scholarly journals Novel Concept of Cogeneration-Integrated Heat Pump-Assisted Fractionation of Alkylation Reactor Effluent for Increased Power Production and Overall CO2 Emissions Decrease

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Variny ◽  
Patrik Furda ◽  
Ladislav Švistun ◽  
Miroslav Rimár ◽  
Ján Kizek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Alkylation Reaction ◽  
Unit Operation ◽  
Energy Integration ◽  
Fractionation Process

Alkylate produced by catalyzed reaction of isobutane and olefin-rich streams is a desired component for gasoline blending. Fractionation of the alkylation reactor effluent is energy demanding due to the presence of close boiling point components and solutions cutting its energy intensity; expenses associated with this process are investigated intensely nowadays. This paper presents a novel conceptual design and techno-economic analysis of alkylation reaction effluent fractionation revamp to reach a cut in energy costs of the fractionation process without the need to revamp the rectification columns themselves, providing thus an alternative approach to a more sustainable alkylation process. Two cases are considered—A. additional steam turbine installation or B. combustion engine-driven heat pump-assisted rectification. Mathematical modeling of the considered system and its revamp is applied using the “frozen technology” approach. Real system operation features and seasonal variations are included considering the refinery’s combined heat and power (CHP) unit operation and CO2 emissions balance both internal and external to the refinery. Case A yields an expectable yearly benefit (saved energy minus additionally consumed energy minus CO2 emissions increase; expressed in financial terms) of €110–140 thousand, net present value (NPV) of −€18 to €272 thousand and produces 3.3 GWh/year of electric energy. Case B delivers a benefit of €900–1200 thousand, NPV of −€293 to €2823 thousand while producing 33 GWh/year of electricity. Both cases exhibit analogous simple payback periods (8–10 years). Marginal electric efficiency of Case B (78.3%) documents the energy integration level in this case, exploiting the system and CHP unit operation synergies. CHP unit summer operation mode and steam network restrictions significantly affect the seasonal benefit of Case B. CO2 emissions increase in both cases, Case A and Case B, considering the refinery level. However, including external CO2 emissions leads to emissions decrease in both cases of up to 26 kton/year (Case B.) The presented results document the viability of the proposed concepts comparable to the traditional (reference) solution of a high performance (COP = 8) heat pump while their performance sensitivity stresses the need for complex techno-economic assessment.

scholarly journals Sun, Wind and Waves: EV Fossil Fuel Use and Emissions on an Isolated, Oil-Dependent Hawaiian Island

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Katherine A. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Hawaiian Island ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Energy Integration ◽  
Ocean Energy ◽  
Fuel Use ◽  
Remote Communities ◽  
Renewable Power

Electric power grids in remote communities around the world tend to be highly oil-dependent, unlike large, interconnected grids. Consequently, self-contained power grids such as the Hawaiian Islands’ have become testbeds for aggressive renewable energy integration (PV, wind, and ocean energy) and transportation electrification. However, there remains a lack of critical analysis for remote communities to determine the benefits of transitioning from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). This case study examines the impacts of this transition to EVs and renewable power generation on fossil fuel use and CO2 emissions on the oil-dependent Island of Oahu, Hawaii. Average passenger EVs were found to consume seven times less fossil fuel (the equivalent of 66 gallons of gasoline (GGe), than their gasoline-powered counterparts (455 gallons) in 2020. Average EVs also cut emissions in half, (2 MTCO2 versus 4 MTCO2). Several renewable power and EV transition scenarios were modeled to assess impacts out to 2050. Fossil fuel use and emissions plummet with more clean power and increasing EV numbers. By 2045, in the most ambitious scenario, all gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles (passenger and freight) will consume a total of 8.8 billion GGe, and EVs 0.090 billion GGe (1%). ICE CO2 emissions will total 80 MMT, and EVs 4.4 MMT (5.5%). By 2050, the anticipated transition to electric passenger and freight vehicles combined with renewable power will lead to 99% less fossil fuel consumed, and 93% less CO2 emitted.

Profiling and Quantification of the Key Phytochemicals from the Drumstick Tree (Moringa oleifera) and Dietary Supplements by UHPLC-PDA-MS

Planta Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omer I. Fantoukh ◽  
Yan-Hong Wang ◽  
Abidah Parveen ◽  
Mohammed F. Hawwal ◽  
Gadah A. Al-Hamoud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Fractionation Process ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Drumstick Tree

Abstract Moringa oleifera is known as a drumstick tree and is cultivated in the subtropics and tropics. It exhibits antihypertensive and antidiabetic effects. An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the determination of 9 phytochemicals in M. oleifera leaves and marketed products. The efficient separation was achieved within 7 min with a temperature of 45 °C by using a C-18 column as the stationary phase and water/acetonitrile with 0.05% formic acid as the mobile phase. The method was validated for linearity, repeatability, limits of detection, and limits of quantification. The limits of detections of phenolic compounds 1 – 9 were as low as 0.2 µg/mL. The photodiode array detector at 220 and 255 nm wavelengths was recruited for quantification. The key phytochemicals were detected in the range of 0.42 to 2.57 mg/100 mg sample weight in 13 dietary supplements. This study considers the quantitative analysis for lignans in M. oleifera for the first time. Isoquercitrin (5) and quercetin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl)-β−D-glucopyranoside (6) predominates the leaves of M. oleifera with inherent degradable nature detected for compound 6. Niazirin (2) was detected in amounts between 0.010 – 0.049 mg/100 mg while compound 1 was undetectable and potentially an artifact because of the fractionation process. The characterization and confirmation of components were achieved by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry with extractive ion monitoring for the positive and negative ion modes. The developed and validated method is robust and rapid in the conclusive quantification of phytochemicals and authentication of the Moringa samples for quality assurance.

scholarly journals Techno-economic feasibility analysis of a 3-kW PV system installation in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramhari Poudyal ◽  
Pavel Loskot ◽  
Ranjan Parajuli
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Pv System

AbstractThis study investigates the techno-economic feasibility of installing a 3-kilowatt-peak (kWp) photovoltaic (PV) system in Kathmandu, Nepal. The study also analyses the importance of scaling up the share of solar energy to contribute to the country's overall energy generation mix. The technical viability of the designed PV system is assessed using PVsyst and Meteonorm simulation software. The performance indicators adopted in our study are the electric energy output, performance ratio, and the economic returns including the levelised cost and the net present value of energy production. The key parameters used in simulations are site-specific meteorological data, solar irradiance, PV capacity factor, and the price of electricity. The achieved PV system efficiency and the performance ratio are 17% and 84%, respectively. The demand–supply gap has been estimated assuming the load profile of a typical household in Kathmandu under the enhanced use of electric appliances. Our results show that the 3-kWp PV system can generate 100% of electricity consumed by a typical residential household in Kathmandu. The calculated levelised cost of energy for the PV system considered is 0.06 $/kWh, and the corresponding rate of investment is 87%. The payback period is estimated to be 8.6 years. The installation of the designed solar PV system could save 10.33 tons of CO2 emission over its lifetime. Overall, the PV systems with 3 kWp capacity appear to be a viable solution to secure a sufficient amount of electricity for most households in Kathmandu city.

A Study on the Performance of Drinking Fountain Using CO2 Heat Pump under Different System Pressures

2010 ◽  
Vol 44-47 ◽  
pp. 2433-2437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Lieh Wu ◽  
Yu Dai Shiue ◽  
Kuo Hsiang Chien ◽  
Chiu Li Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heat Source ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Alternative Refrigerant ◽  
Saving Effect ◽  
Natural Refrigerant

To avoid continuous damage of ozone layer and deterioration of global warming, many countries have devoted to the development and application of natural refrigerant. Although CO2, an alternative refrigerant in the area of air conditioning is not the best all-temperature refrigerant, it has the lowest operating risk as compared to hydrocarbon (HCs) and ammonia.Traditional drinking fountain provides heat source through secondary energy source - electric heating; however, the heating effect is limited. Since heat pump has a high performance, this study used a carbon dioxide heat pump, which has energy-saving effect and high efficiency, to provide heat source to drinking fountains. It further assembled the drinking fountain system with carbon dioxide heat pump and analyzed its performance.

scholarly journals Polycrystalline SnSe with a thermoelectric figure of merit greater than the single crystal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongjian Zhou ◽  
Yong Kyu Lee ◽  
Yuan Yu ◽  
Sejin Byun ◽  
Zhong-Zhen Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Figure Of Merit ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Tin Selenide ◽  
Tin Oxides ◽  
Thermally Conductive

AbstractThermoelectric materials generate electric energy from waste heat, with conversion efficiency governed by the dimensionless figure of merit, ZT. Single-crystal tin selenide (SnSe) was discovered to exhibit a high ZT of roughly 2.2–2.6 at 913 K, but more practical and deployable polycrystal versions of the same compound suffer from much poorer overall ZT, thereby thwarting prospects for cost-effective lead-free thermoelectrics. The poor polycrystal bulk performance is attributed to traces of tin oxides covering the surface of SnSe powders, which increases thermal conductivity, reduces electrical conductivity and thereby reduces ZT. Here, we report that hole-doped SnSe polycrystalline samples with reagents carefully purified and tin oxides removed exhibit an ZT of roughly 3.1 at 783 K. Its lattice thermal conductivity is ultralow at roughly 0.07 W m–1 K–1 at 783 K, lower than the single crystals. The path to ultrahigh thermoelectric performance in polycrystalline samples is the proper removal of the deleterious thermally conductive oxides from the surface of SnSe grains. These results could open an era of high-performance practical thermoelectrics from this high-performance material.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH PERFORMANCE COLD CLIMATE HEAT PUMP

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Travis Horton ◽  
◽  
Eckhard A. Groll ◽  
James E. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Cold Climate

scholarly journals Possibilities of Energy Harvesting from the Suspension System of the Internal Combustion Engine in a Vehicle

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. B106-B116
Author(s):  
Jacek Caban ◽  
Grzegorz Litak ◽  
Bartłomiej Ambrożkiewicz ◽  
Leszek Gardyński ◽  
Paweł Stączek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Elastic Beam ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Mechanic Energy

The automotive industry faces huge challenge in environmental protection by reducing fossil fuels and energy consumption by developing various practical solutions in energy harvesting. The current analysis is related to the diesel engine power supply system in a passenger off-road vehicle for application of the piezoelectric energy harvesting system. Experimental tests were carried out for the three constant rotational speed values - 800, 1000 and 1500 rpm. The results pertained to operational and simulation tests of available power supply options from the engine suspension system in the vehicle, e.g. to power sensors supervising the engine’s operation or other small electrical devices in the vehicle. The simulations of output voltage were conducted by means of a nonlinear model with a resonator coupled to a piezoelectric elastic beam deformed in the magnetic field to improve the band of frequency transducing kinetic mechanic energy into electric energy.

scholarly journals Study of an Electric Energy Generation System from Exhaust Waste Recovery from an Internal Combustion Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Jorge de-J. Lozoya-Santos ◽  
Jonathan Rivas Torres ◽  
Adán Sáenz Herrera ◽  
Julio C. Salinas-Maldonado ◽  
Eduardo Mariscal Hay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Waste Recovery

scholarly journals Development of a hybrid solar cascade heat pump heating system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Fine
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Solar Heating ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Solar Still ◽  
Evacuated Tube

Society’s use of fossil fuels has led to increasingly high levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. These levels have been linked to global average temperature rises, and increases in the severity and frequency of major weather events. To combat these effects, nations around the world have committed to reducing their CO2 emissions, and transition to renewable energy. This thesis focuses on the development of a novel solar heating system, which combines a hybrid solar panel and cascade heat pump. The thesis begins by presenting a high-level literature review of solar and heat pump technologies, followed by the initial design development of the system. Two design iterations are presented, illustrating that the final design was selected because it exhibits improved peak heat output, and reduced sensitivity to panel temperature. Next, a manuscript-based chapter is presented that focuses on utilizing the proposed solar heating system for water distillation. Case studies are presented that compare the performance of the proposed system with a solar still at four different locations. The final conclusion from these studies is that using the proposed system offers area-based performance improvements of 780% compared to a basic solar still. A second manuscript-based study is then presented, which focuses on utilizing the proposed solar heating system for domestic hot water production. Additional case studies are detailed that compare the proposed system to an evacuated tube design, and a single heat pump. The conclusions from these studies are that the proposed system exceeds the performance of the evacuated tube system by up to 64%, and that the proposed system is most beneficial during seasons with higher average dry-bulb temperatures, and increased solar irradiation. A final manuscript-based study is then presented, which focuses on a methodology for improving alternate mode thermal performance estimates for hybrid solar panels. The conclusion from this study is that the proposed methodology can successfully estimate thermal performance within 5% of actual values. Each of these studies contributes to the project goal of developing a novel solar energy heating system, which can be further developed to reduce global CO2 emissions, and reduce the effects of climate change.

scholarly journals Development of a hybrid solar cascade heat pump heating system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Fine
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Solar Heating ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Solar Still ◽  
Evacuated Tube

Society’s use of fossil fuels has led to increasingly high levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. These levels have been linked to global average temperature rises, and increases in the severity and frequency of major weather events. To combat these effects, nations around the world have committed to reducing their CO2 emissions, and transition to renewable energy. This thesis focuses on the development of a novel solar heating system, which combines a hybrid solar panel and cascade heat pump. The thesis begins by presenting a high-level literature review of solar and heat pump technologies, followed by the initial design development of the system. Two design iterations are presented, illustrating that the final design was selected because it exhibits improved peak heat output, and reduced sensitivity to panel temperature. Next, a manuscript-based chapter is presented that focuses on utilizing the proposed solar heating system for water distillation. Case studies are presented that compare the performance of the proposed system with a solar still at four different locations. The final conclusion from these studies is that using the proposed system offers area-based performance improvements of 780% compared to a basic solar still. A second manuscript-based study is then presented, which focuses on utilizing the proposed solar heating system for domestic hot water production. Additional case studies are detailed that compare the proposed system to an evacuated tube design, and a single heat pump. The conclusions from these studies are that the proposed system exceeds the performance of the evacuated tube system by up to 64%, and that the proposed system is most beneficial during seasons with higher average dry-bulb temperatures, and increased solar irradiation. A final manuscript-based study is then presented, which focuses on a methodology for improving alternate mode thermal performance estimates for hybrid solar panels. The conclusion from this study is that the proposed methodology can successfully estimate thermal performance within 5% of actual values. Each of these studies contributes to the project goal of developing a novel solar energy heating system, which can be further developed to reduce global CO2 emissions, and reduce the effects of climate change.

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