scholarly journals Study and Investigation on 5G Technology: A Systematic Review

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Ramraj Dangi ◽  
Praveen Lalwani ◽  
Gaurav Choudhary ◽  
Ilsun You ◽  
Giovanni Pau
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mobile System ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Next Generation Mobile Networks ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
Mobile Communication Technology

In wireless communication, Fifth Generation (5G) Technology is a recent generation of mobile networks. In this paper, evaluations in the field of mobile communication technology are presented. In each evolution, multiple challenges were faced that were captured with the help of next-generation mobile networks. Among all the previously existing mobile networks, 5G provides a high-speed internet facility, anytime, anywhere, for everyone. 5G is slightly different due to its novel features such as interconnecting people, controlling devices, objects, and machines. 5G mobile system will bring diverse levels of performance and capability, which will serve as new user experiences and connect new enterprises. Therefore, it is essential to know where the enterprise can utilize the benefits of 5G. In this research article, it was observed that extensive research and analysis unfolds different aspects, namely, millimeter wave (mmWave), massive multiple-input and multiple-output (Massive-MIMO), small cell, mobile edge computing (MEC), beamforming, different antenna technology, etc. This article’s main aim is to highlight some of the most recent enhancements made towards the 5G mobile system and discuss its future research objectives.

scholarly journals Total Local Dose in Hypothetical 5G Mobile Networks for Varied Topologies and User Scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Kuehn ◽  
Serge Pfeifer ◽  
Niels Kuster
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Network Topologies ◽  
5G Mobile Networks

In this study, the total electromagnetic dose, i.e., the combined dose from fixed antennas and mobile devices, was estimated for a number of hypothetical network topologies for implementation in Switzerland to support the deployment of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems while maintaining exposure guidelines for public safety. In this study, we consider frequency range 1 (FR1) and various user scenarios. The estimated dose in hypothetical 5G networks was extrapolated from measurements in one of the Swiss 4G networks and by means of Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the peak dose is always dominated by an individual’s mobile phone and, in the case of non-users, by the bystanders’ mobile phones. The reduction in cell size and the separation of indoor and outdoor coverage can substantially reduce the total dose by >10 dB. The introduction of higher frequencies in 5G mobile networks, e.g., 3.6 GHz, reduces the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the entire brain by an average of −8 dB, while the SAR in the superficial tissues of the brain remains locally constant, i.e., within ±3 dB. Data from real networks with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) were not available; the effect of adaptive beam-forming antennas on the dose will need to be quantitatively revisited when 5G networks are fully established.

scholarly journals Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis of Mobile Technology in Tourism

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 7975
Author(s):  
Sirong Chen ◽  
Rob Law ◽  
Shaogui Xu ◽  
Mu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Mobile Communication Technology

With the advent of the fifth-generation mobile communication technology era, mobile technology will further change tourism. However, studies on mobile technology in tourism from the perspective of bibliometrics and visualization are limited. This research aimed to systematically, comprehensively, and objectively analyze the current research status and potential future research directions in this field through a visual bibliometric analysis of mobile technology research in tourism. This study used CiteSpace software to analyze 803 related journal papers from the Web of Science Core Collection and provided insights into the research of mobile technology in tourism from the aspects of research trends, research areas, top journals, author/institution/country or region collaboration networks, research keywords, and research foundations. The study can help related personnel in academia and industry to fully understand the research of mobile technology in tourism and provides valuable references for related research fields on bibliometric and visualized analysis.

The Battle for the Next Generation of Mobility

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Joslove
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Communication Services ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Next Generation Mobile Networks ◽  
Intelligent Multimedia ◽  
Roll Out

AbstractThe development of the Internet Protocol (IP), which can be used to transport all kinds of content, combined with the digitization of content, the roll-out of high speed broadband networks and the availability of intelligent, multimedia devices have led to “convergence”. “Convergence” refers to the shift from vertical industry silos and from a situation where different services are provided through separate networks - fixed, mobile, cable TV, IP, to a situation in which a variety of electronic communication services are accessed and seamlessly used across various networks and platforms. This convergence has led to the entry of new players into each of the markets and increased competition between players from formerly separate markets (I).It would appear that those playerswho have a dominant position in one of the segments of the electronic communications eco-system are seeking to exploit that position to their advantage to extend their domination to other related segments of the electronics communications ecosystem. Nowhere is this truer than in the area of mobility. This paper will explore three of the major battles in the area of electronic communications mobility and, principally, how three of the major players - Google, Microsoft and Apple - are using (or being subjected to) legal mechanisms to advance or defend their economic interests (I.). The three major battles that are explored are: the battle for spectrum, which is necessary for rolling out next-generation mobile networks (II.) the battle of the “Gate Keepers” (those players with dominant positions in a segment of the market) (III.) and, finally, the battle for the Smartphone market (IV.).

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence Based LTE MIMO Antenna for 5th Generation Mobile Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Dr. Abul Bashar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output

Artificial intelligence based long term evolution multi in multi output antenna supporting the fifth generation mobile networks is put forth in the paper. The mechanism laid out in paper is devised using the monopole-antenna integrated with the switchable pattern. The long term evolution based multiple input and multiple output antenna is equipped with four antennas and capable of providing a four concurrent data streams quadrupling the theoretical maximum speed of data transfer allowing the base station to convey four diverse signals through four diverse transmit antennas for a single user equipment. The utilization of the long term evolution multiple input multiple output is capable of utilizing the multi-trial broadcasting to offer betterments in the signal performance as well as throughput and spectral efficiency when used along the fifth generation mobile networks. So the paper proposes the artificial intelligence based long term evolution multiple input multiple output four transmit antenna with four diverse signal transmission capacity that is operating in the frequency of 3.501 Gigahertz frequency. The laid out design is evaluated using the Multi-input Multi output signal analyzer to acquire the capacity of the passive conveyance of the various antennas with the diverse combination of patterns. The outcomes observed enables the artificial intelligence antenna to identify the choicest antenna to be integrated in the diverse environments for improving the throughput, signal performance and the data conveyance speed.

scholarly journals Data Traffic Based on Slicing in a 5G Smart Uplink System

Telecom IT ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
A. Grebenshchikova ◽  
Elagin V.
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Fifth Generation

The paper considers the data traffic based on slicing in a 5g mobile network uplink system. Slicing is a promising technology for the fifth generation of networks that provides optimal quality of QOS services for each specific user or group of users. Data traffic that is processed by cellular networks increases every year. Therefore, we should consider all set of traffic from VoIP to M2M devices. For example, smart devices in the healthcare system transmit big data that is sensitive to latency, but also a video stream that requires minimal latency in certain cases. The paper focuses on the successful processing of traffic through a relay node, donor microstates, and a base station. All traffic is divided into three levels of QoS segmentation: sensitive, less sensitive, and low-sensitivity, using the AnyLogic simulation program. For fifth-generation 5G networks, achieving minimum latency and maximum data transfer speed within QoS is an important implementation condition. Therefore, in this paper, using simulation modeling, the main and possible results of each segment in the new generation of mobile networks are obtained. The use of a relay node in conjunction with micro-stations can ensure optimal station load and successful data processing. Also, the solutions outlined in this paper will allow you to identify a number of areas for future research to assess possible ways to design new mobile networks, or improve existing ones.

scholarly journals Massive MIMO, mmWave and mmWave-Massive MIMO Communications: Performance Assessment with Beamforming Techniques

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tewelgn Kebede Engda ◽  
Yihenew Wondie ◽  
Johannes Steinbrunn
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Massive Mimo ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Mimo Systems ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output

Abstract A considerable amount of enabling technologies are being explored in the era of fifth generation (5G) mobile system. The dream is to build a wireless network that substantially improves the existing mobile networks in all performance metrics. To address this 5G design targets, massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output) and mmWave (millimeter wave) communication are also candidate technologies. Luckily, in many respects these two technologies share a symbiotic integration. Accordingly, a logical step is to integrate mmWave communications and massive MIMO to form mmWave-massive MIMO which substantially increases user throughput, improve spectral and energy efficiencies, increase the capacity of mobile networks and achieve high multiplexing gains. Thus, this work analyses the concepts, performances, comparison and discussion of these technologies called: massive MIMO, mmWave Communications and mmWave-massive MIMO systems jointly. Besides, outcomes of extensive researches, emerging trends together with their respective benefits, challenges, proposed solutions and their comparative analysis is addressed. The performance of hybrid analog-digital beamforming architecture with a fully digital and analog beamforming techniques are also analyzed. Analytical and simulation results show that the low-complexity hybrid analog-digital precoding achieves all round comparable precoding gains for mmWave-Massive MIMO technology.

scholarly journals Mobile Communications for Tourism and Hospitality: A Review of Historical Evolution, Present Status, and Future Trends

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 1804
Author(s):  
Sirong Chen ◽  
Rob Law ◽  
Mu Zhang ◽  
Yuqi Si
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality ◽  
Mobile Communication Technology

As the fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication technology captures public attention, reviewing the first to fourth generations with the anticipated implications of 5G and afterward, and future research would present a useful value to the literature. This study uses a systematic content analysis methodology to provide a comprehensive and interdisciplinary review of mobile communication research in tourism and hospitality to help academic researchers and industry practitioners understand the research area. The study also analyzes the future changes that mobile communication technologies and their applications will bring to tourism and hospitality research trends and industry practices. This study not only contributes to identifying some research gaps in the extant research, but can also provide significant theoretical guidance and practical implications for further academic and industrial research related to mobile communication technologies in tourism and hospitality.

scholarly journals Artificial intelligence techniques over the fifth generation mobile networks: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Ashwaq N. Hassan ◽  
Sarab Al-Chlaihawi ◽  
Ahlam R. Khekan
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Techniques ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Sixth Generation

<span>A well Fifth generation (5G) mobile networks have been a common phrase in recent years. We have all heard this phrase and know its importance. By 2025, the number of devices based on the fifth generation of mobile networks will reach about 100 billion devices. By then, about 2.5 billion users are expected to consume more than a gigabyte of streamed data per month. 5G will play important roles in a variety of new areas, from smart homes and cars to smart cities, virtual reality and mobile augmented reality, and 4K video streaming. Bandwidth much higher than the fourth generation, more reliability and less latency are some of the features that distinguish this generation of mobile networks from previous generations.  Clearly, at first glance, these features may seem very impressive and useful to a mobile network, but these features will pose serious challenges for operators and communications companies. All of these features will lead to considerable complexity. Managing this network, preventing errors, and minimizing latency are some of the challenges that the 5th generation of mobile networks will bring. Therefore, the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning is a good way to solve these challenges. in other say, in such a situation, proper management of the 5G network must be done using powerful tools such as artificial intelligence. Various researches in this field are currently being carried out. Research that enables automated management and servicing and reduces human error as much as possible. In this paper, we will review the artificial intelligence techniques used in communications networks. Creating a robust and efficient communications network using artificial intelligence techniques is a great incentive for future research.</span><span> The importance of this issue is such that the sixth generation (6G) of cellular communications; There is a lot of emphasis on the use of artificial intelligence.</span>

scholarly journals Enabling Grant-Free URLLC: An Overview of Principle and Enhancements by Massive MIMO

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Ding ◽  
Mahyar Nemati ◽  
Shiva Pokhrel ◽  
Ok-Sun Park ◽  
Jinho Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
New Radio ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Radio Resources

<div>Enabling ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) with stringent requirements for transmitting data packets (e.g., 99.999% reliability and 1 millisecond latency) presents considerable challenges in uplink transmissions. For each packet transmission over dynamically allocated network radio resources, the conventional random access protocols are based on a request- rant scheme. This induces excessive latency and necessitates reliable control signalling, resulting overhead. To address these problems, grant-free (GF) solutions are proposed in the fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR). In this paper, an overview and vision of the state-of-the-art in enabling GF URLLC are presented. In particular, we first provide a comprehensive review of NR specifications and techniques for URLLC, discuss underlying principles, and highlight impeding issues of enabling GF URLLC. Furthermore, we explain two key phenomena of massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) (i.e., channel hardening and favorable propagation) and build several deep insights into how celebrated mMIMO features can be exploited to enhance the performance of GF URLLC. Moving further ahead, we examine the potential of cell-free (CF) mMIMO and analyze its distinctive features and benefits over mMIMO to resolve GF URLLC issues. Finally, we identify future research directions and challenges in enabling GF URLLC with CF mMIMO.</div>

scholarly journals Enabling Grant-Free URLLC: An Overview of Principle and Enhancements by Massive MIMO

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Ding ◽  
Mahyar Nemati ◽  
Shiva Pokhrel ◽  
Ok-Sun Park ◽  
Jinho Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
New Radio ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Radio Resources

<div>Enabling ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) with stringent requirements for transmitting data packets (e.g., 99.999% reliability and 1 millisecond latency) presents considerable challenges in uplink transmissions. For each packet transmission over dynamically allocated network radio resources, the conventional random access protocols are based on a request- rant scheme. This induces excessive latency and necessitates reliable control signalling, resulting overhead. To address these problems, grant-free (GF) solutions are proposed in the fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR). In this paper, an overview and vision of the state-of-the-art in enabling GF URLLC are presented. In particular, we first provide a comprehensive review of NR specifications and techniques for URLLC, discuss underlying principles, and highlight impeding issues of enabling GF URLLC. Furthermore, we explain two key phenomena of massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) (i.e., channel hardening and favorable propagation) and build several deep insights into how celebrated mMIMO features can be exploited to enhance the performance of GF URLLC. Moving further ahead, we examine the potential of cell-free (CF) mMIMO and analyze its distinctive features and benefits over mMIMO to resolve GF URLLC issues. Finally, we identify future research directions and challenges in enabling GF URLLC with CF mMIMO.</div>

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