scholarly journals Statistical Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Salmon Oil via Enzymatic Transesterification: Investigation of the Effects of Various Operational Parameters

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 700
Author(s):  
Vegneshwaran V. Ramakrishnan ◽  
Deepika Dave ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Winny Routray ◽  
Wade Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Response Surface Modelling ◽  
The Relationship

The enzymatic transesterification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) oil was carried out using Novozym 435 (immobilized lipase from Candida antartica) to produce biodiesel. A response surface modelling design was performed to investigate the relationship between biodiesel yield and several critical factors, including enzyme concentration (5, 10, or 15%), temperature (40, 45, or 50 °C), oil/alcohol molar ratio (1:3, 1:4, or 1:5) and time (8, 16, or 24 h). The results indicated that the effects of all the factors were statistically significant at p-values of 0.000 for biodiesel production. The optimum parameters for biodiesel production were determined as 10% enzyme concentration, 45 °C, 16 h, and 1:4 oil/alcohol molar ratio, leading to a biodiesel yield of 87.23%. The step-wise addition of methanol during the enzymatic transesterification further increased the biodiesel yield to 94.5%. This is the first study that focused on Atlantic salmon oil-derived biodiesel production, which creates a paradigm for valorization of Atlantic salmon by-products that would also reduce the consumption and demand of plant oils derived from crops and vegetables.

scholarly journals Study of the production of biodiesel by enzymatic and chemical processes from used cooking oil

2019 ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Camilo Acevedo-Páez ◽  
Néstor Andres Urbina-Suárez ◽  
Astrid Zuleima Acevedo-Rodríguez ◽  
Luis Carlos Becerra-Orozco
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Acid Esterification

The biodiesel production was analyzed by chemical and enzymatic processes, from used cooking oil (UCO), evaluating the quality and yield of the product obtained in each method. For the chemical process, an acid esterification followed by a basic transesterification was developed, (reaction temperature: 60 °C, oil:methanol 1:6 molar ratio, concentration of KOH catalyst: 1% w/w reaction times: 55 and 70 min); and enzymatic transesterification (temperature: 38 °C, oil:methanol 1:3 molar ratio, enzyme concentration lipase XX 25 split liquid: 5%, reaction times: 3 and 6 hours). Physicochemical properties (i.e. density, kinematic viscosity, moisture content, fatty acid profile, percentage of acidity, peroxides index and saponification) of the raw material were determined. Results showed the presence of oleic acid (42.45%) and palmitic acid (33.52%). The highest yield obtained was from the chemical transesterification under the conditions of 60 °C, 1% KOH and 70 min with a conversion percentage of 96.15% and an acid number of 1.33 mmKOH/g, compared to the enzymatic transesterification which registered a high acid number of 6.91 mmKOH/g and conversion percentage of 48.81% under the conditions of 38 °C, 5% of enzyme lipase and 3 hours.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Transesterification of Waste Frying Oil from Local Restaurants in East Colombia Using a Combined Lipase System

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3566
Author(s):  
Mary Angélica Ferreira Vela ◽  
Juan C. Acevedo-Páez ◽  
Nestor Urbina-Suárez ◽  
Yeily Adriana Rangel Basto ◽  
Ángel Darío González-Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification

The search for innovation and biotechnological strategies in the biodiesel production chain have become a topic of interest for scientific community owing the importance of renewable energy sources. This work aimed to implement an enzymatic transesterification process to obtain biodiesel from waste frying oil (WFO). The transesterification was performed by varying reaction times (8 h, 12 h and 16 h), enzyme concentrations of lipase XX 25 split (14%, 16% and 18%), pH of reaction media (6, 7 and 8) and reaction temperature (35, 38 and 40 °C) with a fixed alcohol–oil molar ratio of 3:1. The optimum operating conditions were selected to quantify the amount of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) generated. The highest biodiesel production was reached with an enzyme concentration of 14%, reaction time of 8 h, pH of 7 and temperature of 38 °C. It was estimated a FAMEs production of 42.86% for the selected experiment; however, best physicochemical characteristics of biodiesel were achieved with an enzyme concentration of 16% and reaction time of 8 h. Results suggested that enzymatic transesterification process was favorable because the amount of methyl esters obtained was similar to the content of fatty acids in the WFO.

scholarly journals Lipase NS81006 immobilized on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for biodiesel production

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baskar Thangaraj ◽  
Zhaohua Jia ◽  
Lingmei Dai ◽  
Dehua Liu ◽  
Wei Du
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Fe3o4 Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Fast Reaction ◽  
Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Free Lipase

Abstract Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production is being the object of extensive research due to the demerits of chemical based catalytic system. Lipase immobilized on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles has the integrated advantages of traditional immobilized lipase and free lipase for its rather fast reaction rate and easy separation. It has been demonstrated that free lipase NS81006 has potential in catalyzing the alcoholysis of renewable oils for biodiesel preparation. In this study, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with organosilane compounds like (3-aminopropyl)triethyloxysilane (APTES) and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane) MPTMS were used as carriers for lipase immobilization. Lipase NS81006 was covalently bound to the organosilane-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles by using glutaraldehyde cross-linking reagent. A biodiesel yield of 89% and 81% could be achieved by lipase immobilized on APTES-Fe3O4 and MPTMS-Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles respectively under optimized conditions of oil to methanol molar ratio 1:3 with three step addition of methanol, reaction temperature 45°C and reaction time duration 12 h. The lipases immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles could be recovered easily by external magnetic field for further use.

Studies on the Immobilized-Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification of Alkyl Oleates in Solvent-Free Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 645 ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhong ◽  
Zheng Fang ◽  
Bao Hua Zou ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Kai Guo
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Secondary Alcohols ◽  
Tertiary Alcohols ◽  
Candida Sp

The esterification of oleic acid with alkyl alcohols in solv ent-free systems was catalyzed by an immobilized lipase from Candida sp . 99-125. The influence of several factors, including enzyme concentration, temperature, molar ratio between oleic acid and alkyl alcohols, and structure of alcohol was also investigated. The results indicated that the reactions catalyzed by lipase at 20 o C, in the presence of 3% (w/w) lipase, on the molar ratio of 1:1 between oleic acid and alcohols, afforded products in high yield. It showed high selectivity to primary and low selectivity to secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols because of the sterically hindered effect. Methanol has certain toxicity on the activity of the lipase. The lipase from Candida sp. 99-125 was identified to be an effective catalyst in the esterification of alcohol and oleic acid at low temperature.

scholarly journals OPTIMASI PROSES PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI ASAM LEMAK SAWIT DISTILAT (ALSD) DAN DIMETHYL CARBONATE (DMC) MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS NOVOZYM®435

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
William ◽  
Johan Senjaya ◽  
Taslim ◽  
Tjahjono Herawan ◽  
Meta Rivani
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Intermediate Compound ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Enzymatic Esterification ◽  
Dialkyl Carbonate

Biodiesel production has rapidly grown over the last decades, and it has attracted much attention in the market as fuel that promising substitute for petroleum diesel, because its physical and chemical properties and energy content are similar to those of petroleum diesel. The main problem in producing biodiesel is its high cost which could be reduced by use of less expensive feedstock. Therefore, in this work biodiesel is synthesized by enzymatic esterification from low quality feedstock which is unrefined and much cheaper than the refined oil, such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) with dialkyl carbonate using immobilized lipase (Novozym®435). Enzymatic process has certain advantages over the chemical process, as it is less energy intensive, allowing the esterification of glycerides with high free fatty acid contents (PFAD, 85-95% FFA) and no enzymatic activity loss. Methanol replaced by dialkyl carbonate, especially DMC due to esterification (methanolysis) is close to equilibrium reaction whereas using DMC the intermediate compound immediately decomposes to carbon dioxide and an alcohol, which have been investigated. Moreover, DMC are cheap, eco-friendly chemical, non-toxic properties and widely available. Factors affecting the reaction such as DMC to PFAD molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time and catalyst concentration were systematically analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The optimal condition is using 6:1 molar ratio of DMC to PFAD at 60 oC, for a reaction time 3h in the presence 10wt% of catalyst (based on oil weight). The results showed that synthesis of biodiesel through enzymatic esterification using PFAD suitable for biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Surfactant Imprinting Hyperactivated Immobilized Lipase as Efficient Biocatalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang ◽  
Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Enzymatic Production ◽  
Burkholderia Cepacia Lipase ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Highly Active

Enzymatic production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) could contribute to resolving the problems of energy demand and environment pollutions.In the present work, Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) was activated by surfactant imprinting, and subsequently immobilized in magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mCLEAs) with hydroxyapatite coated magnetic nanoparticles (HAP-coated MNPs). The maximum hyperactivation of BCL mCLEAs was observed in the pretreatment of BCL with 0.1 mM Triton X-100. The optimized Triton-activated BCL mCLEAs was used as a highly active and robust biocatalyst for biodiesel production from WCO, exhibiting significant increase in biodiesel yield and tolerance to methanol. The results indicated that surfactant imprinting integrating mCLEAs could fix BCL in their active (open) form, experiencing a boost in activity and allowing biodiesel production performed in solvent without further addition of water. A maximal biodiesel yield of 98% was achieved under optimized conditions with molar ratio of methanol-to-WCO 7:1 in one-time addition in hexane at 40 °C. Therefore, the present study displays a versatile method for lipase immobilization and shows great practical latency in renewable biodiesel production.

scholarly journals A Review of Enzymatic Transesterification of Microalgal Oil-Based Biodiesel Using Supercritical Technology

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanifa Taher ◽  
Sulaiman Al-Zuhair ◽  
Ali H. Al-Marzouqi ◽  
Yousef Haik ◽  
Mohammed M. Farid
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Microalgal Oil ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Reaction Media

Biodiesel is considered a promising replacement to petroleum-derived diesel. Using oils extracted from agricultural crops competes with their use as food and cannot realistically satisfy the global demand of diesel-fuel requirements. On the other hand, microalgae, which have a much higher oil yield per hectare, compared to oil crops, appear to be a source that has the potential to completely replace fossil diesel. Microalgae oil extraction is a major step in the overall biodiesel production process. Recently, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) has been proposed to replace conventional solvent extraction techniques because it is nontoxic, nonhazardous, chemically stable, and inexpensive. It uses environmentally acceptable solvent, which can easily be separated from the products. In addition, the use of SC-CO2 as a reaction media has also been proposed to eliminate the inhibition limitations that encounter biodiesel production reaction using immobilized enzyme as a catalyst. Furthermore, using SC-CO2 allows easy separation of the product. In this paper, conventional biodiesel production with first generation feedstock, using chemical catalysts and solvent-extraction, is compared to new technologies with an emphasis on using microalgae, immobilized lipase, and SC-CO2 as an extraction solvent and reaction media.

scholarly journals The role of organic solvent amount in the lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Dalla Rosa ◽  
Débora de Oliveira ◽  
José Vladimir Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Novozym 435 ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Lipozyme Im ◽  
Reaction Conversion

This research note addresses the role of organic solvent amount in the production of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil. N-hexane was chosen as solvent and two commercial immobilized lipases as catalysts, Novozym 435 and Lipozyme IM. The reactions were conducted in 6 hours, varying the solvent to oil ratio from zero to 50 (v/wt) and adopting adopting for Novozym 435: 65 ºC, enzyme concentration (E, wt%) = 5, oil to ethanol molar ratio (R) = 1:10, water addition (H, wt%) = 0, and for Lipozyme IM: 35 ºC, E = 5 wt%, R = 1:3, H = 10 wt%. For Lipozyme IM, an increase in solvent amount is shown to lead to an enhancement of reaction conversion, while a negligible effect was found for Novozym 435. When using 30 mL of solvent the reaction conversions were 88% for Lipozyme IM and 15% for Novozym 435.

Process Optimization Study of Alternative Fuel Production From Linseed Oil

2020 ◽  
pp. 234-249
Author(s):  
Karthickeyan V. ◽  
Balamurugan S. ◽  
Ashok B. ◽  
Thiyagarajan S. ◽  
Mohamed Shameer P. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Optimization Study ◽  
Input Control ◽  
Order Preference

This chapter focuses on the selection of optimum parameters for transesterification of linseed oil biodiesel production in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) obtained from the waste eggshells. The waste chicken eggshells were calcined at 900°C for 4 hours and it was characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The transesterification process was conducted according to L9 orthogonal array with selected input control parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, and catalyst loading. The output parameters were biodiesel yield and viscosity. The multi-objective, decision-making technique called Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was used to identify the optimum transesterification process parameters to obtain maximum biodiesel yield with minimal viscosity. The optimized values for transesterification process parameters were depicted as methanol to oil ratio of 6:1, reaction temperature of 65°C, and catalyst loading of 5% w/w.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Synthesis of Formate Ester through Immobilized Lipase and Its Reuse

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yesol Baek ◽  
Jonghwa Lee ◽  
Jemin Son ◽  
Taek Lee ◽  
Abdus Sobhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Enzymatic Synthesis ◽  
Immobilized Enzyme ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Novozym 435 ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimal Conditions

Octyl formate is an important substance used in the perfume industry in products such as cosmetics, perfumes, and flavoring. Octyl formate is mostly produced by chemical catalysts. However, using enzymes as catalysts has gathered increasing interest due to their environment-friendly proprieties. In the present study, we aimed to identify the optimal conditions for the synthesis of octyl formate through immobilized enzyme-mediated esterification. We investigated the effects of enzymatic reaction parameters including the type of immobilized enzyme, enzyme concentration, molar ratio of reactants, reaction temperature, and type of solvent using the optimization method of one factor at a time (OFAT). The maximum conversion achieved was 96.51% with Novozym 435 (15 g/L), a 1:7 formic acid to octanol ratio, a reaction temperature of 40 °C, and with 1,2-dichloroethane as solvent. Moreover, we demonstrated that the Novozym 435 can be reused under the optimal conditions without affecting the octyl formate yield, which could help reduce the economic burden associated with enzymatic synthesis.

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