Applicability of Maximal Ergometer Testing and Sprint Performance in Adolescent Endurance and Sprint Trained Swimmers

Sprint swimming is a short duration, high intensity sport requiring a relatively greater contribution of energy from anaerobic metabolism. Understanding energy system utilization for the classification of a competitive swimmer (sprint or distance) may be useful for both training prescription and event specialization. The relationship between anaerobic swim ergometer testing and adolescent sprint swimming performance has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance and physiological responses during a maximal all-out ergometer test as well as the maximal anaerobic lactate test in a group of sprint vs. middle-distance specialized swimmers. Sixteen (n = 16) competitive swimmers (mean ± standard deviation (SD), age 16.8 ± 0.7 year; body mass 67.3 ± 9.8 kg) were categorized into two gender matched groups: sprint (n = 8) and middle-distance (n = 8). Each athlete performed (1) a 45 s swim ergometer maximal test to determine peak and mean power output (Watts (W)), (2) a MANLT test to determine peak and average velocity as well as the post-exercise lactate response, and (3) a 50 m swim time trial. The sprint group showed a higher mean (p = 0.026) and peak (p = 0.031) velocity during the MANLT. In addition, blood lactate concentration was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the sprint vs. middle-distance trained group at 3 and 12 min after completion of the MANLT (3-min post 11.29 ± 2.32 vs. 9.55 ± 3.48 mmol/L; 12-min post 8.23 ± 2.28 vs. 7.05 ± 2.47 mmol/L). The power output during the 45 s all-out swimming ergometer test was higher in the sprint trained group. The results of this study demonstrate the anaerobic contribution to sprint swimming measured during an all-out dryland ergometer test.

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Does caffeine supplementation alter energy contribution during a work-based ~30 min cycling time-trial?

Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte ◽

10.11606/issn.1981-4690.v34i3p471-481 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 471-481

Author(s):

Gabriel Barreto ◽

Rafael Pires da Silva ◽

Guilherme Yamaguchi ◽

Luana Farias de Oliveira ◽

Vitor de Salles Painelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Time Trial ◽

Energy System ◽

Energy Contribution ◽

Mean Power ◽

Double Blind ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Cycling Time

Caffeine has been shown to increase anaerobic energy contribution during short-duration cycling time-trials (TT) though no information exists on whether caffeine alters energy contribution during more prolonged, aerobic type TTs. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of caffeine supplementation on longer and predominantly aerobic exercise. Fifteen recreationally-trained male cyclists (age 38±8 y, height 1.76±0.07 m, body mass 72.9±7.7 kg) performed a ~30 min cycling TT following either 6 mg·kg-1BM caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PLA) supplementation, and one control (CON) session without supplementation, in a double- -blind, randomised, counterbalance and cross-over design. Mean power output (MPO) was recorded as the outcome measure. Respiratory values were measured throughout exercise for the determination of energy system contribution. Data were analysed using mixed-models. CAF improved mean MPO compared to CON (P=0.01), and a trend towards an improvement compared to PLA (P=0.07); there was no difference in MPO at any timepoint throughout the exercise between conditions. There was a main effect of Condition (P=0.04) and Time (P<0.0001) on blood lactate concentration, which tended to be higher in CAF vs. both PLA and CON (Condition effect, both P=0.07). Ratings of perceived exertion increased over time (P<0.0001), with no effect of Condition or interaction (both P>0.05). Glycolytic energy contribution was increased in CAF compared to CON and PLA (both P<0.05), but not aerobic or ATP-CP (both P>0.05). CAF improved aerobic TT performance compared to CON, which could be explained by increased glycolytic energy contribution.

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Does caffeine supplementation alter energy contribution during a work-based ~30 min cycling time-trial?

Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte ◽

10.11606/1807-5509202000030471 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 471-481

Author(s):

Gabriel Barreto ◽

Rafael Pires da Silva ◽

Guilherme Yamaguchi ◽

Luana Farias de Oliveira ◽

Vitor de Salles Painelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Time Trial ◽

Energy System ◽

Energy Contribution ◽

Mean Power ◽

Double Blind ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Cycling Time

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A Comparison of Different Prerace Warm-Up Strategies on 1-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0557 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 1109-1116

Author(s):

Mathias T. Vangsoe ◽

Jonas K. Nielsen ◽

Carl D. Paton

Keyword(s):

Blood Lactate ◽

Power Output ◽

Peak Power ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Time Trial ◽

Peak Power Output ◽

Warm Up ◽

Performance Time ◽

Competitive Cyclists

Purpose: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and postactivation potentiation (PAP) are warm-up strategies proposed to improve high-intensity sporting performance. However, only few studies have investigated the benefits of these strategies compared with an appropriate control (CON) or an athlete-selected (SELF) warm-up protocol. Therefore, this study examined the effects of 4 different warm-up routines on 1-km time-trial (TT) performance with competitive cyclists. Methods: In a randomized crossover study, 12 well-trained cyclists (age 32 [10] y, mass 77.7 [4.6] kg, peak power output 1141 [61] W) performed 4 different warm-up strategies—(CON) 17 minutes CON only, (SELF) a self-determined warm-up, (IPC) IPC + CON, or (PAP) CON + PAP—prior to completing a maximal-effort 1-km TT. Performance time and power, quadriceps electromyograms, muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), and blood lactate were measured to determine differences between trials. Results: There were no significant differences (P > .05) in 1-km performance time between CON (76.9 [5.2] s), SELF (77.3 [6.0] s), IPC (77.0 [5.5] s), or PAP (77.3 [5.9] s) protocols. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in mean or peak power output between trials. Finally, electromyogram activity, SmO2, and recovery blood lactate concentration were not different between conditions. Conclusions: Adding IPC or PAP protocols to a short CON warm-up appears to provide no additional benefit to 1-km TT performance with well-trained cyclists and is therefore not recommended. Furthermore, additional IPC and PAP protocols had no effect on electromyograms and SmO2 values during the TT or peak lactate concentration during recovery.

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Acute consumption of a caffeinated energy drink enhances aspects of performance in sprint swimmers

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114515002573 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 114 (6) ◽

pp. 908-914 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Beatriz Lara ◽

Diana Ruiz-Vicente ◽

Francisco Areces ◽

Javier Abián-Vicén ◽

Juan José Salinero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Swimming Performance ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Energy Drink ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

The Hours ◽

Handgrip Test ◽

The Right ◽

Experimental Trials ◽

Ergometer Test

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of a caffeinated energy drink on various aspects of performance in sprint swimmers. In a randomised and counterbalanced order, fourteen male sprint swimmers performed two acute experimental trials after the ingestion of a caffeinated energy drink (3 mg/kg) or after the ingestion of the same energy drink without caffeine (0 mg/kg; placebo). After 60 min of ingestion of the beverages, the swimmers performed a countermovement jump, a maximal handgrip test, a 50 m simulated competition and a 45 s swim at maximal intensity in a swim ergometer. A blood sample was withdrawn 1 min after the completion of the ergometer test. In comparison with the placebo drink, the intake of the caffeinated energy drink increased the height in the countermovement jump (49·4 (sd 5·3) v. 50·9 (sd 5·2) cm, respectively; P<0·05) and maximal force during the handgrip test with the right hand (481 (sd 49) v. 498 (sd 43) N; P<0·05). Furthermore, the caffeinated energy drink reduced the time needed to complete the 50 m simulated swimming competition (27·8 (sd 3·4) v. 27·5 (sd 3·2) s; P<0·05), and it increased peak power (273 (sd 55) v. 303 (sd 49) W; P<0·05) and blood lactate concentration (11·0 (sd 2·0) v. 11·7 (sd 2·1) mm; P<0·05) during the ergometer test. The caffeinated energy drink did not modify the prevalence of insomnia (7 v. 7 %), muscle pain (36 v. 36 %) or headache (0 v. 7 %) during the hours following its ingestion (P>0·05). A caffeinated energy drink increased some aspects of swimming performance in competitive sprinters, whereas the side effects derived from the intake of this beverage were marginal at this dosage.

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Physiological Profile of an Uphill Time Trial in Elite Cyclists

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2016-0768 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 268-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ana B. Peinado ◽

Nuria Romero-Parra ◽

Miguel A. Rojo-Tirado ◽

Rocío Cupeiro ◽

Javier Butragueño ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Power Output ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Time Trial ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Mean Power ◽

Road Cycling ◽

And Performance ◽

Mean Power Output ◽

Elite Cyclists

Context: While a number of studies have researched road-cycling performance, few have attempted to investigate the physiological response in field conditions. Purpose: To describe the physiological and performance profile of an uphill time trial (TT) frequently used in cycling competitions. Methods: Fourteen elite road cyclists (mean ± SD age 25 ± 6 y, height 174 ± 4.2 cm, body mass 64.4 ± 6.1 kg, fat mass 7.48% ± 2.82%) performed a graded exercise test to exhaustion to determine maximal parameters. They then completed a field-based uphill TT in a 9.2-km first-category mountain pass with a 7.1% slope. Oxygen uptake (VO2), power output, heart rate (HR), lactate concentration, and perceived-exertion variables were measured throughout the field-based test. Results: During the uphill TT, mean power output and velocity were 302 ± 7 W (4.2 ± 0.1 W/kg) and 18.7 ± 1.6 km/h, respectively. Mean VO2 and HR were 61.6 ± 2.0 mL · kg−1 · min−1 and 178 ± 2 beats/min, respectively. Values were significantly affected by the 1st, 2nd, 6th, and final kilometers (P < .05). Lactate concentration and perceived exertion were 10.87 ± 1.12 mmol/L and 19.1 ± 0.1, respectively, at the end of the test, being significantly different from baseline measures. Conclusion: The studied uphill TT is performed at 90% of maximum HR and VO2 and 70% of maximum power output. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study assessing cardiorespiratory parameters combined with measures of performance, perceived exertion, and biochemical variables during a field-based uphill TT in elite cyclists.

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High-Intensity Warm-Up Increases Anaerobic Energy Contribution during 100-m Sprint

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10030198 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 198

Author(s):

Seung-Bo Park ◽

Da-Sol Park ◽

Minjun Kim ◽

Eunseok Lee ◽

Doowon Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Intensity ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Young Male ◽

Time Trial ◽

Energy System ◽

Warm Up ◽

Sprint Time ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

And Performance

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of warm-up intensity on energetic contribution and performance during a 100-m sprint. Ten young male sprinters performed 100-m sprints following both a high-intensity warm-up (HIW) and a low-intensity warm-up (LIW). Both the HIW and LIW were included in common baseline warm-ups and interventional warm-ups (eight 60-m runs, HIW; 60 to 95%, LIW; 40% alone). Blood lactate concentration [La−], time trial, and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured. The different energy system contribution was calculated by using physiological variables. [La−1]Max following HIW was significantly higher than in LIW (11.86 ± 2.52 vs. 9.24 ± 1.61 mmol·L−1; p < 0.01, respectively). The 100-m sprint time trial was not significantly different between HIW and LIW (11.83 ± 0.57 vs. 12.10 ± 0.63 s; p > 0.05, respectively). The relative (%) phosphagen system contribution was higher in the HIW compared to the LIW (70 vs. 61%; p < 0.01, respectively). These results indicate that an HIW increases phosphagen and glycolytic system contributions as compared to an LIW for the 100-m sprint. Furthermore, an HIW prior to short-term intense exercise has no effect on a 100-m sprint time trial; however, it tends to improve times (decreased 100-m time trial; −0.27 s in HIW vs. LIW).

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Does Upper-Body Compression Improve 3 × 3-Min Double-Poling Sprint Performance?

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2013-0137 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 48-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Billy Sperlich ◽

Dennis-Peter Born ◽

Christoph Zinner ◽

Anna Hauser ◽

Hans-Christer Holmberg

Keyword(s):

Power Output ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Saturation Index ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Upper Body ◽

Mean Power ◽

Total Blood ◽

Double Poling

Purpose:To evaluate whether upper-body compression affects power output and selected metabolic, cardiorespiratory, hemodynamic, and perceptual responses during three 3-min sessions of double-poling (DP) sprint.Method:Ten well-trained male athletes (25 ± 4 y, 180 ± 4 cm, 74.6 ± 3.2 kg) performed such sprints on a DP ski ergometer with and without a long-sleeved compression garment.Result:Mean power output was not affected by such compression (216 ± 25 W in both cases; P = 1.00, effect size [ES] = 0.00), although blood lactate concentration was lowered (P < .05, ES = 0.50–1.02). Blood gases (ES = 0.07–0.50), oxygen uptake (ES = 0.04–0.28), production of carbon dioxide (ES = 0.01–0.46), heart rate (ES = 0.00–0.21), stroke volume (ES = 0.33–0.81), and cardiac output (ES = 0.20–0.91) were also all unaffected by upper-body compression (best P = 1.00). This was also the case for changes in the tissue saturation index (ES = 0.45–1.17) and total blood content of hemoglobin (ES = 0.09–0.85), as well as ratings of perceived exertion (ES = 0.15–0.88; best P = .96).Conclusion:The authors conclude that the performance of well-trained athletes during 3 × 3-min DP sprints will not be enhanced by upper-body compression.

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The Inclusion of Sprints in Low-Intensity Sessions During the Transition Period of Elite Cyclists Improves Endurance Performance 6 Weeks Into the Subsequent Preparatory Period

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2020-0594 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Madison Taylor ◽

Nicki Almquist ◽

Bent Rønnestad ◽

Arnt Erik Tjønna ◽

Morten Kristoffersen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Power Output ◽

Transition Period ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Training Load ◽

Mean Power ◽

Low Intensity ◽

Preparatory Period ◽

Elite Cyclists

Purpose: To investigate the effects of including repeated sprints in a weekly low-intensity (LIT) session during a 3-week transition period on cycling performance 6 weeks into the subsequent preparatory period (PREP) in elite cyclists. Methods: Eleven elite male cyclists (age = 22.0 [3.8] y, body mass = 73.0 [5.8] kg, height = 186 [7] cm, maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] = 5469 [384] mL·min−1) reduced their training load by 64% and performed only LIT sessions (CON, n = 6) or included 3 sets of 3 × 30-second maximal sprints in a weekly LIT session (SPR, n = 5) during a 3-week transition period. There was no difference in the reduction in training load during the transition period between groups. Physiological and performance measures were compared between the end of the competitive period and 6 weeks into the PREP. Results: SPR demonstrated a 7.3% (7.2%) improvement in mean power output during a 20-minute all-out test at PREP, which was greater than CON (−1.3% [4.6%]) (P = .048). SPR had a corresponding 7.0% (3.6%) improvement in average VO2 during the 20-minute all-out test, which was larger than the 0.7% (6.0%) change in CON (P = .042). No change in VO2max, gross efficiency, or power output at blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L−1 from competitive period to PREP occurred in either group. Conclusion: Including sprints in a weekly LIT session during the transition period of elite cyclists provided a performance advantage 6 weeks into the subsequent PREP, which coincided with a higher performance VO2.

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Physiological and Anthropometric Progression in an International Oarsman: A 15-Year Case Study

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2013-0267 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 723-726 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jan Bourgois ◽

Adelheid Steyaert ◽

Jan Boone

Keyword(s):

Power Output ◽

Olympic Games ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Maximal Power Output ◽

Peak Period ◽

Training Time ◽

General Training ◽

Ergometer Test

Purpose:In this case study, a world-class rower was followed over a period of 15 y in which he evolved from junior to professional athlete.Methods:An incremental exercise test and a 2000-m ergometer test were performed each year in the peak period of the season starting at the age of 16 y. In addition, the training logs of 1 y each as a junior and a senior rower were recorded and analyzed.Results:Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal power output (Pmax), and power output at 4 mmol/L blood lactate concentration increased until the age of 27 and then stabilized at 30 y at 6.0 ± 0.2 L/min, 536 ± 15 W, and 404 ± 22 W, respectively. At the age of 27–28 y the rower also had a career-best 2000-m ergometer test (5′58″) and on-water performance with a 4th place at the Olympic Games (2008) in Beijing and World Championships (2009). At the age of 23 y, the rower trained a total of 6091 km in 48 wk. Of the total training time, 15.4% consisted of general training practices, 23.4% resistance training, and 61.2% specific rowing training.Conclusion:The on-water performance in the World Championships and Olympic Games corresponded closely to the evolution in the rower’s physiological profile and 2000-m ergometer performance. The long-term build-up program resulted in an increase in the physiological parameters up to the age of 27 y and resulted in a 4th position at the 2008 Olympic Games at a body mass of only 86 kg.

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Postexercise heart rate recovery in children: relationship with power output, blood pH, and lactate

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h09-140 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 142-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Martin Buchheit ◽

Pascale Duché ◽

Paul B. Laursen ◽

Sébastien Ratel

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Power Output ◽

Intermittent Exercise ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Primary Component ◽

Mean Power ◽

Age Related ◽

Adolescents And Adults

The aim of the present study was to determine whether differences in age-related heart rate recovery (HRR) kinetics were associated with differences in power output, blood lactate concentration ([La]b), and acidosis among children, adolescents, and adults. Ten prepubertal boys (aged 9.6 ± 0.7 years), 6 pubertal boys (aged 15.2 ± 0.8 years), and 7 men (aged 20.4 ± 1.0 years) performed 10 repeated 10-s all-out cycling sprints, interspersed with 5-min passive recovery intervals. Mean power output (MPO) was measured during each sprint, and HRR, [La]b, and acidosis (pHb) were determined immediately after each sprint. Children displayed a shorter time constant of the primary component of HRR than adolescents and adults (17.5 ± 4.1 vs. 38.0 ± 5.3 and 36.9 ± 4.9 s, p < 0.001 for both), but no difference was observed between adolescents and adults (p = 1.00). MPO, [La]b, and pHb were also lower in children compared with the other 2 groups (p < 0.001 for both). When data were pooled, HRR was significantly correlated with MPO (r = 0.48, p < 0.001), [La]b (r = 0.58, p < 0.001), and pHb (r = –0.60, p < 0.001). Covarying for MPO, [La]b, or pHb abolished the between-group differences in HRR (p = 0.42, p = 0.19, and p = 0.16, respectively). Anaerobic glycolytic contribution and power output explained a significant portion of the HRR variance following high-intensity intermittent exercise. The faster HRR kinetic observed in children appears to be related, at least in part, to their lower work rate and inherent lack of anaerobic metabolic capacity.

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