scholarly journals Improved Bathymetric Mapping of Coastal and Lake Environments Using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Images

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali P. Yunus ◽  
Jie Dou ◽  
Xuan Song ◽  
Ram Avtar
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Mobile Bay ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Bathymetric Mapping ◽  
Sentinel 2

The bathymetry of nearshore coastal environments and lakes is constantly reworking because of the change in the patterns of energy dispersal and related sediment transport pathways. Therefore, updated and accurate bathymetric models are a crucial component in providing necessary information for scientific, managerial, and geographical studies. Recent advances in satellite technology revolutionized the acquisition of bathymetric profiles, offering new vistas in mapping. This contribution analyzed the suitability of Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 images for bathymetric mapping of coastal and lake environments. The bathymetric algorithm was developed using an empirical approach and a random forest (RF) model based on the available high-resolution LiDAR bathymetric data for Mobile Bay, Tampa Bay, and Lake Huron regions obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC). Our results demonstrate that the satellite-derived bathymetry is efficient for retrieving depths up to 10 m for coastal regions and up to 30 m for the lake environment. While using the empirical approach, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) varied between 1.99 m and 4.74 m for the three regions. The RF model, on the other hand, provided an improved bathymetric model with RMSE between 1.13 m and 1.95 m. The comparative assessment suggests that Sentinel-2 has a slight edge over Landsat-8 images while employing the empirical approach. On the other hand, the RF model shows that Landsat-8 retrieves a better bathymetric model than Sentinel-2. Our work demonstrated that the freely available Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 imageries proved to be reliable data for acquiring updated bathymetric information for large areas in a short period.

scholarly journals High Resolution Sentinel-2 Images for Improved Bathymetric Mapping of Coastal and Lake Environments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali P. Yunus ◽  
Dou Jie ◽  
Xuan Song ◽  
Ram Avtar
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Mobile Bay ◽  
Landsat 8 Oli ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Satellite Technology ◽  
Bathymetric Data ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Bathymetric Mapping ◽  
Sentinel 2

Bathymetry of nearshore coastal environments and lakes are constantly reworking because of the change in the patterns of energy dispersal and related sediment transport pathways. Therefore, updated and accurate bathymetric models are a crucial component in providing basic information for scientific, managerial, and geographical studies. Recent advances in satellite technology have revolutionized the acquisition of bathymetric profiles, offering new vistas in mapping. This contribution analysed the suitability of high resolution Sentinel-2 images for bathymetric mapping of coastal and lake environments. The bathymetric algorithm for satellite imageries was developed based on the available high resolution bathymetric data for Mobile Bay, Tampa Bay and Lake Huron regions obtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC). The results demonstrate that the satellite derived bathymetry is efficient for retrieving depths up to 10 m for coastal regions and up to 30 m for lake environment. The root mean square error (RMSE) varies between 1.99 m and 2.80 m for the three regions. A comparison of Sentinel-2 derived bathymetry is also carried with the Landsat 8 OLI derived bathymetry. The results suggest Sentinel-2 images are capable of producing much accurate bathymetric maps than those from the Landsat 8 OLI images. Our work demonstrated that the freely available Sentinel-2 imagery proved to be a reliable method for acquiring updated high resolution bathymetric information for large areas in short span of time.

scholarly journals A Collimated Molecular Jet in W 43A Traced by Water Maser Emission

2003 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 267-268
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Imai ◽  
Tetsuo Sasao ◽  
Kumiko Obara ◽  
Toshihiro Omodaka ◽  
Philip J. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Planetary Nebula ◽  
Stellar Object ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maser Emission ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Systemic Velocity ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Common ◽  
Water Maser

We present VLBA observations of the spatial and velocity distributions of 22 GHz H2O and 1612 MHz OH masers in the OH/IR star W 43A. These masers have the same systemic velocity and are, therefore, likely to be associated with the common stellar object. However, the kinematical structures of them are quite different and independent. Most of the H2O masers are extremely collimated spatially and kinematically. The H2O maser jet also seems to be precessing. On the other hand, the OH masers exhibit clear arc-shaped structures indicating a spherically-expanding shell with weak collimation. The W 43A jet is very likely to be predominantly composed of hot molecules traced by H2O maser emission and formed in the immediate vicinity of an unknown star next to another OH/IR star. Such a “molecular jet” is likely to appear only during the short period before a star forms an elongated planetary nebula.

Abwesenheitsverfahren vor völkerstrafrechtlichen Tribunalen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Simon Eibach
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
General Principle ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Member States ◽  
International Criminal Tribunals ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World

How should international criminal tribunals react if member states refuse to cooperate and if, therefore, those wanted by international arrest warrants remain in their exalted position in the eyes of the world? The majority of tribunals accept this situation and prefer to concentrate their resources on other proceedings. Some tribunals, on the other hand, choose a different path and allow proceedings in absentia. Based on a legal comparison of different national jurisdictions, this work uses an empirical approach to examine the extent to which international criminal tribunals have conducted such proceedings in the absence of the accused. On this basis, the work scrutinises the legality of such proceedings in accordance with human rights. Subsequently, criminal theories are used to determine the reason and the limitations of the general principle that the accused is supposed to be in court during his or her trial.

Digital platforms: mapping the territory of new technologies to fight food waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1647-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Cane ◽  
Carmen Parra
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Responsible Consumption

PurposeThe reduction of food waste is still a pending issue that governments have still not resolved. In response to this problem mobile platforms are emerging that follow food ecology and the responsible consumption of food, and self-management of their access to allow the communication between people and their use of food. In this paper, the authors will analyze the main digital platforms that deal with solving this problem, especially those that fulfill a social commitment through the distribution and reduction of waste.Design/methodology/approachTo provide solutions, the authors will address the importance of new technologies in the fight against waste, using digital platforms to manage food and to eliminate the loss in surplus products. To do this, the authors will first analyze from a theoretical point of view the concepts of “loss”, “waste” and “surplus product”, incorporating data of their impact between Spain and Italy. Next, the authors will analyze the influence of new technologies in the detection and distribution of products destined to become food waste. To carry out this qualitative research, the authors will apply the research strategy of theory building from multiple case studies (particularly 16 different digital platforms against food waste were analyzed), which is a methodological approach that uses cases as the basis to develop theory inductively.FindingsThe authors must make the public aware of the importance of being responsible consumers. To this end, the authors must disclose the problems associated with food waste and surplus product, presenting alternatives and new consumption habits. For this, it is necessary to collaborate and build synergies with organizations of different origins (consumers, producers and activists) involved in sustainable agrifood models. In this sense, digital platforms are essential tools to fight against food waste, preventing certain products from being considered unfit for human consumption. In this study, the authors suggest that, based on the review of the literature and the analysis of apps and blogs, the authors look for solutions to surplus and food waste both from the environment of the entrepreneur and the consumer and all using the new technologies.Research limitations/implicationsThe research has raised different limitations. On the one hand, it is a subject that has not been analyzed from a doctrinal point of view, so it is not easy to find bibliographic references. On the other hand, digital platforms that act on food waste are not cataloged. This has made it difficult to search for elements of analysis to obtain results in the work. Finally, the sample can vary in a short period of time since the digital platforms are in a boom, which means that they constantly change.Practical implicationsThis work allows a theoretical approach to the concepts of “loss”, “wastage” and “surplus product”, incorporating data on its impact in Spain and Italy, comparing it with the rest of Europe while providing figures and data on their impact. On the other hand, it allows us to know how new technologies can help the detection and distribution of products destined to become food waste. Finally, there are examples of platforms that are offering service in different areas, incorporating a novel classification that allows us to know the differences depending on their origin and destination.Originality/valueThe originality of the work can be summarized in the following points: There are no doctrinal works that analyze in a combined way the food waste with the new technologies; The relationship with the 2030 Agenda in which responsible consumption is one of the achievements pursued by the United Nations, and the authors position the study’s research as an evidence of platforms that are currently working in the interest of reducing food waste. Furthermore, the authors provide an early classification of platforms based on their usability and objectives of reducing, reusing and recycling food.

RESUMPTION OF LACTATION BY SUCKLING IN LACTATING RATS AFTER REMOVAL OF LITTERS

1965 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. ÔTA ◽  
A. YOKOYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Glandular Tissue ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Short Period

SUMMARY Foster litters were given to lactating rats whose own litters had been removed 3, 5 or 9 days previously. Lactation was restored in all groups by this re-suckling procedure within a relatively short period. The restoration of lactation became more difficult as the interval between the removal of the original litters and the application of the foster litters increased. Changes in the nucleic acid content of the mammary gland after re-suckling were investigated in the rats whose litters were removed for 3 days before re-suckling. Both the DNAP content of the gland and its weight increased steadily in proportion to the length of the period of re-suckling, so that a fairly constant DNAP concentration was maintained in the tissue. The RNAP content and the RNAP:DNAP ratio, on the other hand, increased abruptly at about the time when milk secretion was initiated by re-suckling. The DNAP content continued to increase even after the onset of restored milk secretion. These results suggest that milk secretion after re-suckling began before full restoration of the tissue structure and that growth of the glandular tissue took place concurrently with milk secretion.

scholarly journals DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE 1946–1947 FAMINE (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE URALS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Nikolay A. Mikhalev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One

The article deals with examination of the main parameters of the post-war 1946–1947 famine’s impact on the demographic sphere of the Urals. It considers the basic approaches proposed by Russian and foreign researchers to determine the level of excess mortality under conditions of the famine. Some of them were used to assess its scale in the Urals. The changes that took place in the processes of reproduction of the region’s population are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the structural analysis of mortality processes. The specifics of registration of deaths from alimentary dystrophy in the consolidated demographic forms are shown, their share in the corresponding group of causes of death is determined. The transformation of fertility processes is considered, the size of its decrease under the influence of the famine is established. The 1946–1947 famine led to an increase in mortality, it virtually interrupted a short period of post-war compensation of the population, which turned out to be insufficient and incomplete. Estimates of direct losses from the famine vary, but they all inevitably have the character of rough, tentative assumptions. On the one hand, this is due to the limitations imposed by the informative potential of the sources available to researchers today. On the other hand, the reason lies in an extraordinary nature of the very period, marked by a multitude of turbulent events that destabilized the situation, when it becomes almost impossible to find the demographic norm on which calculations should be made.

Tughluqabad, the earliest surviving town of the Delhi sultanate

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Shokoohy ◽  
Natalie H. Shokoohy
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Town Centre ◽  
Time Capsule ◽  
The Town

Tughluqabad is the first of many sultanate and Mughul towns which were purposely planned and constructed on previously uninhabited sites. Built early in the fourteenth century, Tughluqabad was to serve as the capital of the newly established Tughluq dynasty. There were, of course, three earlier Muslim capitals in the vicinity, the first the Delhi of Rāi Pithūrā, converted to an Islamic town after the Ghurid conquest in 588/1192–3; the second Jalāl al-dīn Khahīs Shahr-i naw, which was founded by Muՙiẓẓ al-dīn Kai Qubād (685–8/1286–9) at Kīlukharī (or Kīlugharī) but left incomplete at the time of his death, and the third Sīrī, built by Alՙ al-dīn Khaljī between 698/1298–9 and 700/1300–1 in the fields outside the walls of the older Delhi, but nothing has remained from these towns except parts of the fortification walls and some isolated monuments. The ruins of Tughluqabad, on the other hand, are enshrined in a time capsule. Built between 1320 and 1325 by Ghiyāth al-dīn Tughluq, the town had a brief life, and within a generation was abandoned and its population reduced to the size of a small village. As a result, most of its remains are datable to the short period of its duration in the first half of the fourteenth century. The only exception, as we shall see, are the remains of a small settlement which continued to exist around the old town centre, and in the late Mughal period also occupied the citadel.

scholarly journals Dynamical evolution of near-Sun objects

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (S310) ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
Vacheslav V. Emel'yanenko ◽  
Mikhail A. Shelyakov
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Orbital Evolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Secular Perturbations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Near Earth Objects

AbstractThe dynamical evolution of short-period objects having perihelia at small heliocentric distances is discussed. We have investigated the motion of multiple-apparition members of the Marsden and Kracht sungrazing groups. The orbital evolution of these objects on timescales < 10 Kyr is mainly determined by the Kozai-Lidov secular perturbations. These objects are dynamically connected with high-inclination near-Earth objects. On the other hand, we have found several observed near-Earth objects that evolve in the same way, reaching small perihelion distances on short timescales in the past.

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis of Universitas Indonesia (UI) Urban Forest Microclimate and Its Biodiversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 940 (1) ◽  
pp. 012003
Author(s):  
Z Nadia ◽  
S Warno ◽  
T Waryono
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Vegetation Analysis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Forest Microclimate

Abstract Universitas Indonesia (UI) Urban Forest is located in the middle of an urban area. Vegetation analysis is one way to define the vegetation health to reach the urban forest sustainability. On the other hand, the vegetation analysis in UI Urban Forest was done thirteen years ago and needed to be updated. Moreover, there has not been vegetation analysis yet of UI Urban Forest using remote sensing combining the microclimate also biodiversity. This research method combines remote sensing and primary data collection. It classify the Landsat 8 (OLI) to the NDVI as the unit analysis (low, medium, high). Primary data collection started by random stratified sampling with a sampling intensity of 0.77% (18 plots), where in each plot, the temperature-humidity was measured, and the vegetation and bird were identified. As a result, the map of temperature and humidity was produced, and it correlates to the vegetation cover where the vegetation is high, the temperature is low, and the humidity is high. On the other hand, the vegetation structure and composition were analyzed. In conclusion, there is a significant difference between the NDVI vegetation class to the UI Urban Forest microclimate and its biodiversity (vegetations and birds).

scholarly journals Ewolucja administracyjnego aparatu egzekucyjnego

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1 (4)) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Piotr Przybysz
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Administration System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Way

The paper presents changes in the way of organizing administrative duties enforcement authorities that took place after 1990. It was found that the changes were caused primarily by alterations in the public administration system. The positive side of the changes is the introduction of the principle that enforcement authorities can be established only by law. The number of bodies authorized to conduct administrative enforcement has decreased, which creates better conditions for the specialization of officials in the field of administrative enforcement. On the other hand, the negative side of the changes is their partial nature and modification of changes after a short period of their validity, and even a return to previous solutions. The legislator does not seem to have a coherent concept of the organization of the administrative enforcement apparatus.

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