A Degradable Inverse Vulcanized Copolymer as a Coating Material for Urea Produced under Optimized Conditions

Global enhancement of crop yield is achieved using chemical fertilizers; however, agro-economy is affected due to poor nutrient uptake efficacy (NUE), which also causes environmental pollution. Encapsulating urea granules with hydrophobic material can be one solution. Additionally, the inverse vulcanized copolymer obtained from vegetable oils are a new class of green sulfur-enriched polymer with good biodegradation and better sulfur oxidation potential, but they possess unreacted sulfur, which leads to void generations. In this study, inverse vulcanization reaction conditions to minimize the amount of unreacted sulfur through response surface methodology (RSM) is optimized. The copolymer obtained was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR confirmed the formation of the copolymer, TGA demonstrated that copolymer is thermally stable up to 200 °C temperature, and DSC revealed the sulfur conversion of 82.2% (predicted conversion of 82.37%), which shows the goodness of the model developed to predict the sulfur conversion. To further maximize the sulfur conversion, 5 wt% diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) as a crosslinker is added during synthesis to produce terpolymer. The urea granule is then coated using terpolymer, and the nutrient release longevity of the coated urea is tested in distilled water, which revealed that only 65% of its total nutrient is released after 40 days of incubation. The soil burial of the terpolymer demonstrated its biodegradability, as 26% weight loss happens in 52 days of incubation. Thus, inverse vulcanized terpolymer as a coating material for urea demonstrated far better nutrient release longevity compared with other biopolymers with improved biodegradation; moreover, these copolymers also have potential to improve sulfur oxidation.

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Soil solution and plant nitrogen on irrigated rice under controlled release nitrogen fertilizers

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20170279 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thais Antolini Veçozzi ◽

Rogério Oliveira de Sousa ◽

Walkyria Bueno Scivittaro ◽

Cristiano Weinert ◽

Victor Raul Cieza Tarrillo

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Rice Field ◽

Nutrient Release ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Irrigated Rice ◽

Plant Nitrogen ◽

Coated Urea ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Polymer Coated Urea ◽

N Use

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the solubilization and nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) of controlled release nitrogen fertilizers in irrigated rice, compared to urea. It was developed under semi-controlled conditions, including five treatments: Control, Splitted Urea (pre-sowing and topdressing), Pre-sowing urea, and Polymer Coated Urea (PCU) with 60-day and 90-day release. PCUs did not maintain high NH4 + and NO3 - levels in solution over a longer period than urea. NUE of PCUs was similar to uncoated urea, not increasing nutrient release in irrigated rice field.

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Biodegradation study of bio-corn flour filled low density polyethylene composites assessed by natural soil

Journal of Polymer Engineering ◽

10.1515/polyeng-2014-0384 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 245-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Samira Sahi ◽

Hocine Djidjelli ◽

Amar Boukerrou

Keyword(s):

Filler Content ◽

Alkali Treatment ◽

Reactive Extrusion ◽

Low Density Polyethylene ◽

Natural Soil ◽

Low Density ◽

Corn Flour ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Soil Burial ◽

Morphological Studies

Abstract This paper illustrates the aim to introduce biodegradable vegetable filler in synthetic polymers to prepare novel biodegradable composites. Low density polyethylene/alkali treated corn flour (LDPE/ATCF) composites were prepared by reactive extrusion using a twin-screw extruder. The microstructure, thermal properties and tensile properties were evaluated and compared with virgin LDPE. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed a decrease in the hydrophilic nature of corn flour (CF) after alkali treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed good dispersion between matrix and filler. The tensile and elongation at break decreased by increasing the filler content in the composites. However, the Young’s modulus increased with the increase in filler content. The biodegradation of composites was studied in the environment using the soil burial test for 6 months. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed an increase of the melting enthalpy (ΔHm) and crystallinity of LDPE with evidence of degradation. The biodegradability of the composites was enhanced with increasing ATCF content in the matrix. This result was supported by weight loss and degraded surface of composites observed through morphological studies. From the results, we conclude that the use of ATCF as filler in LDPE reduces pollution problems. This is advantageous for both the economy and the environment.

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Cellulose Nanofiber Reinforced Ecofriendly Green PMMA Nanocomposites

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.387 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 747 ◽

pp. 387-390

Author(s):

Sunanda Sain ◽

Shubhalakshmi Sengupta ◽

Dipa Ray ◽

Abhirupa Kar ◽

Aniruddha Mukhopadhyay

Keyword(s):

Renewable Resources ◽

In Situ Polymerization ◽

Polymer Matrix Composites ◽

Mechanical Test ◽

Average Molecular Weight ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Nanocomposite Films ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Soil Burial

Recently, the polymeric composites from renewable resources have attracted great interest. The trend to develop novel eco-friendly green materials from various renewable resources leads to the full or partial replacement of synthetic materials towards a sustainable world also. With a high modulus of elasticity, low density, low production cost and energy consumption, easy processability, renewable nature and recyclability, cellulose nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention as reinforcing filler in polymer matrix composites for exploring new applications. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/cellulose nanocomposite films were prepared by in-situ polymerization with 10 weight% loading of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and chemically modified cellulose nanofibers with maleic anhydride (M1CNF) and MMA (M2CNF) respectively to increase their interfacial compatibility with PMMA. The presence of the nanofiller increased the thermal stability of the nanocomposites, as measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and their glass transition temperature, measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as well as their average molecular weight measured by viscometric method. Mechanical test results showed that surface treatment of cellulose nanofibers significantly improved the tensile properties of PMMA nanocomposites. Biodegradation study was performed with soil burial method to analyze the effect of cellulose nanofibers on biodegradation.

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The Production of Organic-Inorganic Compound Film-Coated Urea and the Characteristics of Its Nutrient Release

Agricultural Sciences in China ◽

10.1016/s1671-2927(08)60268-0 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 703-708 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hong-tao ZOU ◽

Yao-sheng WANG ◽

Hao-wen SONG ◽

Yan-yu HAN ◽

Na YU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Release ◽

Inorganic Compound ◽

Coated Urea

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Soil Burial Biodegradation of PLA/Hydrolysed Collagen/Silver Manoparticles Bionanocomposites

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.20.4.8051 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 128-135

Author(s):

Petruta Preda ◽

Maria Rapa ◽

Alexandru Nicoara ◽

Oana Tutunaru ◽

Marioara Avram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Melt Processing ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Degradation Behaviour ◽

Soil Burial ◽

Dsc Measurements ◽

Scanning Electron ◽

Loss Determination

In this study we evaluated the degradation behaviour of some polymeric bionanocomposites based on polylactic acid (PLA), hydrolysed collagen (HC) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) obtained by melt processing, by exposure at soil action for 30 days and 60 days. The quantification of the bionanocomposites� degradability was investigated by the weight loss determination, evaluation of the morphology-Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) measurements and the thermal parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements. From the obtained results we can observe that the polymeric composites based on hydrolysed collagen has degraded.

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Slow- Release Fertilizer Formulation Using Acrylic and Chitosan Coating

Journal of Tropical Soils ◽

10.5400/jts.2015.v20i1.37-45 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 37 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lili Handayani ◽

Gunawan Djajakirana ◽

. Darmawan ◽

Canecio Peralta Munoz

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Slow Release ◽

Nutrient Release ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Coating Material ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Chitosan Coating ◽

Slow Release Fertilizer ◽

Low Efficiency ◽

Nutrient Solubility

The low-efficiency problem in fertilizer application can be overcome by controlling fertilizer solubility, i.e. by rendering the fertilizer to be released gradually; such material is also known as slow-release fertilizer (SRF). This research was aimed to formulate SRF by coating technique using acrylic and chitosan as the coating material, and to evaluate fertilizer resistance to too fast disintegration, and rate of nutrient release method. The results demonstrated that fertilizer formulation containing N, P, K, Fe, Cu, and Zn with granulation technique yielded 74% of granules with 2-5 mm in diameter. The SRFs (formulated fertilizer with acrylic or chitosan coating) were more resistant to water pounding than non-SRF. Furthermore, shaking test with distilled water or 2% citric acid, or by percolation test with distilled water showed that the SRFs had lower nutrient solubility than the non-SRFs. The results of shaking test also specifically indicated that coating with acrylic made the fertilizer more resistant to the citric acid,suggesting that this coating material would be more suitable in acidic soils. The SRFs formulated with the addition of chitosan during blending of micronutrients prior to mixing with macronutrients, granulation, and final coating exhibited lower nutrient solubility than the SRFs without the pre-coating chitosan addition. [How to Cite: Lili H, G Djajakirana, Darmawan, and CP Munoz. 2015. Slow- Release Fertilizer Formulation Using Acrylic and Chitosan Coating. J Trop Soils 19: 37-45. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2015.20.1.37][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2015.20.1.37]

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Oxadiazolyl-Pyridinium as Cationic Scaffold for Fluorinated Ionic Liquid Crystals

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112110347 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (21) ◽

pp. 10347

Author(s):

Melina S. Weber ◽

Margit Schulze ◽

Giuseppe Lazzara ◽

Antonio Palumbo Piccionello ◽

Andrea Pace ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Liquid Crystals ◽

Liquid Crystalline ◽

Alkyl Chain ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

New Class ◽

Structural Variables ◽

Ionic Liquid Crystals ◽

Thermotropic Properties

The synthesis and characterization of a new class of 1,2,4-oxadiazolylpyridinium as a cationic scaffold for fluorinated ionic liquid crystals is herein described. A series of 12 fluorinated heterocyclic salts based on a 1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety, connected through its C(5) or C(3) to an N-alkylpyridinium unit and a perfluoroheptyl chain, differing in the length of the alkyl chain and counterions, has been synthesized. As counterions iodide, bromide and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide have been considered. The synthesis, structure, and liquid crystalline properties of these compounds are discussed on the basis of the tuned structural variables. The thermotropic properties of this series of salts have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. The results showed the existence of an enantiotropic mesomorphic smectic liquid crystalline phase for six bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide salts.

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PHB/cellulose Fibres Composites Colonization and biodegradation behavior

Materiale Plastice ◽

10.37358/mp.18.1.4962 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 48-53

Author(s):

Elisabeta Elena Popa ◽

Maria Rapa ◽

Calina Petruta Cornea ◽

Vlad Ioan Popa ◽

Amalia Carmen Mitelut ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Natural Soil ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Cellulose Fibres ◽

Soil Burial ◽

Weight Variation ◽

Electron Microscopy Analysis ◽

Microscopy Analysis ◽

Scanning Electron

In this study, newly developed polymeric composites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), cellulose fibres (CF) and plasticizer (bis[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl] adipate) (DBEEA) were subjected both to microorganism�s action in controlled conditions, and to soil�s action by sample burial. The weight loss of PHB based composites at 60 days exposure were determined in comparison with neat PHB. The weight variation for PHB based composites buried in a natural soil at 45 days and 90 days was monitored. DSC-differential scanning calorimetry and SEM -scanning electron microscopy analysis were performed on the tested composites after 90 days of soil burial. It was found that the introduction of cellulose fibres into PHB leads to the increase of biodegradability of composites.

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