scholarly journals In Situ Printing and Functionalization of Hybrid Polymer-Ceramic Composites Using a Commercial 3D Printer and Dielectrophoresis—A Novel Conceptual Design

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3979
Author(s):  
Georgios Tselikos ◽  
Shahid Rasul ◽  
Pim Groen ◽  
Chunchun Li ◽  
Jibran Khaliq
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Ceramic Composites ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Ceramic Particles

Three-dimensional printing-based additive manufacturing has emerged as a new frontier in materials science, with applications in the production of functionalized polymeric-based hybrid composites for various applications. In this work, a novel conceptual design was conceived in which an AC electric field was integrated into a commercial 3D printer (-based fused filament fabrication (FFF) working principle) to in situ manufacture hybrid composites having aligned ceramic filler particles. For this work, the thermoplastic poly lactic acid (PLA) was used as a polymer matrix while 10 vol% KNLN (K0.485Na0.485Li0.03NbO3) ceramic particles were chosen as a filler material. The degree of alignment of the ceramic powders depended upon print speed, printing temperature and distance between electrodes. At 210 °C and a 1 kV/mm applied electric field, printed samples showed nearly complete alignment of ceramic particles in the PLA matrix. This research shows that incorporating electric field sources into 3D printing processes would result in in situ ceramic particle alignment while preserving the other benefits of 3D printing.

Combinatorial Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Biomimicked Composites

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed M. Allameh ◽  
Roger Miller ◽  
Abdullah Almuzaini
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Art Economics ◽  
Materials Research ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Combinatorial Materials

Abstract This study presents the preliminary results of in-situ tests conducted on structural biomimicked composites built by 3D printing. Construction industry is looking seriously into 3D printed structures that can be incorporated into the conventional buildings. Further refinement of materials and processing will lead to the 3D printing of buildings in future. The advantages afforded by 3D printing are unrivaled, creating unprecedented opportunities to express art, economics, environmentally friendly designs, lightweight schemes, among many others. To determine the reliability and suitability of structural composites for use in construction, it is important to test these in shapes, and geometries that are appropriate to 3D printing. Combinatorial materials research allows the fabrication and in-situ testing of composites made by mix and match of various materials. This study focuses on the characterization of mechanical behavior of biomimicked composites fabricated by a 3D printer. To accomplish this, a meter-sized 3D printer was equipped with material dispensers as well as load sensors. Composites were made of various construction materials, adhesive, and reinforcement and subsequently tested by the same printer. The results are presented, and the implications of findings are discussed on their impact on the construction industry.

Emissions from the fused filament fabrication 3D printing with lignocellulose/polylactic acid filament

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 7560-7572
Author(s):  
Qianqian Zhu ◽  
Qian Yao ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Jianzhong Sun ◽  
Qianqian Wang
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Test Chamber ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Vocs Emission

The application of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printing for offices, educational institutions, and small prototyping businesses has recently attracted increased attention. Thermal-fused filaments could emit potentially hazardous atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study evaluated the particle and VOCs emission characteristics of an FFF 3D printer with lignocellulose/polylactic acid (PLA) filament to reduce emissions. The PM2.5, PM0.2-10, and VOCs emission behaviors of the FFF 3D printer with a lignocellulose/PLA filament were investigated in a test chamber under different printing conditions. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was applied to analyze the formation of VOCs from lignocellulose/PLA filaments. Analysis indicated that particle formation dominated the heating process, whereas VOCs were mainly released during the printing process. The results further showed that printing at higher relative humidity and high filament feeding temperatures triggered higher VOCs emissions. In addition, high humidity facilitated particle agglomeration and reduced PM concentration. Printing at higher filament feeding temperatures also resulted in high particle emissions. Finally, Py-GC/MS analysis determined the decomposition products of the lignocellulose/PLA filament corresponding to the main ingredients of VOCs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid) Structures Fabricated by a Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printer

Inventions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miho Suzuki ◽  
Asahi Yonezawa ◽  
Kohei Takeda ◽  
Akira Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Tensile Direction ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
Scan Pattern

A fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printer is a simple device capable of manufacturing three-dimensional structures in a series of easy steps. Commercial-level FFF 3D printers have spread rapidly in many fields in recent years. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable thermoplastic polymer used as a typical printing medium for FFF 3D printers. The FFF printer constructs an object with melted polymer extruded from a tiny scanning nozzle. The mechanical properties of FFF 3D structures printed with different scan patterns can therefore vary in accordance with the directions from which forces act upon them. The nozzle scan pattern also influences the deterioration of the mechanical properties of the structures in accordance with the degradation caused by the hydrolysis of PLA. In this study we conducted tensile tests to evaluate the strength characteristics of 3D printed test pieces formed from PLA using four different scan patterns: parallel, vertical, parallel-and-vertical, and cross-hatched at opposing diagonal angles to the tensile direction. We also formed test pieces by an injection molding method using the same material, for further comparison. We evaluated the deterioration of the test pieces after immersing them in saline for certain periods. After the test pieces formed by different nozzle scan patterns were immersed, they exhibited differences in the rates by which their maximum tensile stresses deteriorated and their masses increased through water uptake. The influences of the scan patterns could be classified into two types: the unidirectional scan pattern influence and bidirectional scan pattern influence. The data obtained in this research will be applied to structural design when the FFF 3D printer is employed for the fabrication of structures with PLA filament.

scholarly journals AM-FFF of Objects Using Commercial PLA Based Shape Memory Polymer Printed by an Open-Source 3D Printer

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
N. Dresler ◽  
A. Ulanov ◽  
M. Aviv ◽  
D. Ashkenazi ◽  
A. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Shape Memory Polymer ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Memory Cycle

The 4D additive manufacturing processes are considered today as the "next big thing" in R&D. The aim of this research is to provide two examples of commercial PLA based shape memory polymer (SMP) objects printed on an open-source 3D printer in order to proof the feasibility of such novel 4D printing process. To that purpose, a PLA based filament of eSUN (4D filament e4D-1white, SMP) was chosen, and two applications, a spring and a vase, were designed by 3D-printing with additive manufacturing (AM) fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique. The 4D-printed objects were successfully produced, the shape memory effect and their functionality were demonstrated by achieving the shape-memory cycle of programming, storage and recovery.

scholarly journals Poly(Lactic) Acid Reinforced with Alkaline Lignin Biocomposites Prepared by Thermal Extrusion for Sustainable 3D Printing Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 2129 (1) ◽  
pp. 012003
Author(s):  
Nurul Amirah Abd Rahman ◽  
Hazleen Anuar ◽  
Fathilah Ali ◽  
Jonghwan Suhr
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Thermal Extrusion

Abstract The focus of this work is the mechanical characterization of biomaterials produced by 3D printing based on fused filament fabrication (FFF) process that has been mainly used for prototype rather than functional components due to the limited mechanical properties of pure thermoplastics parts. Addition of reinforcements from natural fiber has been adopted to improve the mechanical properties of the 3D printed parts. In this study, alkaline lignin powder that has been extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) via alkaline extraction process were used as filler in the production of biocomposites with poly(lactic) acid (PLA). Poly(lactic) acid filaments filled with 1% of alkaline lignin powder and has been compared with the presence of 5% of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) by means of thermal extrusion and further proceed with 3D printing. The samples were mechanically characterized using tensile tests and the fractography were observed. Tensile test that has been done on the filaments reveal that the filament with addition of lignin and EPO shows improved mechanical properties with higher tensile strength as well as lower stiffness. The 3D printed samples of the filament compositions also exhibit similar trend where the said filament has the best mechanical properties when the EPO is incorporated in the filament.

scholarly journals Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of FFF 3D-Printed PLA Structures

Inventions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Asahi Yonezawa ◽  
Akira Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Test Piece ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
3D Printed

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer material used for the fabrication of objects by fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing. FFF 3D printing technology has been quickly spreading over the past few years. An FFF-3D-printed object is formed from melted polymer extruded from a nozzle layer-by-layer. The mechanical properties of the object, and the changes in those properties as the object degrades, differ from the properties and changes observed in bulk objects. In this study we evaluated FFF-3D-printed objects by uniaxial tensile tests and four-point flexural tests to characterize the changes of three mechanical properties, namely, the maximum stress, elastic modulus, and breaking energy. Eight types of test pieces printed directly by an FFF 3D printer using two scan patterns and two interior fill percentages (IFPs) were tested by the aforesaid methods. The test pieces were immersed in saline and kept in an incubator at 37 °C for 30, 60, or 90 days before the mechanical testing. The changes in the mechanical properties differed largely between the test piece types. In some of the test pieces, transient increases in strength were observed before the immersion degraded the strength. Several of the test piece types were found to have superior specific strength in the tests. The results obtained in this research will be helpful for the design of PLA structures fabricated by FFF 3D printing.

scholarly journals How Is Rheology Involved in 3D Printing of Phase-Separated PVC-Acrylate Copolymers Obtained by Free Radical Polymerization

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2070
Author(s):  
Mario Iván Peñas ◽  
Miren Itxaso Calafel ◽  
Roberto Hernández Aguirresarobe ◽  
Manuel Tierno ◽  
José Ignacio Conde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Radical Polymerization ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Relaxation Modulus ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Melt Elasticity ◽  
Scanning Electron

New auto-plasticised copolymers of poly(vinyl chloride)-r-(acrylate) and polyvinylchloride, obtained by radical polymerization, are investigated to analyse their capacity to be processed by 3D printing. The specific microstructure of the copolymers gives rise to a phase-separated morphology constituted by poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) domains dispersed in a continuous phase of acrylate-vinyl chloride copolymer. The analysis of the rheological results allows the suitability of these copolymers to be assessed for use in a screw-driven 3D printer, but not by the fused filament fabrication method. This is due to the high melt elasticity of the copolymers, caused by interfacial tension between phases. A relationship between the relaxation modulus of the copolymers and the interlayer adhesion is established. Under adequate 3D-printing conditions, flexible and ductile samples with good dimensional stability and cohesion are obtained, as is proven by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile stress-strain tests.

scholarly journals Development of Antimicrobial PLA Composites for Fused Filament Fabrication

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 580
Author(s):  
Zachary Brounstein ◽  
Chris M. Yeager ◽  
Andrea Labouriau
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Thermal Phase ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Phase Behaviors

In addition to possessing the desirable properties of being a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer fabricated from renewable resources, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) has useful mechanical and thermal attributes that has enabled it to be one of the most widely-used plastics for medicine, manufacturing, and agriculture. Yet, PLA composites have not been heavily explored for use in 3D-printing applications, and the range of feasible materials for the technology is limited, which inhibits its potential growth and industry adoption. In this study, tunable, multifunctional antimicrobial PLA composite filaments for 3D-printing have been fabricated and tested via chemical, thermal, mechanical, and antimicrobial experiments. Thermally stable antimicrobial ceramics, ZnO and TiO2, were used as fillers up to 30 wt%, and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) was used as a plasticizer to tune the physical material properties. Results demonstrate that the PLA composite filaments exhibit the thermal phase behaviors and thermal stability suitable for 3D-printing. Additionally, PEG can be used to tune the mechanical properties while not affecting the antimicrobial efficacy that ZnO and TiO2 imbue.

scholarly journals Processing and properties of PLA/Mg filaments for 3D printing of scaffolds for biomedical applications

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Pascual-González ◽  
Cillian Thompson ◽  
Jimena de la Vega ◽  
Nicolás Biurrun Churruca ◽  
Juan P. Fernández-Blázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Metal Composite ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Content Type

Purpose This paper aims to develop a novel strategy to manufacture poly-lactic acid (PLA) filaments reinforced with Mg particles for fused filament fabrication of porous scaffolds for biomedical applications. Design/methodology/approach The mixture of PLA pellets and Mg particles was extruded twice, the second time using a precision extruder that produces a filament with zero porosity, constant diameter and homogeneous dispersion of Mg particles. The physico-chemical properties of the extruded filaments were carefully analysed to determine the influence of Mg particles on the depolymerisation of PLA during high temperature extrusion and the optimum melt flow index to ensure printability. Findings It was found that the addition of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) plasticizer was necessary to allow printing when the weight fraction of Mg was above 4%. It was possible to print porous face-centre cubic scaffolds with good geometrical accuracy and minimum porosity with composite filaments containing PEG. Originality/value The new strategy is easily scalable and seems to be very promising to manufacture biodegradable thermoplastic/metal composite filaments for 3D printing that can take advantage of the different properties of both components from the viewpoint of tissue engineering.

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