Conversion of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Polymer into Activated Carbon and Its Feasibility to Produce Green Fuel

In this study, a novel idea was proposed to convert the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste drinking-water bottles into activated carbon (AC) to use for waste cooking oil (WCO) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) feasibility to convert into esters. The acidic and basic char were prepared by using the waste PET bottles. The physiochemical properties were determined by employing various analytical techniques, such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and temperature-programmed desorption – ammonia/carbon dioxide (TPD-NH3/CO2). The prepared PET H3PO4 and PET KOH showed the higher surface area, thus illustrating that the surface of both materials has enough space for impregnation of foreign precursors. The TPD-NH3 and TPD-CO2 results depicted that PET H3PO4 is found to have higher acidity, i.e., 18.17 mmolg−1, due to the attachment of phosponyl groups to it during pretreatment, whereas, in the case of PET KOH, the basicity increases to 13.49 mmolg−1. The conversion results show that prepared materials can be used as a support for an acidic and basic catalyst for the conversion of WCO and PFAD into green fuel.

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Evaluation of the Physiochemical Properties of Molybdenum Supported Catalysts

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.206 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 488-489 ◽

pp. 206-210

Author(s):

Muhammad Farooq ◽

Anita Ramli ◽

Duvvuri Subbarao

Keyword(s):

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Supported Catalysts ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Binding Energies ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Physiochemical Properties ◽

X Ray ◽

Metal Support Interaction ◽

Metal Support ◽

Temperature Programmed

Molybdenum catalysts supported on γ-Al2O3and γ-Al2O3-MgO mixed oxide with varying loading of MgO (5, 10, 15, 20 wt% with respect to γ-Al2O3) were prepared successfully by wet impregnation method. The physiochemical properties of these synthesized Mo catalysts were studied by various analytical techniques such as N2adsorption–desorption (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR).The results showed that the addition of MgO into the support affected the binding energies of the elements and reducibility of the metal oxides formed after calcination of catalyst samples due to change in metal-support interaction. Further, the characterization techniques showed that the active metal was well dispersed on the surface of support material.

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Development of bimetallic nickel-based catalysts supported on activated carbon for green fuel production

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/d0ra06302a ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (61) ◽

pp. 37218-37232

Author(s):

Wan Nor Adira Wan Khalit ◽

Tengku Sharifah Marliza ◽

N. Asikin-Mijan ◽

M. Safa Gamal ◽

Mohd Izham Saiman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Bifunctional Catalysts ◽

Fuel Production ◽

Acid Base ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Catalytic Deoxygenation ◽

Green Fuel

In this work, the catalytic deoxygenation of waste cooking oil (WCO) over acid–base bifunctional catalysts (NiLa, NiCe, NiFe, NiMn, NiZn, and NiW) supported on activated carbon (AC) was investigated.

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Beverage bottle capacity, packaging efficiency, and the potential for plastic waste reduction

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82983-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

R. Becerril-Arreola ◽

R. E. Bucklin

Keyword(s):

Product Category ◽

Plastic Waste ◽

Waste Reduction ◽

Plastic Pollution ◽

Local Data ◽

Pet Waste ◽

Pet Bottles ◽

Enormous Amount ◽

Packaging Efficiency ◽

The U.S

AbstractPlastic pollution is a pressing issue because authorities struggle to contain and process the enormous amount of waste produced. We study the potential for reducing plastic waste by examining the efficiency with which different polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles deliver beverages. We find that 80% of the variation in bottle weight is explained by bottle capacity, 16% by product category, and 1% by brand. Bottle weight is quadratic and convex function of capacity, which implies that medium capacity bottles are most efficient at delivering consumable product. Local data on PET bottle sales and municipal waste recovery validate the findings. A 20% shift in consumption from smaller to larger bottles could reduce the production of PET waste by over 10,000 t annually in the U.S. alone.

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Role of CO2 During Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane Over Bulk and Activated-Carbon Supported Cerium and Vanadium Based Catalysts

Catalysis Letters ◽

10.1007/s10562-020-03519-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Petar Djinović ◽

Janez Zavašnik ◽

Janvit Teržan ◽

Ivan Jerman

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Activity ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Oxidative Dehydrogenation ◽

Active Phase ◽

Lattice Oxygen ◽

Chemisorbed Oxygen ◽

Catalytically Active ◽

Temperature Programmed ◽

Propane Cracking

AbstractCeO2, V2O5 and CeVO4 were synthesised as bulk oxides, or deposited over activated carbon, characterized by XRD, HRTEM, CO2-TPO, C3H8-TPR, DRIFTS and Raman techniques and tested in propane oxidative dehydrogenation using CO2. Complete oxidation of propane to CO and CO2 is favoured by lattice oxygen of CeO2. The temperature programmed experiments show the ~ 4 nm AC supported CeO2 crystallites become more susceptible to reduction by propane, but less prone to re-oxidation with CO2 compared to bulk CeO2. Catalytic activity of CeVO4/AC catalysts requires a 1–2 nm amorphous CeVO4 layer. During reaction, the amorphous CeVO4 layer crystallises and several atomic layers of carbon cover the CeVO4 surface, resulting in deactivation. During reaction, V2O5 is irreversibly reduced to V2O3. The lattice oxygen in bulk V2O5 favours catalytic activity and propene selectivity. Bulk V2O3 promotes only propane cracking with no propene selectivity. In VOx/AC materials, vanadium carbide is the catalytically active phase. Propane dehydrogenation over VC proceeds via chemisorbed oxygen species originating from the dissociated CO2. Graphic Abstract

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High-Active Metallic-Activated Carbon Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation

International Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1155/2018/4307308 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nicolás Carrara ◽

Carolina Betti ◽

Fernando Coloma-Pascual ◽

María Cristina Almansa ◽

Laura Gutierrez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Selective Hydrogenation ◽

Nickel Catalysts ◽

Metallic Phase ◽

Hydrogen Chemisorption ◽

Electronic Effects ◽

X Ray ◽

Mild Conditions ◽

Temperature Programmed ◽

Carbon Catalysts

A series of low-loaded metallic-activated carbon catalysts were evaluated during the selective hydrogenation of a medium-chain alkyne under mild conditions. The catalysts and support were characterized by ICP, hydrogen chemisorption, Raman spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR micro-ATR), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS). When studying the effect of the metallic phase, the catalysts were active and selective to the alkene synthesis. NiCl/C was the most active and selective catalytic system. Besides, when the precursor salt was evaluated, PdN/C was more active and selective than PdCl/C. Meanwhile, alkyne is present in the reaction media, and geometrical and electronic effects favor alkene desorption and so avoid their overhydrogenation to the alkane. Under mild conditions, nickel catalysts are considerably more active and selective than the Lindlar catalyst.

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DEVELOPMENT MODEL FOR REMOVAL TOTAL IRON IN “GAMBUT WATER” FOR DRINKING WATER

Jurnal Riset Kimia ◽

10.25077/jrk.v1i2.69 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 170

Author(s):

Sutrisno ◽

Elizabeth Tjahjadarmawan ◽

Fifi

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Optimum Condition ◽

Aqueous Media ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Total Iron ◽

Calcium Hypochlorite ◽

Adsorption Technology ◽

Adsorption Processes ◽

Small Model

ABSTRACT This research is focused on characterization of activated carbon from solid waste CPO industries and applying for treatments of gambut water for iron removal in aqueous media. Key parameters in the present study include TSS, DO, pH and total phenol is also determinated. Methods of sampling and analytical techniques for measuring key parameters are by using extended method. The small model has been developed by combining of the composting and adsorption technology. The coagulant material such as filter alum, soda caustic, and calcium hypochlorite in any ratios are varied and the optimum condition is achieved. The activated carbon is used as adsorbent by using column model. The overall results show that after coagulation and adsorption processes the total iron, TSS, DO and pH are under threshold levels (Indonesian Regulation) and suitable for drinking water meanwhile other parameters are still uncovered in this investigation. Tentatively, it can be concluded that the proposed gambit water design has achieved the optimum condition. A further study on the improvement of the treatment design and service time for adsorption process is still in progress. Keywords : total iron, gambut water, activated carbon, combining model.

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Synthesis of MOF-5 using terephthalic acid as a ligand obtained from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste and its test in CO2 adsorption

Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1007/s43153-021-00192-5 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

D. Villarroel-Rocha ◽

M. C. Bernini ◽

J. J. Arroyo-Gómez ◽

J. Villarroel-Rocha ◽

K. Sapag

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽

Terephthalic Acid ◽

Co2 Adsorption ◽

Pet Waste

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Polyurethane resin derived from polyol of palm olein and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Pigment & Resin Technology ◽

10.1108/prt-06-2020-0056 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Abbas Ahmad Adamu ◽

Norazilawati Muhamad Sarih ◽

Seng Neon Gan

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Palm Olein ◽

Ethylene Terephthalate ◽

Alkali Resistance ◽

Pet Waste ◽

Content Type ◽

Pet Bottles ◽

Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽

Poly Ethylene ◽

Excellent Adhesion

Purpose Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste from soft drink bottles was incorporated into palm olein alkyd to produce new polyol for use in polyurethane resins as surface protection on metal surfaces. Design/methodology/approach Alkyd was prepared from palm olein, glycerol and phthalic anhydride. PET underwent simultaneous glycolysis and transesterification reactions with the alkyd. Varying the amount of PET has led to polyols with different viscosities. Polyurethane resins were produced by reacting the polyols with toluene diisocyanate. The resins were coated on mild steel panels and cured. Performances of the cured films were tested. Findings The polyurethanes (PU) resin cured to a harder film with better thermal stability. Films showed excellent adhesion properties, while higher content of PET exhibited higher pencil hardness, better water, salt, acid and alkali resistance. Research limitations/implications Other vegetable oils could also be used. The alkyd structure could be changed by formulation to have different functionality and the ability to incorporate higher amount of PET waste. Rate of glycolysis of PET could be increased by higher amount of ethylene glycol. Practical implications This method has managed to use waste PET in producing new polyol and PU resins. The cured films exhibit good mechanical and chemical properties, as well as excellent adhesion and thermal stability. Social implications The non-biodegradable PET has created environmental pollution problems connected to littering and illegal landfilling. It has become necessary to pay greater attention to recycling PET bottles for obtaining valuable products. Originality/value This approach is different from the earlier reports, where PET was recycled to recover the raw materials.

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