scholarly journals A Fuzzy Logic-Based Cost Modelling System for Recycling Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4370
Author(s):  
Essam Shehab ◽  
Arshyn Meiirbekov ◽  
Akniyet Amantayeva ◽  
Aidar Suleimen ◽  
Serik Tokbolat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Modelling ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Recycling Techniques

Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) are commonly used materials in manufacturing components and products in the automotive, aerospace, and wind energy industries generating thousands of tons of waste, thus creating a threat to the environment if not recycled. Therefore, it is important for both academia and industry to investigate various ways of recycling this material. However, there is an urgent need for a reliable cost predication system to assist in making informed decisions, planning sustainable treatment, and developing pricing strategies for different waste treatment scenarios. This research paper presents the development of a fuzzy logic-based system to perform cost estimation of recycling processes of the CFRP. The developed system has taken into consideration uncertainties such as the characteristics of End of Life (EoL) material including its size and weight, its origin and diversity of existing recycling methods, and quantity of recycling waste. Cost drivers were divided into categories such as dismantling, transportation, operation, and capital cost. The system was developed by creating 243 fuzzy rules and three levels of fuzzy sets. Moreover, an interactive user-friendly interface was developed to enable the user to use the system easily and efficiently. Finally, case study results were examined to compare the whole life recycling cost of four different recycling technologies in various scenarios of waste treatment. The developed fuzzy logic-based system has the capability in evaluating the cost structure of CFRP recycling techniques and take into consideration uncertainty factors. Hence, a major contribution of the developed system is its provision of the heuristic rules that aid the decision-making process for selecting a cost-effective recycling method. The visualisation facility of the developed system is also a useful tool in enabling potential users to forecast the cost of the CFRP recycling techniques upfront.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Biopharmaceuticals for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis: Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ahmad Gholami ◽  
Jassem Azizpoor ◽  
Elham Aflaki ◽  
Mehdi Rezaee ◽  
Khosro Keshavarz
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Fars Province ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

Introduction. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease that causes joint destruction. The condition imposes a significant economic burden on patients and societies. The present study is aimed at evaluating the cost-effectiveness of Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept in treating rheumatoid arthritis in Iran. Methods. This is a cost-effectiveness study of economic evaluation in which the Markov model was used. The study was carried out on 154 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Fars province taking Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept. The patients were selected through sampling. In this study, the cost data were collected from a community perspective, and the outcomes were the mean reductions in DAS-28 and QALY. The cost data collection form and the EQ-5D questionnaire were also used to collect the required data. The results were presented in the form of an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, and the sensitivity analysis was used to measure the robustness of the study results. The TreeAge Pro and Excel softwares were used to analyze the collected data. Results. The results showed that the mean costs and the QALY rates in the Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept arms were $ 79,518.33 and 12.34, $ 91,695.59 and 13.25, and $ 87,440.92 and 11.79, respectively. The one-way sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results. In addition, the results of the probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) indicated that on the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve, Infliximab was in the acceptance area and below the threshold in 77% of simulations. The scatter plot was in the mentioned area in 81% and 91% of simulations compared with Adalimumab and Etanercept, respectively, implying lower costs and higher effectiveness than the other two alternatives. Therefore, the strategy was more cost-effective. Conclusion. According to the results of this study, Infliximab was more cost-effective than the other two medications. Therefore, it is recommended that physicians use this medication as the priority in treating rheumatoid arthritis. It is also suggested that health policymakers consider the present study results in preparing treatment guidelines for RA.

scholarly journals Cost Modelling from the Contractor Perspective: Application to Residential and Office Buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Pereira Monteiro ◽  
Vitor Sousa ◽  
Inês Meireles ◽  
Carlos Oliveira Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Cost Modelling ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
The Cost

For the majority of the contractual arrangements used in construction projects, the owner is not responsible for the cost deviations due to the variability of labor productivity or material price, amongst many other aspects. Consequently, the cost performance of a project may be entirely distinct for the owner and the contractor. Since the majority of the quantitative research on cost estimation and deviation found in the literature adopts the owners’ perspective, this research provides a contribution towards modelling costs and cost deviation from a contractors’ perspective. From an initial sample of 13 residential building and 10 office building projects, it was possible to develop models for cost estimation at the early stage of development including both endogenous and exogenous variables. Although the sample is relatively small, the authors were able to fully analyze all the cost data, using no secondary sources of data (very frequent in cost modelling studies). The statistically significant variables in the cost estimation models were the areas above and below ground and the years following the 2008 financial crisis, including the international bailout (2011-2014) period. For estimating the unit cost, a nonlinear model was obtained with the number of underground and total floor, the floor ratio and the years following the 2008 financial crisis, including the international bailout (2011-2014) period as predictors. For the office buildings, it was also found a statistically significant correlation between the cost deviation and the number of underground floors.

scholarly journals COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF CEFTRIAXONE AND NON-CEFTRIAXONE ON TYPHOID FEVER PATIENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Citra Sari Purbandini ◽  
Rani Sauriasari
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Cost

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of ceftriaxone and non-ceftriaxone therapies in patients with typhoid fever.Methods: The applied method was a cost-effectiveness analysis. Data were retrospectively collected, and sampling was performed using totalsampling based on medical records and hospital information systems. Subjects were limited to patients diagnosed with typhoid fever and usingceftriaxone or non-ceftriaxone antibiotics. A total of 15 patients were investigated, comprising 10 patients on ceftriaxone and five patients using nonceftriaxoneantibiotics. Effectiveness was evaluated by the length of hospitalization. The cost was a median of total costs, consisting of the cost of thedrug, concomitant drugs, medical equipment, laboratory tests, doctor, health-care services, and hospitalization.Results: The results showed the effectiveness of ceftriaxone (3.80±0.789 days) did not differ with the non-ceftriaxone drugs (3.40±1.635 days).However, the total cost of ceftriaxone (Rp 1,929,355) was less than that of non-ceftriaxone antibiotics (Rp 2,787,003). The average cost-effectivenessratio of ceftriaxone group (Rp 507,725/effectiveness) was lower compared to the non-ceftriaxone (Rp 819,707/effectiveness).Conclusions: This study results showed that ceftriaxone was more cost-effective than non-ceftriaxone antibiotics.

Systematic Procedures for the Analysis of Agency and User Costs of Bridge Repair Actions

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (12) ◽  
pp. 116-126
Author(s):  
Ehsan Fereshtehnejad ◽  
Jieun Hur ◽  
Abdollah Shafieezadeh ◽  
Mike Brokaw ◽  
Brad Noll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Agency Cost ◽  
User Cost ◽  
Bridge Management ◽  
User Costs ◽  
Vehicle Operation ◽  
Traffic Delays ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
The Cost

A primary goal of bridge management systems is to identify maintenance, repair, and replacement (MR&R) strategies that maximize benefits and minimize losses, often expressed in terms of cost. A major factor that greatly impacts outcomes of these frameworks, that is, the most appropriate MR&R strategies, is the cost of implementation and associated consequences of performing such actions. Given that the inventory of bridges maintained by a state department of transportation (DOT) is significantly large, this study is aimed at developing a systematic procedure to reliably estimate the costs through effective utilization of DOTs’ databases. The considered costs include agency cost of administration, engineering, and mobilization; agency direct cost of performing MR&R actions; agency cost of maintenance of traffic; and user cost incurred from traffic delays, vehicle operation, and excess emissions. The study develops a set of models to estimate the duration of various MR&R work plans. These models are subsequently used to propose analytical formulations and algorithms for the estimation of the above costs. The proposed procedures are employed to estimate the agency and user costs associated with a series of light to extensive repair actions for three bridges in Ohio. Independent calculation of some of these costs by Ohio DOT engineers indicated good agreement with results obtained from the proposed systematic methods. The verified procedures for cost estimation developed in this study enable state DOTs and other entities to reliably estimate implementation costs of actions for their large inventory of bridges and identify the most cost-effective MR&R strategies and work plans.

Development of Computer Program for Estimating Decommissioning Cost

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hak-Soo Kim ◽  
Jong-Kil Park
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Estimating ◽  
Plant Area

The programs for estimating the decommissioning cost have been developed for many different purposes and applications. The estimation of decommissioning cost is required a large amount of data such as unit cost factors, plant area and its inventory, waste treatment, etc. These make it difficult to use manual calculation or typical spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel. The cost estimation for eventual decommissioning of nuclear power plants is a prerequisite for safe, timely and cost-effective decommissioning. To estimate the decommissioning cost more accurately and systematically, KHNP, Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co. Ltd, developed a decommissioning cost estimating computer program called “DeCAT-Pro”, which is Decommissioning Cost Assessment Tool – Professional. (Hereinafter called “DeCAT”) This program allows users to easily assess the decommissioning cost with various decommissioning options. Also, this program provides detailed reporting for decommissioning funding requirements as well as providing detail project schedules, cash-flow, staffing plan and levels, and waste volumes by waste classifications and types. KHNP is planning to implement functions for estimating the plant inventory using 3-D technology and for classifying the conditions of radwaste disposal and transportation automatically.

scholarly journals On the effects of spatial resolution on effective distance measurement in digital landscapes

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Mundeli Murekatete ◽  
Takeshi Shirabe
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Landscape Connectivity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Path Modeling ◽  
Least Cost Path ◽  
Effective Distance ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Cost Surface ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Resolution Data

Abstract Background Connectivity is an important landscape attribute in ecological studies and conservation practices and is often expressed in terms of effective distance. If the cost of movement of an organism over a landscape is effectively represented by a raster surface, effective distances can be equated with the cost-weighted distance of least-cost paths. It is generally recognized that this measure is sensitive to the grid’s cell size, but little is known if it is always sensitive in the same way and to the same degree and if not, what makes it more (or less) sensitive. We conducted computational experiments with both synthetic and real landscape data, in which we generated and analyzed large samples of effective distances measured on cost surfaces of varying cell sizes derived from those data. The particular focus was on the statistical behavior of the ratio—referred to as ‘accuracy indicator’—of the effective distance measured on a lower-resolution cost surface to that measured on a higher-resolution cost surface. Results In the experiment with synthetic cost surfaces, the sample values of the accuracy indicator were generally clustered around 1, but slightly greater with the absence of linear sequences (or barriers) of high-cost or inadmissible cells and smaller with the presence of such sequences. The latter tendency was more dominant, and both tendencies became more pronounced as the difference between the spatial resolutions of the associated cost surfaces increased. When two real satellite images (of different resolutions with fairly large discrepancies) were used as the basis of cost estimation, the variation of the accuracy indicator was found to be substantially large in the vicinity (1500 m) of the source but decreases quickly with an increase in distance from it. Conclusions Effective distances measured on lower-resolution cost surfaces are generally highly correlated with—and useful predictors of—effective distances measured on higher-resolution cost surfaces. This relationship tends to be weakened when linear barriers to dispersal (e.g., roads and rivers) exist, but strengthened when moving away from sources of dispersal and/or when linear barriers (if any) are detected by other presumably more accessible and affordable sources such as vector line data. Thus, if benefits of high-resolution data are not likely to substantially outweigh their costs, the use of lower resolution data is worth considering as a cost-effective alternative in the application of least-cost path modeling to landscape connectivity analysis.

scholarly journals Cost- Effectiveness Analysis of Infectious Waste Treatment Devices in Hospital

2018 ◽  
pp. 645-649
Author(s):  
Maryam Khashij ◽  
Mohsen Pakdaman ◽  
Mohammad Mehralian ◽  
Mehran Abtahi ◽  
Mehdi Mokhtari
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Discount Rate ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Sensitivity Rate ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Infectious Waste ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: Today, the infectious wastes of hospitals are considered as a public health problem. Considering the huge amounts of hazardous wastes and the disadvantages of incinerators, we need to investigate the non-combustible devices involved in biochemical treatment. This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the cost-effectiveness of infectious wastes devices. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and economic efficiency of the infectious waste devices in Yazd and Isfahan hospitals.  In this study, the total cost of infectious waste treatment systems in hospitals, the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER), as well as the sensitivity rate for the reduction of infectious wastes were calculated using Treeage software version 2011. In order to calculate the cost effectiveness using the total cost and the amount of produced waste, we applied the discount rate of five percent and the useful life of 10 years for each device. Results: Based on the results, devices A and F had the highest and the lowest total cost, respectively. In addition, autoclave D with an ICER of 257.20 was more cost effective than other devices. So, device D, with a discount rate of ±5 and a range of 244.244 - 270.06 was chosen as the best option for infectious waste disposal. Conclusion: The results can be used to explore and outline the future prospects for choosing the best technology for treatment of infectious waste in hospitals. In other words, we have different options on different circumstances and occasions

scholarly journals A Cost Modelling System for Recycling Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4208
Author(s):  
Essam Shehab ◽  
Arshyn Meiirbekov ◽  
Akniyet Amantayeva ◽  
Aidar Suleimen ◽  
Serik Tokbolat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Mechanical Recycling ◽  
Cost Modelling ◽  
Carbon Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Recycling Techniques

Cost-effective and environmentally responsible ways of carbon fiber-reinforced composite (CFRP) recycling are increasingly important, owing to the rapidly increasing use of these materials in many industries such as the aerospace, automotive and energy sectors. Product designers need to consider the costs associated with manufacturing and the end-of-life stage of such materials to make informed decisions. They also need to understand the current methods of composite recycling and disposal and their impact on the end-of-life costs. A comprehensive literature review indicated that there is no such tool to estimate CFRP recycling costs without any prior knowledge and expertise. Therefore, this research paper proposed a novel knowledge-based system for the cost modelling of recycling CFRP that does not require in-depth knowledge from a user. A prototype of a cost estimation system has been developed based on existing CFRP recycling techniques such as mechanical recycling, pyrolysis, fluidized bed, and supercritical water. The proposed system has the ability to select the appropriate recycling techniques based on a user’s needs with the help of an optimization module based on the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Estimating recycling costs has taken into consideration various factors such as different material types in different industries, transportation, and dismantling costs. The developed system can be employed to support early-stage designers and decision-making stakeholders in terms of understanding and predicting recycling costs easily and quickly.

Damage tolerance of composite T-sections made of cost-effective carbon fibre preforms

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kadlec ◽  
Robin Hron ◽  
Timo Grieser
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Damage Tolerance ◽  
Impact Damage ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Impact Energies ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – T-sections of carbon fibre-reinforced composites are prone to delamination because they lack reinforcement through their thicknesses. The purpose of this paper is to present the structural response of cost-effective laminated T-sections when subjected to various types of loads and impacts. Design/methodology/approach – The core of the automated manufactured beams is analysed. Pull-off, flange tension, and flange bending were tested for specimens extracted from an I-beam. The failure processes for all of the specimens were investigated in detail, leading to the statistical evaluation of the failure modes. Findings – A correlation is apparent between the impact damage energy and certain fracture patterns. These results can be used to assess damage tolerance when designing stiffeners, beams, and various complex structures. The increase in strength by 25 per cent was measured for the advanced stitching located in the web section for the flange tension test. Originality/value – The resistance displayed by the T-sections toward impact damage was studied experimentally, as the literature describing this topic is limited. The prevalence of one fracture mode for higher impact energies shows a possible advantage of the cost-effective preforms for the damage tolerant philosophy.

COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ADJUNCTIVE HYPERBARIC OXYGEN IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETIC ULCERS

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shien Guo ◽  
Michael A. Counte ◽  
Kathleen N. Gillespie ◽  
Homer Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Diabetic Ulcers ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hbo2 Therapy

Objectives: This study estimates the cost-effectiveness (CE) of the adjunctive use of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy in the treatment of diabetic ulcers based on the payer's and societal perspectives.Methods: The study population was a hypothetical cohort of 1,000 patients sixty years of age with severe diabetic foot ulcers. A decision tree model was constructed to estimate the CE of HBO2 therapy in the treatment of diabetic ulcers at years 1, 5, and 12. Scenario and one-way sensitivity analyses were also undertaken to identify parameters that may significantly influence the estimates.Results: The CE model estimated that the incremental cost per additional quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained at years 1, 5, and 12, was $27,310, $5,166, and $2,255, respectively.Conclusions: The study results indicate that HBO2 therapy in the treatment of diabetic ulcers is cost-effective, particularly based on a long-term perspective. However, the results are limited by the clinical studies that provide the basis of the CE estimation.

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