scholarly journals A Novel Vegetation Index for Coffee Ripeness Monitoring Using Aerial Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Nogueira Martins ◽  
Francisco de Assis de Carvalho Pinto ◽  
Daniel Marçal de Queiroz ◽  
Domingos Sárvio Magalhães Valente ◽  
Jorge Tadeu Fim Rosas
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Irregular Sampling ◽  
Aerial Imagery ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Ripeness Index

Coffee ripeness monitoring is a key indicator for defining the moment of starting the harvest, especially because the coffee quality is related to the fruit ripeness degree. The most used method to define the start of harvesting is by visual inspection, which is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and does not provide information on the entire area. There is a lack of new techniques or alternative methodologies to provide faster measurements that can support harvest planning. Based on that, this study aimed at developing a vegetation index (VI) for coffee ripeness monitoring using aerial imagery. For this, an experiment was set up in five arabica coffee fields in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. During the coffee ripeness stage, four flights were carried out to acquire spectral information on the crop canopy using two quadcopters, one equipped with a five-band multispectral camera and another with an RGB (Red, Green, Blue) camera. Prior to the flights, manual counts of the percentage of unripe fruits were carried out using irregular sampling grids on each day for validation purposes. After image acquisition, the coffee ripeness index (CRI) and other five VIs were obtained. The CRI was developed combining reflectance from the red band and from a ground-based red target placed on the study area. The effectiveness of the CRI was compared under different analyses with traditional VIs. The CRI showed a higher sensitivity to discriminate coffee plants ready for harvest from not-ready for harvest in all coffee fields. Furthermore, the highest R2 and lowest RMSE values for estimating the coffee ripeness were also presented by the CRI (R2: 0.70; 12.42%), whereas the other VIs showed R2 and RMSE values ranging from 0.22 to 0.67 and from 13.28 to 16.50, respectively. Finally, the study demonstrated that the time-consuming fieldwork can be replaced by the methodology based on VIs.

The Revolutionizing of the Revolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
French Government ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The French Revolution ◽  
The Revolution

In 1792, the French Revolution became a thing in itself, an uncontrollable force that might eventually spend itself but which no one could direct or guide. The governments set up in Paris in the following years all faced the problem of holding together against forces more revolutionary than themselves. This chapter distinguishes two such forces for analytical purposes. There was a popular upheaval, an upsurge from below, sans-culottisme, which occurred only in France. Second, there was the “international” revolutionary agitation, which was not international in any strict sense, but only concurrent within the boundaries of various states as then organized. From the French point of view these were the “foreign” revolutionaries or sympathizers. The most radical of the “foreign” revolutionaries were seldom more than advanced political democrats. Repeatedly, however, from 1792 to 1799, these two forces tended to converge into one force in opposition to the French government of the moment.

Simulation model of the process of functioning and restoration of the network clock network synchronization

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Andrey Kanaev ◽  
◽  
Maria Sakharova ◽  
Evgeny Oparin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Network Synchronization ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
Clock Network ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
The Moment

This article provides a simulation model of the process of functioning and restoration of a network clock network (CNS), which is distinguished by the completeness of accounting for the states of the process of functioning of the CNS network. The key indicator of the process of functioning of the CNS network is the duration of the control cycle of the CNS network, which is understood as the time from the moment a failure occurs on the CNS network until the moment the mode of transmission of synchronization signals is restored. On the basis of the developed simulation model of the process of functioning and restoration of the CNS network, the duration of the control cycle of the CNS network is estimated depending on the time spent in individual states of the process of functioning of the TSS network and on the characteristics of individual subsystems of the CNS system. The results obtained can serve as a basis for developing sound strategies and plans for managing the CNS network.

scholarly journals Assessing biases, relaxing moralism: On ground-truthing practices in machine learning design and application

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 205395172110135
Author(s):  
Florian Jaton
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
William James ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Ground Truthing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Moment

This theoretical paper considers the morality of machine learning algorithms and systems in the light of the biases that ground their correctness. It begins by presenting biases not as a priori negative entities but as contingent external referents—often gathered in benchmarked repositories called ground-truth datasets—that define what needs to be learned and allow for performance measures. I then argue that ground-truth datasets and their concomitant practices—that fundamentally involve establishing biases to enable learning procedures—can be described by their respective morality, here defined as the more or less accounted experience of hesitation when faced with what pragmatist philosopher William James called “genuine options”—that is, choices to be made in the heat of the moment that engage different possible futures. I then stress three constitutive dimensions of this pragmatist morality, as far as ground-truthing practices are concerned: (I) the definition of the problem to be solved (problematization), (II) the identification of the data to be collected and set up (databasing), and (III) the qualification of the targets to be learned (labeling). I finally suggest that this three-dimensional conceptual space can be used to map machine learning algorithmic projects in terms of the morality of their respective and constitutive ground-truthing practices. Such techno-moral graphs may, in turn, serve as equipment for greater governance of machine learning algorithms and systems.

PVD-Based Microstructuring Surface Techniques for Tribological Applications

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Alberdi ◽  
M. Marin ◽  
I. Etxeberria ◽  
G. Alberdi
Keyword(s):  
Vapour Deposition ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Tribological Performance ◽  
Physical Vapour Deposition ◽  
Rectangular Grid ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Surface Textures ◽  
Microstructured Surfaces ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ball On Disc

Combined techniques of Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD), laser ablation and UV-Photolithography have been set up to produce well defined surface textures able to increase the seizure resistance of high loaded lubricated systems. Using these new techniques, different predefined surface textures, following rectangular grid and zigzag stripped patterns have been generated. The microstructured surfaces developed have been characterised with confocal microscopy, optical and scanning electron microscopy. Ball-on-disc tribological tests under progressively increased load have been carried out using mineral oil as lubricant to determine the influence of surface microtextures on seizure resistance. The influence of shape and size of texture patterns on the tribological performance of the surface have been also studied.

scholarly journals Nitrogen management in wheat based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
André Luis Vian ◽  
Christian Bredemeier ◽  
Marcos Alexandre Turra ◽  
Cecília Paz da Silva Giordano ◽  
Elizandro Fochesatto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Sensor Field ◽  
N Dose ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT: Biomass production and nitrogen (N) accumulated in wheat shoots may be used for quantifying optimal topdressing nitrogen doses. The objective of this study was to develop and validate models for estimating the amount of biomass and nitrogen accumulated in shoots and the N topdressing dose of maximum technical efficiency in wheat using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measured by an active optical canopy sensor. Field experiments were carried out in two years and treatments consisted of N doses applied at plant emergence and as topdressing. NDVI, shoot biomass and N accumulated in shoots at the growth stage of six fully expanded leaves and grain yield were evaluated, being determined the topdressing N dose of maximum technical efficiency (DMTE). The NDVI was positively correlated to shoot biomass and N content in shoots and models for the relationship between these variables were developed and validated. The DMTE was negatively correlated with the NDVI value evaluated at the moment of N topdressing application. Thus, NDVI evaluation by an active optical canopy sensor can be used for nitrogen fertilization in variable rate, allowing the adjustment of applied N doses in different areas within a field.

From ‘Sustainability’ to ‘Competitive Industry’

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Film Industry ◽  
Competitive Industry ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

Although from the moment the Film Council was set up, it was clear that the intention was to found an organisation focused on bringing ‘sustainability’ to the British film industry, the Council gradually retreated from this term in favour of a wider set of priorities and the way in which it articulated its mission also gradually shifted. Drawing on a wealth of original interviews with senior politicians, film executives, independent producers, industry experts and leading filmmakers, this chapter examines the key players, forces and assumptions which drove the Film Council’s agenda, how the weighting of priorities shifted over time and why the Council’s sense of mission changed over its lifetime.

Statistical-Mathematical Methods Used in Analysis of Trade in Industrial Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 315-325
Author(s):  
Tomiță Constantin Vasile ◽  
Luminița Popescu ◽  
Cora Ionela Dăniasă ◽  
Anica Iancu ◽  
Virgil Popescu
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
The People ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Moment

Dairy products are of great socio-economic importance in Romania today. These products have both nutritional and economic importance. The market is the economic category of commodity production in which it expresses the totality of the sale-purchase acts viewed in an organic unit with the relations it generates and in connection with the space in which it takes place. The market originated a long time ago, being related to the moment when, in order to satisfy their existential needs, "discovered" and increasingly "conscious", the people exchanged between them, respectively collectivities, the surpluses held by each individual - individually or collectively. The exchange, set up as a means of realizing its own interests, has seen various forms and has evolved continuously, being still the foundation of all the economies of the world. The market has grown based on the amplification and diversification of human needs. The satisfaction of these needs is given by the close link between producers and consumers.

scholarly journals Set Up and Testing of a Software Package for the Geodetic Analysis of VLBI Data +

1984 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 375-376
Author(s):  
A. Caporali ◽  
G. Sylos Labini
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Intrinsic Complexity ◽  
Vlbi Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Graphic Program

The need for centimetric accuracies set by the application of the VLBI technique to geodesy implies a considerable computational effort, because of the intrinsic complexity of the model and because there is an increasingly large number of calibrations and corrections which can be accounted for only via software. The program VLBI 3 (Robertson, 1975) has been developed for the geodetic and astrometric analysis of VLBI data. It includes an accurate theoretical model of the observables and is supported by a number of routines for parameter fitting and input/output operations with data and results. The original VAX version of VLBI 3, due to N. Bartel and M.I. Ratner, runs in batch mode and requires routines which are in general unavailable in standard VAX systems. We have prepared (Caporali and Sylos Labini, 1982) a modified VAX version of VLBI 3. This version runs on our standard VAX/VMS computers and contains a number of changes in the FORTRAN source which allow to the user a real time interaction with the program. In addition, having a Tektronix graphic station at our disposal, we decided to replace the existing plot package - which used the line printer - with a “ad hoc” graphic program which permits interactive display of the results of each run of VLBI 3. Our work was mostly concerned with the input/output sections of VLBI 3. The theorical model of the VLBI observables has, for the moment, been left unchanged. We have, however, noticed that the theorical model could be updated and made more precise, e.g. in the computation of the nutation terms and of the aberration. This updating and a more extensive geodetic and astrometric analysis of VLBI data are planned to be done next.

scholarly journals Modelling temporal dynamics of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) populations on Reunion Island (Indian Ocean), vectors of viruses of veterinary importance

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Grimaud ◽  
Hélène Guis ◽  
Frédéric Chiroleu ◽  
Floriane Boucher ◽  
Annelise Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Hurdle Model ◽  
Reunion Island ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Réunion Island ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Background Reunion Island regularly faces outbreaks of epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) and bluetongue (BT), two viral diseases transmitted by haematophagous midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to ruminants. To date, five species of Culicoides are recorded in Reunion Island in which the first two are proven vector species: Culicoides bolitinos, C. imicola, C. enderleini, C. grahamii and C. kibatiensis. Meteorological and environmental factors can severely constrain Culicoides populations and activities and thereby affect dispersion and intensity of transmission of Culicoides-borne viruses. The aim of this study was to describe and predict the temporal dynamics of all Culicoides species present in Reunion Island. Methods Between 2016 and 2018, 55 biweekly Culicoides catches using Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute traps were set up in 11 sites. A hurdle model (i.e. a presence/absence model combined with an abundance model) was developed for each species in order to determine meteorological and environmental drivers of presence and abundance of Culicoides. Results Abundance displayed very strong heterogeneity between sites. Average Culicoides catch per site per night ranged from 4 to 45,875 individuals. Culicoides imicola was dominant at low altitude and C. kibatiensis at high altitude. A marked seasonality was observed for the three other species with annual variations. Twelve groups of variables were tested. It was found that presence and/or abundance of all five Culicoides species were driven by common parameters: rain, temperature, vegetation index, forested environment and host density. Other parameters such as wind speed and farm building opening size governed abundance level of some species. In addition, Culicoides populations were also affected by meteorological parameters and/or vegetation index with different lags of time, suggesting an impact on immature stages. Taking into account all the parameters for the final hurdle model, the error rate by Normalized Root mean Square Error ranged from 4.4 to 8.5%. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to model Culicoides population dynamics in Reunion Island. In the absence of vaccination and vector control strategies, determining periods of high abundance of Culicoides is a crucial first step towards identifying periods at high risk of transmission for the two economically important viruses they transmit.

scholarly journals Review of the achievements of project MERIT for the intercomparison of techniques for monitoring the rotation of the Earth

1988 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 227-232
Author(s):  
G. A. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Earth Rotation ◽  
Working Group ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Terrestrial Reference System ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Set Up ◽  
International Services

It is generally recognised that the Working Group on the Rotation of the Earth that was set up after IAU Symposium No. 82 has successfully achieved its principal objectives, namely: “to make recommendations on … future international services on earth-rotation” and “to obtain and analyse data on earth-rotation by both current and new methods …”. In particular, by organising Project MERIT, it has stimulated the development and use of new techniques and it has brought together in fruitful collaboration scientists from many countries and disciplines. Other subsidiary objectives have also been achieved and the project has been extended through cooperation with the COTES Working Group on the terrestrial reference system. The possible reasons for this success are also reviewed in the expectation that the conclusions will be relevant to other future projects.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document