 01019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Lutfi ◽  
Muh Yamin ◽  
Mujibu Rahman ◽  
Elisa Ginsel Popang
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Waste Utilization ◽  
Filler Material ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
Coconut Fibre

The accumulation of coconut fibre (CF), oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), and rice husks (RH) every year can reduce the fertility of soil and water absorption, and causes water acidification. Waste utilization as a filler material of concrete blocks was discussed in this research. Experimental design was used by comparing the quality of concrete blocks based on 36 specimens with varied compositions of waste (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% by dry weight of total sand) and 3 specimens (0%) as control specimens with 3 replications for each composition. The quality of paving blocks was determined based on the testing of water absorption, porosity, compressive strength, and density. The results revealed that the quality of concrete blocks with the composition of CF (1% and 2%), OPEFB (1% and 2%), and RH (1%) meet the requirements of SNI 03-0691-1996 criteria in category B for parking paver and the maximum composition of each waste materials (3% and 4%) still comply SNI 15-2094-2000 in class 100 and 150 for the block walls. Statistical analysis revealed that the best treatments for compressive strength was RH (1%) and for water absorption it was RH (2%) and CF (4%).

scholarly journals Effect of Gamma Radiation on Compressive Properties of Kevlar/Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Hybrid Composites

BioResources ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Madiha Muhammad Amir ◽  
Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan ◽  
Muhammad Jawaid ◽  
Ahmad Hamdan Ariffin ◽  
Mohamad Ridzuan Ishak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Compressive Properties

Characterisation of Cellulases and Xylanase from Trichoderma virens UKM1 and its Potential in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Saccharification

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 171-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Ngikoh ◽  
◽  
Noor Adila Abdul Karim ◽  
Jamaliah Jahim ◽  
Farah Diba Abu Bakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Trichoderma Virens

APPLICATION OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FIBERS IN STRENGTH IMPROVEMENT AS A FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
Henny Lydiasari ◽  
Ari Yusman Manalu ◽  
Rahmi Karolina
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Crack Length ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Structural Concrete ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Construction Products ◽  
By Products ◽  
Strength Improvement

The potency of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fibers as one of the by-products of processing oil palm is increasing significantly so that proper management is needed in reducing environmental impact. One of the utilization of OPEFB fibers is as a substitution material in construction which usually the material is derived from non-renewable mining materials so that the number is increasingly limited. Therefore, it is necessary to study to know the performance of OPEFB fiber in making construction products especially concrete. In this case, the experiment was conducted using experimental method with variation of fiber addition by 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. Each specimen was tested by weight, slump value, compressive strength, tensile strength, elasticity and crack length. As the results, the variation of fibers addition by 10%, decrease of slump value is 7%, concrete weight is 3% and crack length is 8% while increase of the compressive strength is 2.7% and the modulus of elasticity is 33.3% but its tensile strength decreased insignificantly by 0.05% . Furthermore, the addition of fibers above 10% to 30% decreased compressive strength is still below 10% and tensile strength below 2% while the weight of concrete, slump value and crack length decreased. Therefore, the addition of 10% can replace the performance of concrete without fiber but the addition of above 10% can still be used on non-structural concrete.

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