scholarly journals Constraints on Complex Faulting during the 1996 Ston–Slano (Croatia) Earthquake Inferred from the DInSAR, Seismological, and Geological Observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marin Govorčin ◽  
Marijan Herak ◽  
Bojan Matoš ◽  
Boško Pribičević ◽  
Igor Vlahović
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Stress Release ◽  
Ground Displacement ◽  
Lateral Component ◽  
Fringe Patterns ◽  
The Town ◽  
Additional Constraints ◽  
Complex Faulting

This study, involving remote sensing, seismology, and geology, revealed complex faulting during the mainshock of the Ston–Slano earthquake sequence (5 September, 1996, Mw = 6.0). The observed DInSAR interferogram fringe patterns could not be explained by a single fault rupture. Geological investigations assigned most of the interferogram features either to previously known faults or to those newly determined by field studies. Relocation of hypocentres and reassessment of fault mechanisms provided additional constraints on the evolution of stress release during this sequence. Available data support the scenario that the mainshock started with a reverse rupture with a left-lateral component on the Slano fault 4.5 km ESE of Slano, at the depth of about 11 km. The rupture proceeded unilaterally to the NW with the velocity of about 1.5 km/s for about 11 km, where the maximum stress release occurred. DInSAR interferograms suggest that several faults were activated in the process. The rupture terminated about 20 km away from the epicentre, close to the town of Ston, where the maximum DInSAR ground displacement reached 38 cm. Such a complicated and multiple rupture has never before been documented in the Dinarides. If this proves to be a common occurrence, it can pose problems in defining realistic hazard scenarios, especially in deterministic hazard assessment.

scholarly journals New data on Callovian (Middle Jurassic) belemnites and palynomorphs from the Northern Caucasus, southwest Russia

Geologos ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana S. Dzyuba ◽  
Anna A. Goryacheva ◽  
Dmitry A. Ruban ◽  
Victoria V. Gnezdilova ◽  
Pavel P. Zayats
Keyword(s):  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Northern Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Stratotype Section ◽  
Pollen And Spores ◽  
Degree Of Condensation ◽  
Northern Tethyan Margin ◽  
The Town

Abstract Palaeontological data on the Caucasus are highly important for large-scale stratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical assessment of the northern Tethyan margin, but this information is often scarce and not available in English. Field studies in the Northern Caucasus have now permitted to amass some new data. Two belemnite species are described from the stratotype section of the Kamennomostskaja Formation (Callovian, Middle Jurassic) near the town of Kamennomostskij in Adygeja (Northern Caucasus). These are Belemnopsis subhastata (von Zieten, 1831) and Rhopaloteuthis ominosa Gustomesov, 1968. The latter is a rare species, and the present find allows new insights into its taxonomy. A palyno-logical analysis of the belemnite-bearing sample was carried out, and a diverse assemblage of dinocysts, acritarchs and prasinophytes, plus pollen and spores recognised. The most abundant palynomorphs are Micrhystridium and Classopollis. Data on belemnites coupled with those on palynomorphs indicate the early Callovian age of the sample level. This interpretation differs slightly from previous conclusions based on ammonites and dinocysts. If this age is correct, the degree of condensation of Callovian deposits in the section studied was lesser than previously assumed.

Pedro Miguel Fault Investigations: Borinquen Dam 1e Construction and the Panama Canal Expansion

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Schug ◽  
Paul Salter ◽  
Christopher Goetz ◽  
Derek Irving
Keyword(s):  
Age Dating ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Geologic Mapping ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
The South ◽  
Dam Foundation ◽  
Rockfill Dam ◽  
Access Channel ◽  
Panama Canal Expansion ◽  
Complex Faulting

Abstract Borinquen Dam 1E is part of the new Pacific Access Channel (PAC) of the Panama Canal Expansion. The 2.3-km-long zoned rockfill dam forms the navigational channel providing navigation access from the Gaillard Cut to the new Post-Panamax Pacific Locks. A key geologic objective during construction was to confirm locations and activity of faults mapped at the dam during design, namely the Pedro Miguel Fault (PMF) and its suspected newly mapped “main trace.” The design allowed for core and filter widening at the anticipated location of the PMF at the south abutment and at a west branch of the PMF (believed to be the main active trace of the fault) mapped along the dam axis about one-third of the way north from the south abutment. As-built geologic mapping revealed complex faulting associated with the PMF crossing the southeast half of the foundation, the PAC, and the nearby Dam 1W foundation along a north-south trend. Trenching and age dating of alluvium overlying the faults crossing the Dam 1E foundation and overlying the PMF at Dam 1W indicated the unfaulted alluvium was latest Pleistocene to early Holocene age. At Dam 1E, the core and filters were widened to accommodate potential fault rupture on the PMF and a previously unrecognized fault revealed across the width of the dam foundation. The west branch of the PMF (trenched and mapped during design investigations) was determined to not exist at Dam 1E based on mapping the dam foundation and other extensive excavations created for the PAC.

scholarly journals POROSTY ROSNĄCE WZDŁUŻ SZOSY WĄGROWIEC – MARGONIN W WIELKOPOLSCE

1970 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 35-49
Author(s):  
ANDRZEJ BRZEG ◽  
ARTUR GOLIS ◽  
HALINA RATYŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
Evernia Prunastri ◽  
The Road ◽  
Lichen Biota ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
The Town

The subject of the investigation was the lichen biota along road No 190 from Margonin to Wągrowiec (about 20 km). The field studies were conducted on 30 randomly chosen sites, situated 500-1.000 m apart from each other. In each of them the lichens were collected from 4-6 trees on either side of the road, and from other habitats: concrete poles, fallen branches and the soil. Presence of 61 taxa was stated, among them 18 under legal protection and/or endangered in Poland. They include Cladonia mitis, Collema auriforme, Evernia prunastri, Melanelia exasperatula, Opegrapha rufescens, O. varia, Parmelina tiliacea, Peltigera canina, Pertusaria coccodes, Phaeophyscia chloantha, Physcia aipolia, Physconia distorta, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Punctelia subrudecta, Ramalina farinacea, R. fraxinea, R. pollinaria and Xanthoparmelia verruculifera. The above mentioned species, the most valuable from the point of view of nature protection, tended to concentrate around Margonin. On a old lime alley close to Wągrowiec the lichen biota was poor, and only the most common taxa (Hypocoenomyce scalaris, Lepraria incana, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Trapeliopsis flexuosa and Xanthoria parietina ) were identified there. It may be related to higher air pollution in the vicinity of the town of Wągrowiec. Notably, old trees, even when growing along quite busy roads, may still host protected and endangered lichens in the prevailing open, agricultural landscape of Wielkopolska.

Calendar bypass rites of Burgenland’s Croats in Hungary: history and reproduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2 (11)) ◽  
pp. 250-267
Author(s):  
Anna A. Plotnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Foreign Culture ◽  
Biblical History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Other World ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Town

The article deals with the calendar bypass rites of the Burgenland Croats of South-Western Hungary in the vicinity of the town of Szombathei and is based on ethnolinguistic field studies conducted in 2019. Special attention is paid to the processes of the interaction between and mutual influence of the coexisting Croatian and Hungarian languages, folklore, and ethnographic traditions. The role of the folk language used is shown, which is in some cases reproduced when recreating the ritual Christmas circumambulation. The researcher focuses on the history of the revival of the “shepherds” Christmas rite in the village of Narda and its surrounding villages - Felsőcsatár and Horvátlővő. Reconstruction of the elements of the Christmas “shepherds” showed that the persons taking part in the ritual who visit the houses in the village as “shepherds” act as “wonderful guests”. They are connecting the spheres of both “their own” and “alien” worlds, and become the object of sacralisation as representatives of some other world, who bring prosperity, success, and good luck to the owners of the house. At present, this archaic aspect of the circumambulation (which is reflected in the attributes of the maskers and the motifs of their songs) is preserved as a symbol, sign, or characteristic feature of the winter rite itself (the shepherd’s performance). The masks representing the characters of biblical history are characteristic (shepherds, angels), which fits into the broader context of the later Slavic tradition. The example of the Christmas rite of “shepherds” shows the linguistic and folklore polyglossia that is typical for this region, where Burgenland’s Croats live in a foreign-language and foreign-culture environment.

scholarly journals RECENT SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN CENTRAL GREECE REVEALING LOCAL SEISMOTECTONIC PROPERTIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 2075
Author(s):  
Ch. K. Karamanos ◽  
V. G. Karakostas ◽  
L. Seeber ◽  
E. E. Papadimitriou ◽  
A.A. Kilias
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zone ◽  
Fault Plane ◽  
Focal Mechanisms ◽  
Normal Faulting ◽  
Seismic Excitations ◽  
Lateral Component ◽  
Fault Plane Solutions ◽  
Central Greece ◽  
Source Characteristics ◽  
The Town

The December 2008, M=5.2 earthquake occurred in the Voiotikos–Kifissos basin near the town of Amfikleia in Central Greece and was followed by an intense sequence with hundreds of earthquakes. Mainshock source characteristics derived from the recordings of the Greek National Seismological Network are consistent with previous known earthquakes as well as with the current nearly N–S extensional regime. The adequate azimuthal coverage and the calculated time residuals at each seismological station ensure high location accuracy, whereas the stations operated close to the seismic excitations constrained 80% of the focal depths between 8 and 12km. Distances from the mainshock epicenter to the 10 closest seismological stations vary from 15 to 75 km. Hypoinverse and HypoDD were used for locations, and FPFIT was used for fault plane solutions of events with an adequate number of clear first arrivals. The hypocenters and focal mechanisms illuminate a ≈10km–long fault zone striking nearly E–W with oblique normal faulting and a small left lateral component. The Voiotikos–Kifissos basin is bordered in the south by two left–stepping en echelon segments known as the Pavliani fault zone and the Parnassos detachment, which strike NW and dip NE. In our preferred interpretation, the Amfikleia mainshock ruptured a previously recognized south–dipping fault antithetic to the basin border faults. This fault may be associated with the left step on the border fault, which would be releasing if that fault had a sinistral component.

scholarly journals PRINCIPLES OF SOVIET MODERNISM IN THE ENSEMBLE OF THE SQUARE NAMED AFTER PLEVEN IN ROSTOV-ON-DON

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
A. Ivanova-Ilyicheva ◽  
N. Sidorenko
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Artistic Value ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Town ◽  
Economic Considerations

The current desire for compaction of the urban environment is dictated primarily by economic considerations that have changed perceptions of the value of urban development. This leads to the gradual destruction of one of the most important characteristics of Soviet modernism architecture – the aesthetic and functional relationship between the architectural object and the natural environment. Over the past decades, in the regions, including in the South of Russia, the loss of individual structures with artistic value and the entire urban planning solutions occurs. The example is the ensemble of the park named after the Pleven city (Pleven’s ensemble) in Rostov-on-Don. The article is devoted to its studying. The paper provides a retrospective analysis of the gradual formation of the Pleven’s ensemble. The author reveals the architectural, artistic and volume-compositional features of the structures that form it: the square, the park named after the town of Pleven, Bulvar Druzhby, Museum of international friendship, “Pleven” cinema and the supermarket. Spatial relationships between the studied objects and the environment are determined. The field studies define the modern state within the ensemble of objects, and the existing town-planning situation is fixed. It reflects the loss of spatial relations and features of the formation of the urban environment, which are characteristic of Soviet modernism.

scholarly journals Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Olsztyn town (NE Poland)

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-332
Author(s):  
Dariusz Kurek
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Lichenicolous Fungi ◽  
Saprobic Fungi ◽  
Ne Poland ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

A list of 279 taxa of lichcnized, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi recorded within the town of Olsztyn is given. The findings comprise the results of field studies conducted between 1999 and 2003 and published in earlier sources. The distribution of individual taxa, currently occuring in the city, is show on a grid of 500 m x 500 m squares.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Damage Assessment Using Dual Path Synthetic Aperture Radar Analysis for the M 6.4 Petrinja Earthquake (2020), Croatia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2267
Author(s):  
Sadra Karimzadeh ◽  
Masashi Matsuoka
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Management Service ◽  
Ground Displacement ◽  
Sar Images ◽  
Damage Mapping ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
The Town ◽  
Aperture Radar

On 29 December 2020, an earthquake with a magnitude of M 6.4 hit the central part of Croatia. The earthquake resulted in casualties and damaged buildings in the town of Petrinja (~6 km away from the epicenter) and surrounding areas. This study aims to characterize ground displacement and to estimate the location of damaged areas following the Petrinja earthquake using six synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images (C-band) acquired from both ascending and descending orbits of the Sentinel-1 mission. Phase information from both the ascending (Sentinel-1A) and descending (Sentinel-1B) datasets, acquired from SAR interferometry (InSAR), is used for estimation of ground displacement. For damage mapping, we use histogram information along with the RGB method to visualize the affected areas. In sparsely damaged areas, we also propose a method based on multivariate alteration detection (MAD) and naive Bayes (NB), in which pre-seismic and co-seismic coherence maps and geocoded intensity maps are the main independent variables, together with elevation and displacement maps. For training, approximately 70% of the data are employed and the rest of the data are used for validation. The results show that, despite the limitations of C-band SAR images in densely vegetated areas, the overall accuracy of MAD+NB is ~68% compared with the results from the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS).

scholarly journals Hypothetic Reconstruction of The Development of The Defensive Structures of The Middle Town of Rohatyn in 15th−17th Centuries

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
Mykola Bevz
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
New Town ◽  
General Terms ◽  
The Town

On the Rohatyn example we want to demonstrate:  how the battles, assault and destruction of the town influenced the character of its urban and architectural development (as shown by the example of the Battle of 1509 and the events of World War I); how important the fortification element was in the past in towns of Halychyna region;  what methodology can be used to reconstruct the stages of development of urban fortifications, given that today they are almost completely lost;  the importance of a thorough analysis of the current state of the territory and the town’s relief, the study of historical documents, analysis of cartographic materials and iconographic sources for the theoretical reconstruction of stages of development of fortifications. The town of Rohatyn belongs to the oldest urban locations that existed according to the German (Magdeburg) law in the territory of Western Ukraine. The great chronological depth of the town’s urban structure has been often mentioned by researchers. However, academic literature does not yet fully cover the changes made to the planning of the town’s structure during the 15th−17th centuries. Similarly, the stages of development of the town’s defensive lines were not identified, although historical documents contain many references to the existence of fortifications around the middle town and the castle. Existing documentation only describes the urban changes in general terms, with researchers not yet having organized them into specific planning schemes. In our present work, we set our goal as the reconstruction of the different stages of development of fortifications of the original walled medieval town of Rohatyn. We use the following methodology: analysis of the town’s planning structure based on both historical and contemporary maps; studies of the remains of fortifications in the current landscape; comparison of field studies with data from cartographic analysis to references to the defensive objects found in historical documents; studies of analogical landmarks; and graphical reconstruction of stages of development of fortifications. According to our research, the fortification history of the town can be divided into four main stages. 1st stage – between 1415 AD (date of the town’s founding) and 1509 AD (complete demolition of the town as a result of the attack of the Wallachian-Turkish army). 2nd stage – from 1509 AD to approximately 1539 AD. The town within the walls of the surrounding fortification is restored on the basis of new royal privileges given in 1523, 1535 and 1539. The town is able to develop, with new fortifications being built around the residential and commercial districts of the town and the castle. 3rd stage – from 1539 AD to the end of the 16th century. A new district called the “New Town” was created to the west of the old walled town, with a new belt of earth bastion fortifications. At the end of this period, the bank form of the defenses was modernized into the bastion forms. 4th stage – the 17th century. The town’s fortifications continue to be maintained in good condition and upgraded. The territorial expansion of the town to the south led to the emergence of new residential neighborhoods and the creation of additional bastion fortifications to the east and south of the borders of the New Town. Our research has shown that Rohatyn is a unique town in aspects of the development of fortification systems in the 15th and 17th centuries in Ukraine.

scholarly journals The 1934 Pahiatua earthquake sequence

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaye Downes ◽  
David Dowrick ◽  
Euan Smith ◽  
Kelvin Berryman
Keyword(s):  
Body Wave ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Stable Solution ◽  
Fault Rupture ◽  
Wave Modelling ◽  
Slip Mechanism ◽  
Isoseismal Map ◽  
The Town ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Moderate Magnitude

Descriptive accounts and analysis of local seismograms establish that the epicentre of the 1934 March 5 Ms7.6 earthquake, known as the Pahiatua earthquake, was nearer to Pongaroa than to Pahiatua. Conspicuous and severe damage (MM8) in the business centre of Pahiatua in the northern Wairarapa led early seismologists to name the earthquake after the town, but it has now been found that the highest intensities (MM9) occurred about 40 km to the east and southeast of Pahiatua, between Pongaroa and Bideford. Uncertainties in the location of the epicentre that have existed for sixty years are now resolved with the epicentre determined in this study lying midway between those calculated in the 1930's by Hayes and Bullen. Damage and intensity summaries and a new isoseismal map, derived from extensive newspaper reports and from 1934 Dominion Observatory "felt reports", replace previous descriptions and isoseismal maps. A stable solution for the epicentre of the mainshock has been obtained by analysing phase arrivals read from surviving seismograms of the rather small and poorly equipped 1934 New Zealand network of twelve stations (two privately owned). The addition of some teleseismic P arrivals to this solution shifts the location of the epicentre by less than 10 km. It lies within, and to the northern end of, the MM9 isoseismal zone. Using local instrumental data larger aftershocks and other moderate magnitude earthquakes that occurred within 10 days and 50 km of the mainshock have also been located. Approximate locations of other associated moderate magnitude earthquakes until October 1934 have been identified by their maximum intensity and S-P intervals read from the Wellington Wood-Anderson seismograph records. The distribution of S-P intervals of aftershocks (magnitudes M > 3.5) within 24 hours of the mainshock is used to delineate the probable mainshock rupture zone. Neither contemporary sources nor recent inquiries directed to old residents yield historical evidence of a surface fault rupture. Nevertheless, the strike-slip mechanism at 20 km depth determined by preliminary teleseismic body wave modelling of Doser and Webb suggests that rupture could have extended to the surface. Recent investigation of two of the freshest-looking, active faults that lie within the MM9 isoseismal by Schermer and others indicates that one of them could have ruptured in the 1934 Pahiatua earthquake.

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