scholarly journals Uncertainties Analysis of Collapse Susceptibility Prediction Based on Remote Sensing and GIS: Influences of Different Data-Based Models and Connections between Collapses and Environmental Factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4134
Author(s):  
Wenbin Li ◽  
Xuanmei Fan ◽  
Faming Huang ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Haoyuan Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Information Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Coupled Models ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Large Standard Deviation ◽  
Average Rank

To study the uncertainties of a collapse susceptibility prediction (CSP) under the coupled conditions of different data-based models and different connection methods between collapses and environmental factors, An’yuan County in China with 108 collapses is used as the study case, and 11 environmental factors are acquired by data analysis of Landsat TM 8 and high-resolution aerial images, using a hydrological and topographical spatial analysis of Digital Elevation Modeling in ArcGIS 10.2 software. Accordingly, 20 coupled conditions are proposed for CSP with five different connection methods (Probability Statistics (PSs), Frequency Ratio (FR), Information Value (IV), Index of Entropy (IOE) and Weight of Evidence (WOE)) and four data-based models (Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), C5.0 Decision Tree (C5.0 DT) and Random Forest (RF)). Finally, the CSP uncertainties are assessed using the area under receiver operation curve (AUC), mean value, standard deviation and significance test, respectively. Results show that: (1) the WOE-based models have the highest AUC accuracy, lowest mean values and average rank, and a relatively large standard deviation; the mean values and average rank of all the FR-, IV- and IOE-based models are relatively large with low standard deviations; meanwhile, the AUC accuracies of FR-, IV- and IOE-based models are consistent but higher than those of the PS-based model. Hence, the WOE exhibits a greater spatial correlation performance than the other four methods. (2) Among all the data-based models, the RF model has the highest AUC accuracy, lowest mean value and mean rank, and a relatively large standard deviation. The CSP performance of the RF model is followed by the C5.0 DT, MLR and AHP models, respectively. (3) Under the coupled conditions, the WOE-RF model has the highest AUC accuracy, a relatively low mean value and average rank, and a high standard deviation. The PS-AHP model is opposite to the WOE-RF model. (4) In addition, the coupled models show slightly better CSP performances than those of the single data-based models not considering connect methods. The CSP performance of the other models falls somewhere in between. It is concluded that the WOE-RF is the most appropriate coupled condition for CSP than the other models.

scholarly journals To What Extent is the Lack of Education Awareness among Kensiu Indigenous Children in Baling, Kedah? A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-233
Author(s):  
Muhammad Wafi Ramli ◽  
Sharifah Rohayah Sheikh Dawood
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Holistic Education ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Indigenous Children ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Descriptive Statistical Analysis

The indigenous people, particularly the children, are perpetually challenged with education issues that have been going on for too long. Indigenous children have the capacity to bring changes and progress in their communities. To achieve that, they should be nurtured early on the awareness and importance of education. This paper aims to identify the level of education awareness among indigenous children through behavioural, personal, and environmental factors. A total of 30 respondents consisting of Kensiu indigenous children aged 7 to 12 have participated in the survey conducted in Kampung Lubuk Legong located in Baling district. Descriptive statistical analysis is applied to obtain frequency, percentage, and mean values. Overall, the finding indicates that the level of education awareness among the respondents is moderate, where the behavioural, personal, and environmental factors recorded a mean value of (μ=2.41), (μ=2.96), and (μ=2.24) respectively. This study aspires to urge holistic education development strategies in order to raise the level of education awareness among indigenous children so that they will not be left behind.

scholarly journals Reproducibility of the Optical Biometer OA-1000 (Tomey)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Christiane Goebels ◽  
Berthold Seitz ◽  
Achim Langenbucher
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Central Corneal Thickness ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Clinical Investigations ◽  
Optical Biometer ◽  
Excellent Reproducibility

Aim. The OA-1000 (Tomey, Japan) is a new optical biometer, which measures axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and central corneal thickness (CT) utilizing optical interference technology. The aim of this study was to prove the reproducibility which is considered fundamental for other clinical investigations.Methods. 55 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. For each measurement of AL, ACD, and CT the biometer is grabbing a sequence of 10 shots and mean value (mean) and standard deviation (SD) are displayed. Five consecutive measurements were performed and average and standard deviation were assessed. Cronbach’sαwas derived as a quality measure for reproducibility.Results. For AL measurement Cronbach’sαwas 1.000, for CT 0.999, and for ACD 0.979, respectively. Mean value for AL was23.36±1.03 mm, for ACD it was3.60±0.687 mm, and for CT it was552.08±29.70 μm, respectively. Standard deviation for AL was0.013±0.022 mm, for ACD0.09±0.11 mm, and for CT2.18±1.75 μm. One correlation was found between mean values for AL and ACD (R = 0.388,P = 0.005); no other correlations were found between mean values or values of standard deviation of AL, ACD, or CT.Conclusion. The OA-1000 shows an excellent reproducibility for measurement of AL, ACD, and CT and can be used in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Study of Factors Influencing the Risk and their Relation to Credibility Theory

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 84-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Amélia Cabral ◽  
Jorge Afonso Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares Method ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Credibility Theory ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Characteristics

The study and analysis of the various factors influencing insurance risks constitutes an intricate and usually quite extensive problem. We have to consider on the one hand the nature and heterogeneity of the elements we have been able to measure, and on the other the problem of deciding—without knowing exactly what results to expect—on the types of analysis to carry out and the form in which to present the results.These difficulties, essentially stemming from the fact that we cannot easily define “a priori” a measure of influence, can be overcome only by using highly sophisticated mathematical models. The researcher must define his objectives clearly if he is to avoid spending too much of his time in exploring such models.Either for these reasons or for lack of our experience in this field we were led to the study of three models, presenting entirely different characteristics though based on the analysis and behaviour of mean value fluctuations, measured by their variances or by the least-squares method.Our first model, described in II. 1, associates the notion of influence with the notion of variance. It analyses in detail the alteration of the mean values variance, when what we refer to as a “margination” is executed in the parameter space, taking each of the parameters in turn. We start off by having n distinct parameters, reducing them by one with each step.

Metatarsus Adductus Angle in Male and Female Feet

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 364-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Domínguez ◽  
Pedro V. Munuera
Keyword(s):  
Normal Values ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Metatarsus Adductus ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

Background: The literature contains several techniques for calculating metatarsal adductus angle. Most common systems use the fourth metatarsal cuboid joint and the fifth metatarsal cuboid joint. Although both systems are quite different, normal values of metatarsus adductus angle have not been established with each system of measurement. Methods: Two hundred six radiographic images of feet in dorsoplantar projection were used to measure the metatarsus adductus angle using two different reference points: the joint between the fourth metatarsal and the cuboid and the joint between the fifth metatarsal and the cuboid. Results: Comparison of the results of the two measurement techniques showed significant differences (P < .05). The values of the metatarsus adductus angle also showed significant differences in men versus women (P < .05). The reliability of the measurements was checked by using an intra- and inter-evaluator test performed by two evaluators. Conclusion: Data showed the reliability of both systems of measurement, although significant differences in the metatarsal adductus angle mean value were found using these systems of measurement in the same foot. On the other hand, significant differences were found in mean values of metatarsus adductus angle between male and female feet. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 98(5): 364–369, 2008)

Estimating population variability of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae): how many years are required?

2016 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Lamb ◽  
Patricia A. MacKay ◽  
Andrei Alyokhin
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Population Variability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Robust Estimates ◽  
Aphis Nasturtii

AbstractVariability is an important characteristic of population dynamics, but the length of the time series required to estimate population variability is poorly understood. To this end, population variability of Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and Aphis nasturtii (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was investigated. Population variability (measured as PV, a proportion between 0 and 1) was estimated for time series of 3–62 years, giving replicate estimates for time series of 3–20 years that were normally distributed. Mean values for PV were more uniform for a time series of 12 years or longer than for shorter ones. The standard deviation of PV declined to a minimum at 12–15 years, as the length of the time series increased. Discrimination of estimates of PV was reliable for 15-year time series and longer, but not necessarily for shorter ones. Although M. euphorbiae had a relatively low PV, the coefficient of variation of that PV (12.5), was higher than for the other two species (3.5, 4.5). For robust estimates of PV, a time series of 15 years is recommended, because it minimises the standard deviation of PV, and discriminates values of PV that differ by 0.06 on a 0–1 scale.

scholarly journals Psychosocial profile of children with pediatric malignancy and their families

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Zaky ◽  
D M A Elnasharty ◽  
R M Elhossiny
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Psychosocial Aspects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Children With Cancer ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background The diagnosis and treatment of cancer are a stressful and threatening experience, which has tremendous impact on children and their families. As advances in cancer care have led to more treatment options and longer survival for cancer patients, a focus on quality of life for patients and their families has gained. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychosocial aspects of children with different types of pediatric cancer (newly diagnosed as well as survivors), their parents, and sibs in comparison with those with normal children. Patients and Methods This study comprised 60 children, their sibs and caregivers. They were classified into three groups. Group I which comprised 20 newly diagnosed children with cancer, their caregivers and sibs, group II which comprised 20 cancer survivors children, their caregivers and sibs, group III which comprised 20 clinically healthy children, their caregivers and sibs. All children and their sibs in this study were subjected to full history taking, thorough clinical examination, assessment of socioeconomic standard, assessment of pediatric quality of life, a battery of psychometric tests included pediatric checklist, anxiety, depression, and self- esteem scores. All caregivers were subjected to record of demographic variable, assessment of socio-economic level, assessment of anxiety, depression, and isolation score, assessment of stress and burden related to the disease itself, if any, using standardized questionnaire and assessment of quality of life. Results Mean value of DS was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in newly diagnosed cancer children and survivors compared to controls while AS and PCLS was only significantly higher (P < 0.05) in newly diagnosed cancer children compared to controls. On the other hand, mean value of IQ of newly diagnosed cancer children and survivors was significantly than controls(P < 0.05); Mean values of Child as well as the Parental Total HRQL were significantly lower in newly diagnosed and survivors compared to controls (P < 0.05) with the former significantly lower than the later. In studied sib groups, AS was significantly higher in newly diagnosed compared to survivors and controls (P < 0.05), while PCLS was only significantly higher when newly diagnosed compared to survivors. In studied parental groups, mean values of DS, AS, and SS were significantly higher(P,0.05) in newly diagnosed compared to survivors and controls. Meanwhile, IS was significantly higher in newly diagnosed compared to controls. Newly diagnosed children with cancer, their parents and sibs had significantly lower mean values of all Child HRQL subcategories. On the other hand, survivors showed only significantly lower physical and social subcategories compared to controls. In studied sib groups only sibs of newly diagnosed patients and those of survivors, had significantly lower mean value of social subcategory compared to controls. Conclusion The current study showed that newly diagnosed cancer children had severe impact on their psychosocial aspects as well as their HRQL compared to controls while survivors showed a much lesser effects. On the other hand, sibs were mainly affected socially while parents were extremely affected.

Comparison of Five Radioimmunoassays and Enzyme Bioassay for Measurement of Digoxin in Blood

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 857-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archie A MacKinney ◽  
George H Burnett ◽  
Robert L Conklin ◽  
Gertrude W Wasson
Keyword(s):  
Normal Values ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Dependent Atpase ◽  
Commercial Sources ◽  
Digoxin Radioimmunoassay

Abstract Digoxin-containing sera from 86 patients were analyzed for this drug by bioassay and radioimmunoassay. Each serum was analyzed in duplicate by six procedures: inhibition of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase and five "kit" radioimmunoassays from four different commercial sources. Mean values for two of the radioimmunoassays differed significantly from those for the bioassay. One radioimmunoassay mean value was significantly different from the other five mean values. We conclude that normal values for digoxin radioimmunoassay should be determined for each kit, and should not be adopted from published data.

scholarly journals Choice of positive distribution law for nuclear data

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Sébastien Lahaye
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Nuclear Data ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Distribution Law ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Distribution Laws ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Truncated Gaussian

Nuclear data evaluation files in the ENDF6 format provide mean values and associated uncertainties for physical quantities relevant in nuclear physics. Uncertainties are denoted as Δ in the format description, and are commonly understood as standard deviations. Uncertainties can be completed by covariance matrices. The evaluations do not provide any indication on the probability density function to be used when sampling. Three constraints must be observed: the mean value, the standard deviation and the positivity of the physical quantity. MENDEL code generally uses positively truncated Gaussian distribution laws for small relative standard deviations and a lognormal law for larger uncertainty levels (>50%). Indeed, the use of truncated Gaussian laws can modify the mean and standard deviation value. In this paper, we will make explicit the error in the mean value and the standard deviation when using different types of distribution laws. We also employ the principle of maximum entropy as a criterion to choose among the truncated Gaussian, the fitted Gaussian and the lognormal distribution. Remarkably, the difference in terms of entropy between the candidate distribution laws is a function of the relative standard deviation only. The obtained results provide therefore general guidance for the choice among these distributions.

scholarly journals Study of the daily and seasonal atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub> mixing ratio variability in a rural Spanish region using <sup>222</sup>Rn tracer

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 5847-5860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Grossi ◽  
Felix R. Vogel ◽  
Roger Curcoll ◽  
Alba Àgueda ◽  
Arturo Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Atmospheric Variability ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Methane Fluxes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. The ClimaDat station at Gredos (GIC3) has been continuously measuring atmospheric (dry air) mixing ratios of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), as well as meteorological parameters, since November 2012. In this study we investigate the atmospheric variability of CH4 mixing ratios between 2013 and 2015 at GIC3 with the help of co-located observations of 222Rn concentrations, modelled 222Rn fluxes and modelled planetary boundary layer heights (PBLHs). Both daily and seasonal changes in atmospheric CH4 can be better understood with the help of atmospheric concentrations of 222Rn (and the corresponding fluxes). On a daily timescale, the variation in the PBLH is the main driver for 222Rn and CH4 variability while, on monthly timescales, their atmospheric variability seems to depend on emission changes. To understand (changing) CH4 emissions, nocturnal fluxes of CH4 were estimated using two methods: the radon tracer method (RTM) and a method based on the EDGARv4.2 bottom-up emission inventory, both using FLEXPARTv9.0.2 footprints. The mean value of RTM-based methane fluxes (FR_CH4) is 0.11 mg CH4 m−2 h−1 with a standard deviation of 0.09 or 0.29 mg CH4 m−2 h−1 with a standard deviation of 0.23 mg CH4 m−2 h−1 when using a rescaled 222Rn map (FR_CH4_rescale). For our observational period, the mean value of methane fluxes based on the bottom-up inventory (FE_CH4) is 0.33 mg CH4 m−2 h−1 with a standard deviation of 0.08 mg CH4 m−2 h−1. Monthly CH4 fluxes based on RTM (both FR_CH4 and FR_CH4_rescale) show a seasonality which is not observed for monthly FE_CH4 fluxes. During January–May, RTM-based CH4 fluxes present mean values 25 % lower than during June–December. This seasonal increase in methane fluxes calculated by RTM for the GIC3 area appears to coincide with the arrival of transhumant livestock at GIC3 in the second half of the year.

S119 – Tongue-holding Maneuver Studied by High-resolution Manometry

2008 ◽  
Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P117-P117
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Umeki ◽  
Kenji Takasaki ◽  
Kaori Enatsu ◽  
Fujinobu Tanaka ◽  
Hidetaka Kumagami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Upper Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
High Resolution Manometry ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Asymptomatic Adult ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effects of a tongue-holding maneuver (THM) during swallowing, using a novel high-resolution manometry (HRM) system. Methods 27 asymptomatic adult Japanese controls were studied. A solid-state HRM assembly with 36 circumferential sensors spaced 1 cm apart was positioned to record pressures during swallowing from the velopharynx to the upper esophagus. The maximum values of the dry swallowing pressures at meso-hypopharynx, the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and the mean values at meso-hypopharynx with and without THM were measured. Results The maximum values of dry swallowing pressures with and without THM were 195.0±77.2 (mmHg, mean ± standard deviation), and 178.1±53.0 at the meso-hypopharynx, and 213.4±74.0 and 190.0±95.0 at the UES, respectively. The mean values with and without THM at meso-hypopharynx were 47.4±11.9, and 44.0±11.2, respectively. The maximum value at UES (p=0.0347), and the mean value at the meso-hypopharynx (p=0.0124) of dry swallowing pressures with THM were significantly higher than those without THM. Conclusions These findings indicate that the THM has a potential to facilitate compensatory swallowing power at the pharynx and upper esophagus. HRM will provide us with important information about the swallowing physiology, and pathophysiology along the velopharynx, and upper esophagus.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document