scholarly journals The Effects of Energy Drink Consumption on Cognitive and Physical Performance in Elite League of Legends Players

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey J. Thomas ◽  
Jeffrey Rothschild ◽  
Conrad P. Earnest ◽  
Aaron Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Video Gaming ◽  
Test Reaction ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
League Of Legends

To examine the cognitive and physical changes associated with consuming an energy drink concurrent to video gaming, we examined a convenience sample of nine elite League of Legends (LoL) e-sport players (21 ± 2 y, BMI 25.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2) consuming an energy drink (ReloadTM) or placebo (Placebo) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Participants completed the same test battery prior to treatment consumption and after playing each of three competitive LoL games. Primary outcomes included measures of attention (Erikson Flanker Test), reaction time (Go/No-Go test) and working memory (n-back test). Secondary outcomes examined fatigue (hand grip strength and finger tap speed). Statistical analysis was performed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) and reported as the mean (standard deviation [SD]) or mean change (95% confidence interval [CI]). Participants reported sleeping 8.1 (1.2) h/night, playing LoL 10.3 (2.1) h/d, playing other video games 1.8 (2.8) h/d, and exercising 4.2 (1.7) times per week. Overall, we observed no significant time, group, or group-by-time interactions for any measured performance index with the exception of a significant improvement for the n-back test, where the Reload group demonstrated a significant within-group improvement: Reload [−171 ms (95% CI, −327.91, −14.09), p < 0.004], Placebo [−92 ms (95% CI, −213.63, 29.63)]. However, no between-group differences were noted (38.50 ms, 95% CI, −141.89, 64.89, p = 0.803). Our findings suggest that elite eSport athletes do not demonstrate a mental or physical improvement in performance relative to the treatment supplement or indices measured in this study.

scholarly journals Heart Rate Variability Behavior during Exercise and Short-Term Recovery Following Energy Drink Consumption in Men and Women

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2372
Author(s):  
Nicolas W. Clark ◽  
Chad H. Herring ◽  
Erica R. Goldstein ◽  
Jeffrey R. Stout ◽  
Adam J. Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Autonomic Responses ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption ◽  
Graded Exercise

This study examined the cardiac autonomic responses, as measured by heart rate variability (HRV), during cycling exercise and short-term rest after energy drink consumption. Seventeen participants (seven males and 10 females; age: 22.8 ± 3.5 years; BMI: 24.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2) completed this double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced crossover design study. Participants received an energy drink formula containing 140 mg of caffeine and a placebo in a randomized order before completing a 10-min steady-state warm up (WUP) and a graded exercise test to exhaustion (GXT) followed by a 15-min short-term rest (STR) period. Heartbeat intervals were recorded using a heart rate monitor. Data were divided into WUP, GXT, and STR phases, and HRV parameters were averaged within each phase. Additionally, root mean square of the standard deviation of R–R intervals (RMSSD) during GXT was analyzed to determine the HRV threshold. Separate two-way (sex (male vs. female) x drink (energy drink vs. placebo)) repeated measures ANOVA were utilized. Significant increases in high frequency (HF) and RMSSD were shown during WUP after energy drink consumption, while interactions between drink and sex were observed for HRV threshold parameters (initial RMSSD and rate of RMSSD decline). No significant differences were noted during STR. Energy drink consumption may influence cardiac autonomic responses during low-intensity exercise, and sex-based differences in response to graded exercise to exhaustion may exist.

scholarly journals The Effects of an Energy Drink on Psychomotor Vigilance in Trained Individuals

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio ◽  
Kenyon ◽  
Horn ◽  
Jiannine ◽  
Carson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Test Reaction ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽  
Vigilance Test ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance

The psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) measures one’s behavioral alertness. It is a visual test that involves measuring the speed at which a person reacts to visual stimuli over a fixed time frame (e.g., 5 min). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of an energy drink on psychomotor vigilance as well as a simple measure of muscular endurance (i.e., push-ups). A total of 20 exercise-trained men (n = 11) and women (n = 9) (mean SD: age 32 7 years; height 169 10 cm; weight; 74.5 14.5 kg; percent body fat 20.3 6.2%; years of training 14 9; daily caffeine intake 463 510 mg) volunteered for this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. In a randomized counterbalanced order, they consumed either the energy drink (ED) (product: BANG®, Weston Florida) or a similar tasting placebo drink (PL). In the second visit after a 1-week washout period, they consumed the alternate drink. A full 30 minutes post-consumption, they performed the following tests in this order: a 5-minute psychomotor vigilance test, three sets of push-ups, followed once more by a 5-minute psychomotor vigilance test. Reaction time was recorded. For the psychomotor vigilance test, lapses, false starts and efficiency score are also assessed. There were no differences between groups for the number of push-ups that were performed or the number of false starts during the psychomotor vigilance test. However, the ED treatment resulted in a significantly lower (i.e., faster) psychomotor vigilance mean reaction time compared to the PL (p = 0.0220) (ED 473.8 42.0 milliseconds, PL 482.4 54.0 milliseconds). There was a trend for the ED to lower the number of lapses (i.e., reaction time > 500 milliseconds) (p = 0.0608). The acute consumption of a commercially available ED produced a significant improvement in psychomotor vigilance in exercise-trained men and women.

scholarly journals Energy Drink Consumption Practices of Young People in Bahrain

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam M. Nassaif ◽  
Ghufran J. J. Alobed ◽  
Noor A. A. Alaam ◽  
Abdulla N. Alderrazi ◽  
Muyssar S. Awdhalla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption ◽  
Consumption Practices ◽  
Promotion Strategies

Background: Energy drink (ED) consumption is becoming increasingly popular among young Bahrainis, who may be unaware of the health risks associated with ED consumption. To date, there have been few publications on the consumption of ED in Bahrain, particularly among adolescents. This study seeks to fill a gap in the literature on energy drink consumption practices of Bahraini adolescents.Methods: Data were collected using a previously established European Food Safety Authority questionnaire. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on a convenience sample of 262 Bahraini students aged 10 to 18 years.Results: Most participants consumed energy drinks 2 to 3 times per week and consumed two or more cans at a time. Eighty percent of partcipants preferred energy drinks with sugar. Participants in the older age group and higher educational level consumed more ED. The majority (57%) consumed ED at home with friends as part of socialization. Notably, 60% of the parents of the respondents have not consumed energy drinks. Prominent reasons for consumption of energy drinks included: taste (40%), energy (30%), stay awake (13%), augment concentration (4%), and enhance sports performance (6%).Conclusion: Energy drink consumption is a popular socialization activity among adolescents of Bahrain. The potential health risks necessitates the need for novel health promotion strategies and advocacy efforts for healthy hydration practices.

Abstract 18257: Cardiovascular Response to Energy Drink Consumption in Healthy Adults

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Svatikova ◽  
Naima Covassin ◽  
Krishen Somers ◽  
Filip Soucek ◽  
Tomas Kara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Resting Blood Pressure ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption ◽  
Placebo Drink

Introduction: An increasing number of healthy adults consume energy drinks to enhance their physical and mental performance. Energy drinks contain caffeine and multiple other “natural” stimulants and their combined effects on cardiac hemodynamics in healthy individuals are unclear. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that drinking a commercially available energy drink, Rockstar , compared to a placebo drink, increases resting blood pressure and heart rate in healthy adults, and these increases would be further accentuated by stress conditions. Methods: We enrolled 25 healthy, normotensive subjects (14 males), aged 29±1 years, with body mass index 24.5±1 kg/m 2 , in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Each subject consumed a placebo drink and a commercially available Rockstar energy drink (473 ml), in random order on two separate study days. Blood pressure and heart rate responses were recorded and compared before and 30 minutes after drink consumption, both at rest and then in response to physical, mental and cold stressors. Results: The Rockstar energy drink induced a 6±1% increase in resting systolic blood pressure, compared to 3±1% with the placebo drink (P=0.0078). Diastolic blood pressure increased by 7±1% vs 0±1% with the placebo drink (P=0.0007; Figure 1). Heart rate increased similarly in both groups, by 5±2% in the energy drink group vs. 7±2% in the placebo group. Blood pressure and heart rate increases during the stress stimuli (sustained handgrip, mental stress and cold stress) did not differ between energy drink and placebo. Conclusions: Drinking a commercially available Rockstar energy drink significantly increases resting blood pressure in young healthy adults. Blood pressure increases are not further accentuated by exercise, mental or cold pressor stress stimuli. These hemodynamic changes induced by energy drink consumption could predispose to cardiovascular events.

scholarly journals Energy Drink Consumption and its Relationship to Risky Behavior in College Students

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Julia Buchanan ◽  
Melinda Ickes
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
The United States ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption ◽  
Academic Courses ◽  
E Mail

Background and Purpose: Energy drinks have become popular among college students, with over half reporting consumption of at least one energy drink per month in the current semester. Risk of negative physiological and psychological effects has been linked to energy drinks consumed alone or mixed with alcohol. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between energy drink consumption and other risky behaviors among college students at a large southeastern university in the United States. Method: A convenience sample of 277 college students was recruited during January-February 2012 via e-mail through undergraduate academic courses. Participating students completed an online survey that assessed energy drink consumption (with and without alcohol) and participation in other risky behaviors. Results: Energy drink users participated in risky behaviors more often than non-energy drink users within the past year (p = 0.00). Energy drink use was significantly related to the risky behaviors of tobacco (p = 0.00), marijuana (p = 0.00), amphetamine (p = 0.00), and alcohol (p = 0.02) use, as well as missing class (p = 0.05), performing poorly on a test or important project (p = 0.05), and participating in an extreme sport (p = 0.03). Conclusion: These findings suggest that energy drink consumption is associated with other risky behaviors among college students. The benefits of health promotion efforts related to energy drink consumption may be furthered through co-occurrence with other education and prevention programming on the topics of substance use and abuse.

Prevalence of Energy Drink Consumption in Adolescents

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 137 (Supplement 3) ◽  
pp. 136A-136A
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn Reyes ◽  
Anju Sawni ◽  
Nicolas Lecea ◽  
Jenny LaChance ◽  
Keith Emond
Keyword(s):  
Energy Drink ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption

scholarly journals Efficacy of galcanezumab in patients with migraine who did not benefit from commonly prescribed preventive treatments

BMC Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dulanji K. Kuruppu ◽  
Joshua Tobin ◽  
Yan Dong ◽  
Sheena K. Aurora ◽  
Laura Yunes-Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Toxin A ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Preventive Medication ◽  
Onabotulinum Toxin A ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Background Galcanezumab is a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibody (mAb) indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine. While galcanezumab has demonstrated efficacy in patients who did not respond to prior preventive medications in general, its efficacy in patients who did not benefit from individual, commonly prescribed preventive treatments due to inadequate efficacy or safety/tolerability remains unknown. Methods CONQUER was a 3-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3b study that enrolled patients with episodic or chronic migraine who had 2 to 4 migraine preventive medication category failures in the past 10 years. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive placebo (N = 230) or galcanezumab 120 mg/month (240 mg loading dose; N = 232). Post hoc analyses were conducted to determine the efficacy of galcanezumab in patients who had not benefited from six of the most commonly prescribed migraine preventive medications. The mean change from baseline in monthly migraine headache days and ≥ 50 % response rates were assessed over months 1–3. Improvement in Migraine-Specific Questionnaire Role Function-Restrictive (MSQ-RFR) scores were assessed at month 3. The endpoints were estimated via mixed model with repeated measures. Results The most common treatment failures due to inadequate efficacy or safety/tolerability, which at least 20 % of patients reported trying without benefit, included topiramate, amitriptyline, propranolol, valproate or divalproex, onabotulinum toxin A, and metoprolol. Patients who had not previously benefited from these treatments had a greater mean reduction in monthly migraine headache days across months 1–3 in the galcanezumab group compared to placebo (all p < 0.01). More patients treated with galcanezumab experienced a ≥ 50 % reduction from baseline in monthly migraine headache days across months 1–3 compared to placebo (all p < 0.05). Galcanezumab-treated patients had a greater improvement in mean MSQ-RFR scores at month 3 compared to placebo (all p < 0.01). Conclusions In this population, galcanezumab was effective in reducing monthly migraine headache days, improving response rates, and enhancing quality of life in patients who had not previously benefited from topiramate, amitriptyline, propranolol, valproate or divalproex, onabotulinum toxin A, and/or metoprolol due to inadequate efficacy or safety/tolerability. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03559257 (CONQUER).

scholarly journals Risk-Taking Behavior and the Consumption of Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drink among Australian, Dutch and UK Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5315
Author(s):  
Sean J. Johnson ◽  
Sarah Benson ◽  
Andrew Scholey ◽  
Chris Alford ◽  
Joris C. Verster
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Energy Drink Consumption ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Of Risk

The relationship between risk-taking behavior, alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences is well known. The current analyses were conducted to investigate whether alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) is related to risk-taking behavior and if there is a relationship between the amount of energy drink mixed with alcohol consumed, risk-taking behavior and negative alcohol-related consequences. Data from N = 1276 AMED consuming students from the Netherlands, UK and Australia who completed the same survey were evaluated. The analysis revealed that, compared to AMED occasions, on alcohol only (AO) occasions significantly more alcohol was consumed and significantly more negative alcohol-related consequences were reported. On both AO and AMED occasions, there was a strong and positive relationship between amount of alcohol consumed, level of risk-taking behavior and number of reported negative alcohol-related consequences. In contrast, the level of risk-taking behavior was not clearly related to energy drink consumption. Across risk-taking levels, differences in the amount of energy drink consumed on AMED occasions did not exceed one 250 mL serving of energy drink. When correcting for the amount of alcohol consumed, there were no statistically significant differences in the number of energy drinks consumed on AMED occasions between the risk-taking groups. In conclusion, alcohol consumption is clearly related to risk-taking behavior and experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences. In contrast, energy drink intake was not related to level of risk-taking behavior and only weakly related to the number of experienced negative alcohol-related consequences.

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