scholarly journals Membrane Deflection and Stress in Thermal Flow Sensors

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (13) ◽  
pp. 1089
Author(s):  
Claudio Falco ◽  
Ethan L. W. Gardner ◽  
Andrea De Luca ◽  
Nicolas André ◽  
Laurent A. Francis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conduction ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Internal Stresses ◽  
Thermal Flow ◽  
Flow Sensors ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Membrane Shape ◽  
Oxide Membrane ◽  
Membrane Deflection

The effect of membrane deflection has been investigated for thermal flow sensors. Catastrophic membrane breakage is a common occurrence in membrane based thermal flow sensors due to thermal expansion and internal stresses. This work analyses three sensors comprising a tungsten heater embedded in buried oxide membrane with a silicon nitride passivation layer, the use of back etching creates a cavity underneath to reduce the thermal conduction. The investigation is done using interferometry to measure the membrane shape at room and operating temperature for three membranes of different sizes. As expected, the deflection increases with temperature up to 15 µm at operating temperature and with the reduction of membrane size the deflection is reduced to a minimum of 3 µm for the smallest membrane. The lower deflection measured in devices with a smaller cavity can be related to a reduced internal stress, improving the long term stability.

A review of low-temperature H2S gas sensors: fabrication and mechanism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Ghaderahmadi ◽  
Milad Kamkar ◽  
Nishat Tasnim ◽  
Mohammad Arjmand ◽  
Mina Hoorfar
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Lower Power ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Hazardous Gases ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Reduced detection temperature of hazardous gases such as H2S can lower power consumption and increase the long-term stability. The decreased operating temperature can be achieved via physical and chemical modification of the sensing layer.

scholarly journals Optimization and Long-Term Stability of Micro Flow Sensors for Smart VP Shunts

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 8455-8462
Author(s):  
Gergo Edes ◽  
Eniko T. Enikov ◽  
Jesse Skoch ◽  
Rein Anton
Keyword(s):  
Flow Sensors ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Micro Flow

scholarly journals Advancements in Solar Desalination of Seawater by Various Ti3C2 MXene Based Morphologies for Freshwater Generation: A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1435
Author(s):  
Adem Sreedhar ◽  
Jin-Seo Noh
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conduction ◽  
Salt Rejection ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Solar Absorber ◽  
New Class ◽  
Solar Absorbers ◽  
Solar Desalination ◽  
Hydrogel Membrane ◽  
Problematic Situations

For a few years, we have been witnessing ubiquitous fresh and drinking water scarcity in various countries. To mitigate these problematic situations, many countries relied on non-conventional freshwater generation technologies through solar desalination of seawater. In this manner, we excel the ability of new class 2D Ti3C2 MXenes as a photothermal material (solar absorber) for freshwater generation via the solar desalination technique. In this review, the air–water interfacial interaction is highlighted for improving the evaporation efficiency. To provide the dependence of the desalination efficiency on the microstructure of the solar absorbers, we summarized various forms of 2D Ti3C2 MXenes (aerosol, films, foam, hydrogel, membrane, monolith and porous structure) and their characteristics. These microstructures prevailed ultrahigh photoconversion efficiency. In this aspect, we further explained key features such as light absorption, reflection, multiple internal reflection, hydrophilicity, lower thermal conduction, light-to-heat generation, and salt rejection for achieving efficient desalination output throughout the visible and broadband region. Specifically, we targeted to explore the self-floating and salt rejection nature of various state-of-the-art 2D Ti3C2 MXene structures. Further, we highlighted the long-term stability. Among the above morphologies, Ti3C2 MXene in the form of a membrane is believed to be a promising morphology which effectively desalinates seawater into freshwater. Finally, we highlighted the challenges and future perspectives, which can pave a potential path for advancing the sustainable solar desalination of seawater into freshwater.

Stability and Change in Emotional Intelligence: Exploring the Transition to Young Adulthood

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D.A. Parker ◽  
Donald H. Saklofske ◽  
Laura M. Wood ◽  
Jennifer M. Eastabrook ◽  
Robyn N. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Life Transition ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Transition From High School

Abstract. The concept of emotional intelligence (EI) has attracted growing interest from researchers working in various fields. The present study examined the long-term stability (32 months) of EI-related abilities over the course of a major life transition (the transition from high school to university). During the first week of full-time study, a large group of undergraduates completed the EQ-i:Short; 32 months later a random subset of these students (N = 238), who had started their postsecondary education within 24 months of graduating from high school, completed the measures for a second time. The study found EI scores to be relatively stable over the 32-month time period. EI scores were also found to be significantly higher at Time 2; the overall pattern of change in EI-levels was more than can be attributed to the increased age of the participants.

Multi-Center Calibration of the Second Reference Material for Thromboplastin, Rabbit, Plain, Coded CRM 149R

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryIn a collaborative trial of eleven laboratories which was performed mainly within the framework of the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), a second reference material for thromboplastin, rabbit, plain, was calibrated against its predecessor RBT/79. This second reference material (coded CRM 149R) has a mean International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of 1.343 with a standard error of the mean of 0.035. The standard error of the ISI was determined by combination of the standard errors of the ISI of RBT/79 and the slope of the calibration line in this trial.The BCR reference material for thromboplastin, human, plain (coded BCT/099) was also included in this trial for assessment of the long-term stability of the relationship with RBT/79. The results indicated that this relationship has not changed over a period of 8 years. The interlaboratory variation of the slope of the relationship between CRM 149R and RBT/79 was significantly lower than the variation of the slope of the relationship between BCT/099 and RBT/79. In addition to the manual technique, a semi-automatic coagulometer according to Schnitger & Gross was used to determine prothrombin times with CRM 149R. The mean ISI of CRM 149R was not affected by replacement of the manual technique by this particular coagulometer.Two lyophilized plasmas were included in this trial. The mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and CRM 149R based on the two lyophilized plasmas was the same as the corresponding slope based on fresh plasmas. Tlowever, the mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and BCT/099 based on the two lyophilized plasmas was 4.9% higher than the mean slope based on fresh plasmas. Thus, the use of these lyophilized plasmas induced a small but significant bias in the slope of relationship between these thromboplastins of different species.

The Stability of the WHO Reference Thromboplastin NIBS & C 67/40

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 1135-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
G I C Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Calibration Constant ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Human Material ◽  
Reference Preparation ◽  
The Stability

SummaryThe International Reference Preparation of human brain thromboplastin coded 67/40 has been thought to show evidence of instability. The evidence is discussed and is not thought to be strong; but it is suggested that it would be wise to replace 67/40 with a new preparation of human brain, both for this reason and because 67/40 is in a form (like Thrombotest) in which few workers seem to use human brain. A �plain� preparation would be more appropriate; and a freeze-dried sample of BCT is recommended as the successor preparation. The opportunity should be taken also to replace the corresponding ox and rabbit preparations. In the collaborative study which would be required it would then be desirable to test in parallel the three old and the three new preparations. The relative sensitivities of the old preparations could be compared with those found in earlier studies to obtain further evidence on the stability of 67/40; if stability were confirmed, the new preparations should be calibrated against it, but if not, the new human material should receive a calibration constant of 1.0 and the new ox and rabbit materials calibrated against that.The types of evidence available for monitoring the long-term stability of a thromboplastin are discussed.

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