scholarly journals Temperature Variations in Multiple Air Layers before the Mw 6.2 2014 Ludian Earthquake, Yunnan, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Qingyan Meng ◽  
Zian Wang ◽  
Xian Lu ◽  
Die Hu
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal Anomaly ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Tidal Force ◽  
Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Ludian Earthquake ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Air Layers ◽  
Force Potential

On 3 August 2014, an Mw 6.2 earthquake occurred in Ludian, Yunnan Province, China (27.245° N 103.427° E). This damaging earthquake caused approximately 400 fatalities, 1800 injuries, and the destruction of at least 12,000 houses. Using air temperature data of the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the tidal force fluctuant analysis (TFFA) method, we derive the temperature variations in multiple air layers between before and after the Ludian earthquake. In the spatial range of 30° × 30° (12°–42° N, 88°–118° E) of China, a thermal anomaly appeared only on or near the epicenter before earthquake, and air was heated from the land, then uplifted by a heat flux, and then cooled and dissipated upon rising. With the approaching earthquake, the duration and range of the thermal anomaly during each tidal cycle was found to increase, and the amplitude of the thermal anomaly varied with the tidal force potential: air temperature was found to rise during the negative phase of the tidal force potential, to reach peak at its trough, and to attenuate when the tidal force potential was rising again. A significance test supports the hypothesis that the thermal anomalies are physically related to Ludian earthquakes rather than being coincidences. Based on these results, we argue that the change of air temperature could reflect the stress changes modulated under the tidal force. Moreover, unlike the thermal infrared remote sensing data, the air temperature data provided by NCEP are not affected by clouds, so it has a clear advantage for monitoring the pre-earthquake temperature variation in cloudy areas.

scholarly journals Uso de Sensoriamento Remoto na análise da temperatura da superfície em áreas de floresta tropical sazonalmente seca

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 941
Author(s):  
Magna Soelma Beserra de Moura ◽  
Herica F. S. Carvalho ◽  
Cloves V. B. Santos ◽  
Josiclêda Domiciano Galvíncio ◽  
Marcelo J. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Temperature Analysis ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
Surface Vegetation ◽  
Surface Temperature Data

Pesquisas com o foco na criação de modelos para analisar a temperatura da superfície com sensoriamento remoto são muito importantes, pois servem como base de informações que auxiliarão no gerenciamento hidrológico, agrícola e ambiental. O presente estudo utilizou dados remotos na estimativa de temperatura da superfície em áreas de florestas secas, e seu objetivo foi verificar qual entre os produtos MODIS melhor representa a temperatura da superfície em áreas de caatinga. A área de estudo compreende uma caatinga preservada e outra em sucessão ecológica. Foram utilizadas como base espacial, dados de temperatura da superfície e de NDVI obtidos a partir do sensor MODIS e dados de temperatura do ar mensuradas por meio de estações agrometeorológicas de superfície. A análise se deu por regressão linear e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre a temperatura estimada pelo satélite e do ar na superfície. Os resultados apresentaram variações temporais nas estimativas pelo MODIS, sendo que os produtos diurnos do Terra e noturnos do Aqua foram os que melhor representaram a temperatura máxima e mínima. Para isso, equações de ajustes são propostas para áreas de caatinga com diferentes tipos de cobertura. As variações na temperatura estavam de acordo com a sazonalidade do NDVI da floresta e, ao longo dos dezessete anos, foi verificado aumento nos valores de temperatura nas áreas de estudo. Use of Remote Sensing in Surface Temperature Analysis in Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest A B S T R A C TResearch with a focus on creating models to analyze the surface temperature with remote sensing is very important, as they serve as a base of information that will assist in hydrological, agricultural, and environmental management. The present study used remote data to estimate surface temperature in dry forest areas, and its objective was to verify which of the MODIS products best represents the surface temperature in caatinga areas. The study area comprises a preserved caatinga and another in ecological succession. Surface temperature data and NDVI obtained by MODIS sensor and air temperature data measured using surface agrometeorological stations at each site were used. The analysis was done by linear regression and Pearson's correlation coefficient between the temperature estimated by the satellite and the air temperature on the surface. The results showed seasonal variations on the MODIS data, and the data that best fitted the maximum and minimum temperatures were obtained from Terra daytime and Aqua nighttime. Equations are proposed to best adjustments of the data according to the caatinga surface vegetation cover. The temperature variations were, according to the NDVI forest seasonality, and over the seventeen years, the temperature increased in both studied sites.Keywords: Caatinga Biome, LST, NDVI, MODIS

scholarly journals On the Spatial Patterns of Urban Thermal Conditions Using Indoor and Outdoor Temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 640
Author(s):  
Sadroddin Alavipanah ◽  
Dagmar Haase ◽  
Mohsen Makki ◽  
Mir Muhammad Nizamani ◽  
Salman Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Cold Spot ◽  
Temperature Pattern ◽  
Outdoor Temperature ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

The changing climate has introduced new and unique challenges and threats to humans and their environment. Urban dwellers in particular have suffered from increased levels of heat stress, and the situation is predicted to continue to worsen in the future. Attention toward urban climate change adaptation has increased more than ever before, but previous studies have focused on indoor and outdoor temperature patterns separately. The objective of this research is to assess the indoor and outdoor temperature patterns of different urban settlements. Remote sensing data, together with air temperature data collected with temperature data loggers, were used to analyze land surface temperature (outdoor temperature) and air temperature (indoor temperature). A hot and cold spot analysis was performed to identify the statistically significant clusters of high and low temperature data. The results showed a distinct temperature pattern across different residential units. Districts with dense urban settlements show a warmer outdoor temperature than do more sparsely developed districts. Dense urban settlements show cooler indoor temperatures during the day and night, while newly built districts show cooler outdoor temperatures during the warm season. Understanding indoor and outdoor temperature patterns simultaneously could help to better identify districts that are vulnerable to heat stress in each city. Recognizing vulnerable districts could minimize the impact of heat stress on inhabitants.

scholarly journals <i>Brief communication</i> "A statistical validation for the cycles found in air temperature data using a Morlet wavelet-based method"

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nicolay ◽  
G. Mabille ◽  
X. Fettweis ◽  
M. Erpicum
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Temperature Time Series ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Statistical Validation ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Temperature Time

Abstract. Recently, new cycles, associated with periods of 30 and 43 months, respectively, have been observed by the authors in surface air temperature time series, using a wavelet-based methodology. Although many evidences attest the validity of this method applied to climatic data, no systematic study of its efficiency has been carried out. Here, we estimate confidence levels for this approach and show that the observed cycles are significant. Taking these cycles into consideration should prove helpful in increasing the accuracy of the climate model projections of climate change and weather forecast.

scholarly journals Historical and future temporal trends in the summer Urban Heat Island of Athens (Greece) 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim van der Schriek ◽  
Konstantinos V. Varotsos ◽  
Dimitra Founda ◽  
Christos Giannakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
The Future ◽  
Urban Heat

&lt;p&gt;Historical changes, spanning 1971&amp;#8211;2016, in the Athens Urban Heat Island (UHI) over summer were assessed by contrasting two air temperature records from established meteorological stations in urban and rural settings. When contrasting two 20-year historical periods (1976&amp;#8211;1995 and 1996&amp;#8211;2015), there is a significant difference in summer UHI regimes. The stronger UHI-intensity of the second period (1996&amp;#8211;2015) is likely linked to increased pollution and heat input. Observations suggest that the Athens summer UHI characteristics even fluctuate on multi-annual basis. Specifically, the reduction in air pollution during the Greek Economic Recession (2008-2016) probable subtly changed the UHI regime, through lowering the frequencies of extremely hot days (T&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; &gt; 37 &amp;#176;C) and nights (T&lt;sub&gt;min&lt;/sub&gt; &gt; 26 &amp;#176;C).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Subsequently, we examined the future temporal trends of two different UHIs in Athens (Greece) under three climate change scenarios. A five-member regional climate model (RCM) sub-ensemble from EURO-CORDEX with a horizontal resolution of 0.11&amp;#176; (~12 &amp;#215; 12 km) simulated air temperature data, spanning the period 1976&amp;#8211;2100, for the two station sites. Three future emissions scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) were implanted in the simulations after 2005. The observed daily maximum and minimum air temperature data (T&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; and T&lt;sub&gt;min&lt;/sub&gt;) from two historical UHI regimes (1976&amp;#8211;1995 and 1996&amp;#8211;2015, respectively) were used, separately, to bias-adjust the model simulations thus creating two sets of results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This novel approach allowed us to assess future temperature developments in Athens under two different UHI intensity regimes. We found that the future frequency of days with T&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; &gt; 37 &amp;#176;C in Athens was only different from rural background values under the intense UHI regime. There is a large increase in the future frequency of nights with T&lt;sub&gt;min&lt;/sub&gt; &gt; 26 &amp;#176;C in Athens under all UHI regimes and climate scenarios; these events remain comparatively rare at the rural site.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study shows a large urban amplification of the frequency of extremely hot days and nights which is likely forced by increasing air pollution and heat input. Consequently, local mitigation policies aimed at decreasing urban atmospheric pollution are expected to be also effective in reducing urban temperatures during extreme heat events in Athens under all future climate change scenarios. Such policies therefore have multiple benefits, including: reducing electricity (energy) needs, improving living quality and decreasing heat- and pollution related illnesses/deaths.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Increase in Air Temperature in The Region of South Sumatra Province as the Indicator of Global Warming and the Effect on Transpiration of Lansium domesticum Corr.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Sugiarto ◽  
Hanifa Marisa ◽  
Sarno
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature ◽  
Lansium Domesticum ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

Abstract Global warming is one of biggest problems faced in the 21st century. One of the impacts of global warming is that it can affect the transpiration rate of plants that °Ccur. This study purpose to see how much increase in air temperature that occurred in the region of South Sumatra Province and to know the effect of increase in ari temperature in the region of South Sumatra Province on transpiration rate of Lansium domesticum Corr. This study used a complete randomized design with 9 treatments (22.9 °C, 23.6 °C, 24.6 °C, 26.3 °C, 27 °C, 27.8 °C, 31.7 °C, 32.5 °C, and 32.9 °C) and 3 replications. Air temperature data as secondary data obtained from the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (MCGA) Palembang Climatology Station in South Sumatra Province. The measurement of transpiration rate is done by modified potometer method with additional glass box. The data obtained are presented in the form of tables and graphs. Transpiration rate (mm3/g plant/hour) at temperture 22.9 °C = 4.37, 23.6 °C = 7.03, 24.6 °C = 8.03, 26.3 °C = 10.11, 27 °C = 13.13, 27.8 °C = 17.87, 31.7 °C = 23.21, 32.5 °C= 25.45 and 32.9 °C= 27.24. At the minimum air temperature in the region of South Sumatra Province there is increase in air temperature of 1.5 °C, average daily air temperature increase 1.3 °C and maximum air temperature increase 1.2 °C.

scholarly journals A Study of the Surface Air Temperature Variations in Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najib Yusuf ◽  
Daniel Okoh ◽  
Ibrahim Musa ◽  
Samson Adedoja ◽  
Rabia Said
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
The South ◽  
Climate Type ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
North Central ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

Background: Simultaneous measurements of air temperature were carried out using automatic weather stations at 14 tropical locations in Nigeria. Diurnal variations were derived from the 5-minute update cycle initial data for the years ranging between 2007 and 2013. The temperature trends in Nigeria revealed a continuous variability that is seasonally dependent within any particular year considered. Method: The analysis was carried out using available data from the network and the results are presented with a focus to characterize the temperature variations at different locations in the country using the mean, maximum and minimum temperatures from the north which is arid in nature to the south, which is a tropical monsoon climate type and a coastal region. Result: In overall, temperature variations in Nigeria were observed to have higher values in the far north, attributed to the influence of Sahara Desert, which has less cloud cover and therefore is more transparent to solar irradiance and lowers values in the south, where there are more cloud cover and abundant vegetation. Conclusion: Measured maximum and minimum temperatures in Nigeria are respectively 43.1°C at Yola (north-east part of Nigeria) and 10.2°C for Jos (north-central part of Nigeria). The least temperature variations were recorded for stations in the southern part of the country, while the largest variations were recorded in the north-central region of the country.

scholarly journals Evapotranspiration of Indonesia Tropical Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 106-116
Author(s):  
Dyah Marganingrum ◽  
Heru Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Heterogeneous Landscape ◽  
Tropical Area ◽  
Climate Patterns ◽  
Region Data ◽  
The Impact

Indonesia is an archipelago country with a tropical climate. The region of Indonesia is quite large and located between two continents (Asia and Australia) and between two oceans (Indian and Pacific), making the territory of Indonesia has a unique climate pattern. One of the climate variables that quite important to be studied in this chapter is evapotranspiration. The Thornthwaite method was used to estimate potential evapotranspiration based on average air temperature. The relationships between evapotranspiration, precipitation, and elevation were then examined. Besides, temperature variations that affect climate patterns between monsoonal and equatorial regions were compared, between the mainland and small islands, and between mountain and coastal area. The impact of global warming was also examined on the climate and potential evapotranspiration of the Indonesian region. Data analysis showed that evapotranspiration correlates weakly with precipitation, and the contrary, the evapotranspiration correlates strongly with elevation, with correlation indices of 0.02 and 0.89, respectively. The study confirmed that air temperature is the primary controlling variable of the evapotranspiration in this very heterogeneous landscape. Under a global temperature increase of 1.5 °C above the pre-industrialized year (1765), the evapotranspiration is expected to increase in a range from 4.8 to 11.1%. In general, the excess of water to restore soil moisture in the future tends to decrease, i.e., drier.

Estimating Solar Irradiance for Crop Modeling Using Daily Air Temperature Data

1999 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 845-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Goodin ◽  
J. M. S. Hutchinson ◽  
Richard L. Vanderlip ◽  
M. C. Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Crop Modeling
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