scholarly journals Quality of Hand Radiograph Collimation Determined by Artificial Intelligence Algorithm Correlates with Radiograph Quality Scores Assigned by Radiologists

Radiation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Oganes Ashikyan ◽  
Donald Chan ◽  
Daniel S. Moore ◽  
Uma Thakur ◽  
Avneesh Chhabra
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Kappa Statistic ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Geographic Separation ◽  
Bounding Boxes ◽  
Direct Feedback ◽  
Quality Categories ◽  
Hand Radiographs

Providing direct feedback to technologists has become challenging for radiologists due to geographic separation and other reasons. As such, there is a need for automated solutions to solve quality issues in radiography. We evaluated the feasibility of using a computer vision artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm to classify hand radiographs into quality categories in order to automate quality assurance processes in radiology. A bounding box was placed over the hand on 300 hand radiographs. These inputs were employed to train the computational neural network (CNN) to automatically detect hand boundaries. The trained CNN detector was used to place bounding boxes over the hands on an additional 100 radiographs, independently of the training or validation sets. A computer algorithm processed each output image to calculate unused air spaces. The same 100 images were classified by two musculoskeletal radiologists into four quality categories. The correlation between the AI-calculated unused space metric and radiologist-assigned quality scores was determined using the Spearman correlation coefficient. The kappa statistic was used to calculate the inter-reader agreement. The best negative correlation between the AI-assigned metric and the radiologists’ assigned quality scores was achieved using the calculation of the unused space at the top of the image. The Spearman correlation coefficients were −0.7 and −0.6 for the two radiologists. The kappa correlation coefficient for interobserver agreement between the two radiologists was 0.6. Automatic calculation of the percentage of unused space or indirect collimation at the top of hand radiographs correlates moderately well with radiographic collimation quality.

scholarly journals Validation of the pediatric Radboud dysarthria assessment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Marieke Ruessink ◽  
Lenie van den Engel-Hoek ◽  
Marjo van Gerven ◽  
Bea Spek ◽  
Bert de Swart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Video Recordings

PURPOSE: The Radboud Dysarthria Assessment (RDA) was published in 2014. Adaptation into a pediatric version (p-RDA) was required because of relevant differences between children and adults. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of the p-RDA and to test intra-rater and inter-rater reliability as well as the validity of the two severity scales (function and activity level). METHODS: Video recordings were made of 35 participants with (suspected) dysarthria (age 4 to 17 years) while being assessed using the p-RDA. Intra-rater reliability was assessed by one, and inter-rater reliability by two experiments using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Validity of the severity scales was tested by correlating the consensus scores with the independently rated scores on four communication scales, three mobility scales, and one self-care scale using Spearman correlation coefficients (r s). RESULTS: The assessment was applicable for 89% of the tested sample, with good intra-rater and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.88–0.98 and 0.83–0.93). The p-RDA severity scales (function and activity level) correlated from substantially to strongly with the communication scales (r s = 0.69–0.82 and 0.77–0.92) and self-care scale (r s = 0.76–0.71) and correlated substantially with the mobility scales (r s = 0.49–0.60). CONCLUSION: The feasibility, reliability and validity of the p-RDA are sufficient for clinical use.

scholarly journals Methods of Estimating Correlation Coefficients in the Presence of Influential Outlier(s)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-185
Author(s):  
Etaga H.O. ◽  
Okoro I. ◽  
Aforka K.F. ◽  
Ngonadi L.O.
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Correlation Methods ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Median Correlation ◽  
Standing Problem ◽  
Research Analysis

Correlation methods are indispensable in the study of the linear relationship between two variables. However, many researchers often adopt inappropriate correlation methods in the study of linear relationships which usually leads to unreliable results. Recurrently, most researchers ignorantly employ the Pearson method in a dataset that contained outliers, instead of more appropriate correlation methods such as Spearman, Kendall Tau, Median and Quadrant which might be suitable in the calculation of correlation coefficient in the presence of influential outliers. It is noted that the accuracy of estimation of correlation coefficients under outliers has been a long-standing problem for methodological researchers. This is due to low knowledge of correlation methods and their assumptions which have led to inappropriate application of correlation methods in research analysis. Five different methods of estimating correlation coefficients in the presence of influential outlier (contaminated data) were considered: Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Spearman Correlation Coefficient, Kendall Tau Correlation Coefficient, Median Correlation Coefficient and Quadrant Correlation Coefficient.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Relationship between Trauma, Anxiety, Depression and Stress in Kerman Emergency Medical and Emergency Center 115

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Soltaninejad ◽  
Mohsen Aminizadeh ◽  
Amin Saberinia
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Emergency Center ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Emergency Medical ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: The efficacy of psychological and pharmacological approaches is broadly similar in the acute treatment of psychopharmacology disorders. One of the most important stressful environmental stimuli that can cause chronic stress is people's jobs. And since promoting the mental health of individuals in a society, especially its constituent classes, is essential to the dynamics and growth of that society, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between trauma caused by accident and anxiety, depression, and stress in Kerman Emergency Medical and Emergency Center during 2019. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population was all 70 personnel members of Emergency Medical and 115 Emergency Centers in Kerman. The Depression, Stress and Anxiety Scale 21 and Trauma Screening were used as the instruments of measurement. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients through SPSS software were used to test the hypotheses. Results: There is a significant and direct correlation between trauma caused by accidents and personnel anxiety with a correlation coefficient of 0.407. Also, there is a significant and direct correlation between trauma caused by accidents and personnel depression with a correlation coefficient of 0.407. There is also a significant and direct relationship between trauma caused by accidents and personnel stress with a correlation coefficient of 0.388. Conclusion: Our data suggested that mental health along with personality traits is a solution to reduce stress and anxiety resulting from the personnel facing trauma caused by accidents.

A Reliability Generalization Meta-Analysis of the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment Scale for Achilles Tendinopathy (VISA-A)

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Palazón-Bru ◽  
María Isabel Tomás-Rodríguez ◽  
Emma Mares-García ◽  
Vicente Francisco Gil-Guillén
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Achilles Tendinopathy ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Reliability Generalization ◽  
Health Measurement ◽  
Cronbach’S Alpha ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha

Background: A reliability generalization study of a questionnaire is necessary to provide higher-level evidence for its reliability. This has not been performed for the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Achilles tendinopathy (VISA-A) questionnaire. The VISA-A has been a commonly used questionnaire to evaluate the symptoms of Achilles tendon disorders and their impact on physical activity, one of the most common disorders among athletes and sports persons (9%-40%). Furthermore, this questionnaire has been translated to several languages and due to its simplicity is one of the most widely used questionnaires for patients with this type of disorder. Therefore, we performed a reliability generalization study of the VISA-A using MEDLINE (through PubMed) and Scopus as data sources. Methods: We selected studies that analyzed the reliability of the VISA-A by evaluating Cronbach’s alpha, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the Spearman correlation coefficients to compare VISA-A with similar scales. The data were analyzed using fixed- and random-effects models. We assessed sensitivity through the leave-one-out method. Quality analysis was performed using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. Results: Of a total of 263 studies (eliminating duplicates), 7 fulfilled inclusion criteria. The mean reliability was (1) Cronbach’s alpha, 0.75 (95% CI, 0.70-0.79); (2) ICC, 0.91 (95% CI, 0.82-0.96); (3) correlation coefficient with the Curwin and Stanish grading system, –0.82 (95% CI, −0.93 to −0.56); and (4) correlation coefficient with the Percy and Conochie classification, 0.91 (95% CI, 0.87-0.93). We were unable to perform the funnel plot analysis and estimate meta-regression models. The Spearman correlation coefficients for both comparative scales showed influential studies (sensitivity analysis). Conclusion: Internal consistency and reproducibility were found to be good, but the parallel-forms reliability could not be supported. Therefore, more scientific evidence is needed to generalize the reliability of the VISA-A. Level of Evidence: Level I, meta-analysis of literature.

Single- versus multiple-item assessment of quality of life in patients with advanced cancer

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e20528-e20528
Author(s):  
S. H. Bush ◽  
H. A. Parsons ◽  
J. L. Palmer ◽  
R. Chacko ◽  
Z. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Symptom Intensity

e20528 Background: The main objective of palliative cancer care is to improve quality of life (QOL). As multiple dimensions impact on the construct of QOL, multi-dimensional instruments are usually used in its measurement. These are time consuming and burdensome for repeated use. Recent authors have suggested that brief single-item global assessments can provide a reliable measure of QOL. We assessed the performance of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System ‘feeling of well-being’ item (ESAS WB) using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General (FACT-G) instrument as a gold standard. Methods: After obtaining IRB approval, we reviewed the data from 213 advanced cancer patients who had participated in six studies from March 2006 to June 2008 and determined the level of association between baseline ESAS WB and FACT-G total score and subscale domains (Physical (Pwb), Social/Family (Swb), Emotional (Ewb), and Functional (Fwb) Well-Being) and also the 9 ESAS symptom intensity scores using Spearman correlation coefficients. We also calculated the change between the baseline (T1) and second (T2) observations of ESAS WB and of FACT-G total score and determined their level of association using a Pearson correlation coefficient. In addition, we predicted the change in FACT-G as predicted by the change in ESAS WB score using regression analysis. Results: Mean age was 60 (SD 12) years and 48% were female. At T1, the Spearman correlation coefficient of ESAS WB and FACT-G was -0.48 (p<0.0001). Spearman correlation coefficients for ESAS WB and FACT-G subscale domains and ESAS symptom intensity scores were also highly significant (p<0.0001) for all physical and emotional symptoms (other than p=0.003 for nausea) except for FACT Swb (p=0.08). The Pearson correlation coefficient for difference between T1 and T2 in ESAS WB and FACT-G for 146 patients was -0.36 (p<0.0001). The regression analysis was highly significant (p<0.0001). The change in ESAS WB corresponding to FACT-G published minimally important difference (MID) was -0.24 for 3, -1.55 for 5, and -2.87 for 7, respectively. Conclusions: ESAS WB is a practical instrument for clinical use and best reflects the Pwb, Ewb and Fwb domains of FACT-G as compared to Swb. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Application of Time Series Models in Business Research: Correlation, Association, Causation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4833
Author(s):  
Zabihollah Rezaee ◽  
Sara Aliabadi ◽  
Alireza Dorestani ◽  
Nick J. Rezaee
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Time Series Models ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Business Research ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
Time Series Analyses

Time series models are used to determine relationships, spot patterns, and detect abnormalities and irregularities among data. We explore the application of time series analyses in business research by discussing the differences among correlation, association, and Granger causality and providing insight into their proper use in the sustainability literature. In statistics, two correlation coefficients are typically calculated. The first one is the Pearson correlation coefficient and the second is the Spearman correlation coefficient. In the commonly used correlation analysis (the Pearson and the Spearman correlation coefficients), the focus is primarily on the changes in two variables regardless of the effects of other variables. On the contrary, in association analyses, the researcher examines the relationship between two variables while holding the effects of other related variables constant (ceteris paribus). In the study of the causation, or the cause–effect relationship between two variables, researchers are concerned about the effect of variable X on variable Y. The difficulty of achieving the third condition of causation is believed to be the main reason that in business literature causations are rarely used. The difficulty of achieving a causal relationship between two variables has moved researchers toward a special form of causation called “Granger causality”. We offer practical examples for correlation, association, causation, and the Granger causality and discuss their main differences and show how the use of a linear regression is inappropriate when the true relationship is non-linear. Finally, we discuss the policy, practical, and educational implications of our study.

scholarly journals Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Vulnerable Elders Survey-13 (VES-13)

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laércio Lima Luz ◽  
Lívia Maria Santiago ◽  
João Francisco Santos da Silva ◽  
Inês Echenique Mattos
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Brazilian Version

This study aims to assess the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Vulnerable Elders Survey-13 (VES-13). Interviews were carried out with individuals aged 60 years and over receiving care at an ambulatory cancer centre. Test-retest reliability was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficients and Cohen's kappa coefficient. Construct validity was assessed by testing convergent and discriminant validity using principal component analysis and Varimax rotation. The Spearman correlation coefficient value of the comparison between test and retest scores was 0.98 (p < 0.001). All intraclass correlation coefficient values were higher than 0.60 and kappa coefficients varied between 0.33 and 0.94. Three identified factors explained 72.6% of overall sample variance. VES-13 presented good convergent validity and reasonable discriminant validity. The psychometric properties of the adapted version of the VES-13 are consistent and adequate for use with the Brazilian population.

scholarly journals Reliability of the NICMAN Scale: An Instrument to Assess the Quality of Acupuncture Administered in Clinical Trials

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline A. Smith ◽  
Christopher J. Zaslawski ◽  
Suzanne Cochrane ◽  
Xiaoshu Zhu ◽  
Zhen Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Kappa Statistic ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Initial Stage

Background. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of a scale to assess the methodological quality of acupuncture administered in clinical research. Methods. We invited 36 acupuncture researchers and postgraduate students to participate in the study. Firstly, participants rated two articles using the scale. Following this initial stage, modifications were made to scale items and the exercise was repeated. Interrater reliability was assessed for individual items using the Fleiss kappa statistic, whilst the overall scale used the intraclass correlation coefficient statistic. A threshold agreement of ≥0.61 was acceptable. Results. We received 26 responses and a 72% response rate. The first phase of testing found moderate reliability with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.46 and 0.55 for the articles. The interrater reliability of the scales varied between and within the researchers (0.35, 0.60) and was more consistent with the postgraduate students (0.54, 0.54). Five items on the scale scored below the threshold and were revised for further testing. In this phase the intraclass correlation coefficient demonstrated variability between articles but improved to achieve reliability above the agreed threshold. Conclusion. This study provides evidence of the reliability of the NICMAN scale although improvements to a small number of items remain.

scholarly journals Statistical approaches for assessing the relative validity of a food-frequency questionnaire: use of correlation coefficients and the kappa statistic

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
LF Masson ◽  
G MCNeill ◽  
JO Tomany ◽  
JA Simpson ◽  
HS Peace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Kappa Statistic ◽  
Weighted Kappa ◽  
Collaborative Group ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Relative Validity

AbstractObjective:To compare different statistical methods for assessing the relative validity of a self-administered, 150-item, semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 4-day weighed diet records (WR).Design:Subjects completed the Scottish Collaborative Group FFQ and carried out a 4-day WR. Relative agreement between the FFQ and WR for energy-adjusted nutrient intakes was assessed by Pearson and Spearman rank correlation coefficients, the percentages of subjects classified into the same and opposite thirds of intake, and Cohen's weighted kappa.Subjects:Forty-one men, mean age 36 (range 21-56) years, and 40 women, mean age 33 (range 19-58) years, recruited from different locations in Aberdeen, Scotland.Results:Spearman correlation coefficients tended to be lower than Pearson correlation coefficients, and were above 0.5 for 10 of the 27 nutrients in men and 17 of the 27 nutrients in women. For nutrients with Spearman correlation coefficients above 0.5, the percentage of subjects correctly classified into thirds ranged from 39 to 78%, and weighted kappa values ranged from 0.23 to 0.66.Conclusions:Both Spearman correlation coefficients and weighted kappa values are useful in assessing the relative validity of estimates of nutrient intake by FFQs. Spearman correlation coefficients above 0.5, more than 50% of subjects correctly classified and less than 10% of subjects grossly misclassified into thirds, and weighted kappa values above 0.4 are recommended for nutrients of interest in epidemiological studies.

IMPROVEMENT OF SPRING DURUM WHEAT SELECTION METHODOLOGIES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
А. I. Grabovets ◽  
V. P. Kadushkina ◽  
S. А. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Chemical Mutagenesis ◽  
Main Method ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

With the growing aridity of the climate on the Don, it became necessary to improve the methodology for conducting the  breeding of spring durum wheat. The main method of obtaining the source material remains intraspecific step hybridization. Crossings were performed between genetically distant forms, differing in origin and required traits and properties. The use of chemical mutagenesis was a productive way to change the heredity of genotypes in terms of drought tolerance. When breeding for productivity, both in dry years of research and in favorable years, the most objective markers were identified — the size of the aerial mass, the mass of grain per plant, spike, and harvest index. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients between the yield per unit area and the elements of its structure is established. It was most closely associated with them in dry years, while in wet years it decreased. Power the correlation of the characteristics of the pair - the grain yield per square meter - the aboveground biomass averaged r = 0.73, and in dry years it was higher (0.91) than in favorable ones (0.61 - 0.70) , between the harvest and the harvest index - r = 0.81 (on average). In dry years, the correlation coefficient increased to 0.92. Research data confirms the greatest importance of the mass of grain from one ear and the plant in the formation of grain yield per unit area in both dry and wet years. In dry years, the correlation coefficient between yield and grain mass per plant was on average r = 0.80; in favorable years, r = 0.69. The relationship between yield and grain mass from the ear was greater — r = 0.84 and r = 0.82, respectively. Consequently, the breeding significance of the aboveground mass and the productivity of the ear, as a criterion for the selection of the crop, especially increases in the dry years. They were basic in the selection.

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