GC Analysis of Seven Seed Oils Containing Conjugated Fatty Acids

The fatty acid compositions, including isomer compositions, of seven seed oils containing conjugated fatty acids (CFA) were determined. Seed oils were extracted using a modified Folch extraction, converted to fatty acid methyl esters, and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection. The MS detector was operated in positive-ion chemical ionization mode using methane reagent gas. GC was performed using two columns providing different retention characteristics: a poly(ethylene glycol) column and a more polar biscyanopropyl column. The complimentary information provided by the two columns was crucial to peak identification in several cases. The major CFA species in the samples are well known but all contained lesser amounts of additional CFA that have not been widely reported. All samples contained multiple species of conjugated linolenic acid, and two samples also contained small amounts of conjugated linoleic acid. The seed oils of Jacaranda mimosifolia and Calendula officinalis were found to contain 8c,10t,12t-18:3, the natural occurrence of which has only been recently reported in some other samples. The seed oil of Impatiens balsamina has been reported to contain four conjugated 18:4 species, and we present evidence for a fifth conjugated 18:4 isomer.

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Validation and application of a chromatographic method for evaluation of commercial vegetable oils possibly adulterated

Revista Eletrônica em Gestão Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental ◽

10.5902/2236117035071 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Katarynna Santos Araújo ◽

Mariana Oliveira Barbosa ◽

Carolina Barbosa Malafaia ◽

Daniella Carla Napoleão

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Ionization Detector ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

Two Samples

A method of separation, identification and quantification of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was developed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) using a basic transesterification. In this sense, there were analyzed FAMEs in commercial samples of vegetable oils from soybean and olive oil. The referred method was linear (r>0.99), accurate and precise for palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:2), oleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3) and stearic (C18:0) acids. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were from 0.03 to 0.31 and 0.08 to 0.94 mg.mL-1 for the five fatty acids, respectively. The results demonstrated that the unsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant for the two samples, being the oleic acid (C18:1) the major in three brands of olive oil (D, E and F), and the linoleic acid (C18:2) the most abundant in soybean oil and the other brands of olive oil (G, H and I), suggesting a possible adulteration in these brands. The proposed method could be considered a tool for the investigation of adulteration in commercial vegetable oils for guaranteed reliability in the results to be comparable with correlated legislations.

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Comparative Fatty Acids Composition of Cashew, Fenugreek and Moringa Seed Oils

Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences ◽

10.34198/ejcs.2219.321332 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 321-332

Author(s):

M. Alhassan ◽

A. M. Bello ◽

M. Suleiman ◽

A. M. Safiya ◽

A. A. Garba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Edible Oils ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Seed Oils ◽

Fatty Acids Composition ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Soxhlet Method ◽

Moringa Oil ◽

High Level

Oil extraction from Cashew nut was carried out by Soxhlet method using n-hexane as the solvent. The oil was transesterified to produce Fatty Acid Methyl-Esters (FAMEs) and glycerol. Fenugreek and Moringa seed oils were purchased from the market. GC- Analysis gave the following fatty acids composition: Oleic (74.99%), Linoleic (1.27%), Stearic (2.09%), Myristic (0.86%), Lauric (1.97%), Linolenic (1.75%), Palmitic (12.51%) and Palmitoleic (2.70%) for Moringa oil; Oleic (67.62%), Linoleic (16.99%), Stearic (8.42%) and Palmitic (6.93%) for Cashew oil while Fenugreek oil constituted of Oleic (20%), Linoleic (42.5%), Stearic (6.5%), Linolenic (18%), Palmitic (10.5%) and Arachidonic (0.5%). The study revealed that the three vegetable seeds are good sources of edible oils. Cashew oil is considered to be the most suitable for food formulation as well as pharmaceutical, paint, soap and perfume industries because of high level of unsaturated in the fatty acid contents.

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FATTY ACIDS ANALYSIS AND CHEMOTAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF MALVOIDEAE (MALVACEAE) SPECIES

Química Nova ◽

10.21577/0100-4042.20170668 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Diégina Fernandes ◽

Otemberg Chaves ◽

Yanna Teles ◽

Maria Agra ◽

Maria Vieira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Euclidean Distance ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Principal Component ◽

Fatty Acid Analysis ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Fatty Acids Analysis

Previous researches showed that fatty acids analysis might be a useful tool to support the taxonomic investigation. In this approach the fatty acids content of ten Malvoideae species was analyzed and its chemotaxonomic significance has been investigated. The aerial parts of the species were collected in the Northeast of Brazil and their fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The chemometric analysis consisted of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) with the euclidean distance between the samples given by the Ward.D2 algorithm. This is the first report of fatty acids from Wissadula peripocifolia, Herissantia crispa, Bakeridesia pickelii, Sidastrum micranthum, Pavonia cancellata and Pavonia malacophylla. The results showed the predominance of palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acids in the studied species. By the PCA and HCA analysis, the fatty acid composition was able to distinguish the species Herissantia crispa and Pavonia malacophylla. Our findings showed a chemotaxonomic proximity among species from different genera reflecting the taxonomic and phylogenetic closeness previously demonstrated by molecular investigations on Malvoidae species. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the fatty acid analysis may be an interesting tool to support the taxonomic investigations on Malvoideae species.

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DETERMINATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN SOLANUM SURATTENSE BURM. F. BY USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.18314 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 60 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raman Preet ◽

Raghbir Chand Gupta

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Basic Research ◽

Fatty Acid Analysis ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Solanum Surattense ◽

Flame Ionization

Objective: This study aims to document the fatty acid composition of Solanum surattense Burm. f. collected from hot desert of India, Rajasthan.Methods: The fatty acid analysis was performed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The operating conditions used to examine methyl esters of fatty acids are as follows. Fatty acids were converted into methyl esters (FAMEs) before GC analysis according to the standard methods by Ranganna (1986). Quantitative determinations of FAMEs were conducted using GC-FID and capillary column HP-88 Agilent Technologies.Results: The most abundant fatty was palmitic acid (13.2%), oleic acid (22.9%), and linoleic acid (11.9%). This plant is good source of important fatty acids including all the groups of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs and PUFAs) and can be used as a commercial source of fatty acids especially MUFAs and PUFAs.Conclusion: The plant is well studied for various pharmacological activities such as antiasthmatic, anticancer, cardiovascular, and hepatoprotective. Determination of fatty acid profiles in nutritional and clinical research with precision and fastness has become popular for human health and basic research.

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Quantification of Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Jatropha cucas L. from Guizhou, China

International Journal of Biology ◽

10.5539/ijb.v8n2p92 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 92

Author(s):

Hamidou SENOU ◽

Cai X. ZHENG ◽

Gabriel SAMAKE ◽

Mamadou B. TRAORE ◽

Fousseni FOLEGA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Total Content ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Seed Oils ◽

Fatty Acids Composition

The methyl esters of fatty acids composition of the oil from jatropha curcas seeds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer GC-MS. Fourteen components were found to be representative with 99.52% of the total content of seed oils. The main constituents were unsaturated fatty acids (71.93%) and saturated fatty acids (27.59%). For the saturated fatty acids composition such as palmitic and stearic acid, the rate was 15.80% and 10.79%, respectively. Linoleic acid (39.58%) and oleic acid (30.41%) were obtained in highest concentration among the unsaturated fatty acids identified in the seeds oil of Jatropha curcas from Guizhou. This value also justifies the fluidity of the oil at room temperature. A high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (39.58%) and a slightly lower rate of monounsaturated fatty acids (32.35%) were also observed. The seed oils profile of Guizhou Jatropha curcas presents the desirable fatty acid C14 to C18 and interesting features for the biodiesel production.

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A Study of Blood Fatty Acids Profile in Hyperlipidemic and Normolipidemic Subjects in Association with Common PNPLA3 and ABCB1 Polymorphisms

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo11020090 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 90

Author(s):

Thomai Mouskeftara ◽

Antonis Goulas ◽

Despoina Ioannidou ◽

Charikleia Ntenti ◽

Dimitris Agapakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Relative Distribution ◽

Saturation State ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Indirect Determination ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Fatty Acids Profile ◽

Fatty Acid Saturation

Adiponutrin (patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3; PNPLA3), encoded in humans by the PNPLA3 gene, is a protein associated with lipid droplet and endoplasmic reticulum membranes, where it is apparently involved in fatty acid redistribution between triglycerides and phospholipids. A common polymorphism of PNPLA3 (I148M, rs738409), linked to increased PNPLA3 presence on lipid droplets, is a strong genetic determinant of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and of its progression. P-glycoprotein (Pgp, MDR1—multidrug resistance protein 1, ABCB1—ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1), encoded by the ABCB1 gene, is another membrane protein implicated in lipid homeostasis and steatosis. In the past, common ABCB1 polymorphisms have been associated with the distribution of serum lipids but not with fatty acids (FA) profiles. Similarly, data on the effect of PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism on blood FAs are scarce. In this study, a gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) method was optimized, allowing us to analyze twenty FAs (C14: 0, C15: 0, C15: 1, C16: 0, C16: 1, C17: 0, C17: 1, C18: 0, C18: 1cis, C18: 2cis, C20: 0, C20: 1n9, C20: 2, C20: 3n6, C20: 4n6, C20: 5, C23: 0, C24: 0, C24: 1 and C22: 6) in whole blood, based on the indirect determination of the fatty acids methyl esters (FAMES), in 62 hyperlipidemic patients and 42 normolipidemic controls. FA concentrations were then compared between the different genotypes of the rs738409 and rs2032582 (ABCB1 G2677T) polymorphisms, within and between the hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic groups. The rs738409 polymorphism appears to exert a significant effect on the distribution of blood fatty acids, in a lipidemic and fatty acid saturation state-depending manner. The effect of rs2032582 was less pronounced, but the polymorphism did appear to affect the relative distribution of blood fatty acids between hyperlipidemic patients and normolipidemic controls.

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Evaluation of Major Fatty Acids Determination in Palm Oil by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection

Jurnal Agritech ◽

10.22146/agritech.16603 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (03) ◽

pp. 308 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Moh Taufik ◽

Hanifah Nuryani Lioe ◽

Nancy Dewi Yuliana

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Flame Ionization Detection ◽

Ionization Detection ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Fatty Acids Analysis

The fatty acid composition of palm oil is the major factor influencing its physical and chemical properties. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the analytical performance of major fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid) analysis in palm oil. Triglycerides of palm oil were derivatized to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by using boron trifluoride (BF3) in methanol. FAMEs were determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) using DB-23 capillary column as stationary phase. The studied parameters were instrument performance analysis, the efficiency of fatty acid derivatization, stability of derivatized analytes, accuracy, repeatability, intra-lab reproducibility, ruggedness, and method uncertainty. The evaluation results showed the instrument linearity at a working range of 5 to 40 mg/mL marked by coefficient of determination (R2) between 0.991-0.995. Instrument limits of detection (LOD) and instrument limits of quantification (LOQ) for 4 major fatty acids analysis were 26-35 µg/mLand 86-128 µg/mL, respectively. The increase of fatty acid concentration led to the decrease of derivatization efficiency in the fatty acids analysis. The result also showed that derivatized analytes were stable during 24 h storage at freeze temperature. The average recovery values by spiking method with the spiking concentration at 50 and 90 mg/g sample were at 75-94 % for stearic and linoleic acids analysis, however those for palmitic and oleic acids analysis were considered very low (<40 %), due to their low derivatization efficiency. Repeatability and intra-lab reproducibility of 4 major fatty acids analysis were at acceptable ranges, 0.45-1.38 % and 1.15-2.03 %, respectively. Determination by varying the volume of derivatizing agent showed the rugged method. Uncertainty of repeatability (Ur) and uncertainty of reproducibility (Ur) were ranged at 1.84-9.02 mg/g and 1.40-10.65 mg/g, respectively. This method was considerably reliable for the analysis of less abundance fatty acids in palm oil, stearic and linoleic acids.

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Study on using fatty acid data in the botanical chemotaxonomy for Vietnamese seaweed species

Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.15625/1811-4989/15882 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 371-379

Author(s):

Le Tat Thanh ◽

Pham Thi Hue ◽

Nguyen Van Tuyen Anh ◽

Dam Duc Tien

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

High Reliability ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Ionization Detector ◽

Seaweed Species ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Main Component Analysis ◽

Fatty Acid Data ◽

Main Component

Vietnam's sea is assessed to be very diverse and rich in seaweed species. It is about 1000 different species of seaweed, of which more than 800 species have been identified, classify into genus, families, classes, phylums, and continuously updated from the 1950s to the present. Previous studies by Vietnamese and international scientists have shown that lipids from seaweed contain many valuable active ingredients such as acids C20: 4n-6 (AA), C20:5n-3 (EPA), C22:6n-3 (DHA), prostaglandin E2… In this study, fatty acids were converted to methyl esters and identified by gas chromatography using flame ionization detector (GC-FID) with column Cap Mao Equity 5 (Merck, L×ID 30m×0.25 mm, df 0.25 µm). From the total lipid of 50 of Vietnamese seaweed, we have identified 30 fatty acids, in which, C16:0, C18:1n-9, C20:4n-6 (AA) fatty acids have the high content, and C20:5n-3 (EPA), C22:6n-3 (DHA), C22:5n-3 (DPA) fatty acids have the high bioactivities. By the method of PCA main component analysis, from the dataset of fatty acids, we have identified 8 main fatty acids with high correlation and used to represent the distribution of seaweed species on the two-way plane. Three phylums were classified by different fatty acid groups with the high reliability. In the detail, the distribution of the phylum Phaeophyta depends on the content of 3 fatty acids including C16:1n-7, C18:1n-9 và C20:4n-6, the phylum Rhodophyta depends on C15:0, C16:0, C18:0 fatty acids, and the phylum Chlorophyta depends on C18:1n-7, C18:3n-6 fatty acids. This method can may help provides more chemical data in the taxonomy of Vietnamese seaweed species.

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AN OXYGENATED FATTY ACID FROM THE SEED OIL OF HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/v57-053 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 358-364 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Mary J. Chisholm ◽

C. Y. Hopkins

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Hexadecenoic Acid ◽

Seed Oils ◽

Plant Family ◽

Total Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Hibiscus Esculentus

The fatty acids of okra seed oil (Hibiscusesculentus L.) were examined. Acetylation of the oil, followed by saponification and separation of the acids, gave 12,13-dihydroxyoleic acid. From this and other evidence it is concluded that 12,13-epoxyoleic acid is present as a constituent of the glycerides. An oxygenated acid has not been identified previously in seed oils of this plant family (Malvaceae). 9-Hexadecenoic acid was also found. The total fatty acid composition was determined by distillation of the methyl esters and analysis of the distilled fractions. The percentages of the acids identified were estimated as follows: 9-hexadecenoic 0.6, palmitic 29, linoleic 39, oleic 23, stearic 2, 12,13-epoxyoleic 3, arachidic <1. Myristic, eicosenoic, and trienoic acids were not detected and, if present, are judged to have been in amounts less than 1% of the total.

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