scholarly journals Towards a Green State: A Comparative Study on OECD Countries through Fuzzy-Set Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taewook Huh ◽  
Yunyoung Kim ◽  
Jiyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Green State ◽  
Measurement Framework ◽  
Membership Score

This study aims to develop an empirical measurement framework of the green state and compare twenty-four OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries’ cases through the fuzzy-set multiple conjunctural analysis and the ideal type analysis. Based on the analysis model of the outcome set (Sustainable Development Goal Index) and the causal sets of seven variables on the four green state categories (‘ecological authoritarian state’, ‘ecological modern state’, ‘ecological democracy state’, and ‘ecological welfare state’), this study reveals the following results. Among OECD member countries, if ones have high environmental tax, high environmental innovation (patent), high economic development and democracy, high levels of environmental governance and social expenditure, or have high economic development and democracy, and high levels of environmental governance and environmental health, they can be seen to have reached a high level of green state (consistency: 0.980, total coverage: 0.675). Also, the thirteen ideal types of green state of twenty-four OECD countries were derived. Norway (fuzzy-set membership score of 0.515) is a country of Type 1, with a characteristic of ‘strong green state’ having all high features of the four green state categories. Greece (membership score, 0.692) and Ireland (0.577) belong to Type 13, characterized by ‘weak green state’ with all four low features. As a result, the green state types of the twenty-four OECD countries can be assorted into five levels: ‘Strong Green State’, ‘Quasi-Strong Green State’, ‘Quasi-Green State’, ‘Quasi-Weak Green State’, and ‘Weak Green State’.

scholarly journals The Time-Series of Energy Mix and Transition: A Comparative Study of OECD Countries through the Fuzzy-Set Analysis

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2992
Author(s):  
Taewook Huh ◽  
Yong-Chan Choi ◽  
Jiyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Energy Mix ◽  
Measurement Framework

This study aims to analyze the global trends of energy mix and energy transition from a chronological view (from Y1995 to Y2015) and identify the actual results based on the empirical findings. It sets up a measurement framework of energy mix (four energy sources: fossil fuel (F), hydroelectric (H), renewable (R), and nuclear (N)), and compares thirty-four Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries’ cases through the fuzzy-set ideal type analysis. In short, twelve ideal types of energy mix of the thirty-four OECD countries were derived in Y1995; eleven ideal types in Y2000, thirteen ideal types in Y2005, twelve ideal types in Y2010, and fifteen ideal types in Y2015, respectively. This study particularly reveals the gradual change of the features of energy transition, although an epoch-making trend of overall energy transition in OECD countries is not identified. For example, from1995 to 2010, in the case of Type 7 (F*h*r*N) with a characteristic of ‘pan-conventional energy-centered mix’ having two high features (F, N), and of Type 8 (F*h*r*n), characterized by ‘fossil fuel-centered energy mix’ with one high feature (F), seven to eight countries were steadily included, but in 2015 there was a significant decrease to four countries (solely Type 7). Throughout the five stages from 1995 to 2015, the type with the largest number of countries (20) was Type 10 (f*H*R*n, ‘pan-renewable energy-centered type’) led by hydroelectric (H) and renewable energy sources (R), followed by the second most, Type 12, (f*H*r*N, ‘hydro & nuclear-centered type’, characterized the high features of H and N) with nineteen countries.

scholarly journals Drivers and Ideal Types towards Energy Transition: Anticipating the Futures Scenarios of OECD Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1441
Author(s):  
Taewook Huh ◽  
Kee-Young Yoon ◽  
I Re Chung
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transition ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Ideal Type ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Measurement Framework ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
The Ideal

This study aims to identify the ideal types of energy transition of the thirty-five Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries and to explore their implications using the fuzzy-set ideal type analysis. It then anticipates the futures scenarios of OECD member countries towards energy transition by placing the ideal type results. In particular, looking at the possibility of the futures towards energy transition, this study attempts to set up the comprehensive measurement framework of energy transition embracing the three key drivers (energy system (E), energy citizenship (S), and digital technology (T)). As a result, the eight OECD countries, including Denmark (fuzzy score 0.889), UK (0.800), and Norway (0.788) belonging to Type 1 (E*S*T) with the all high features of three key drivers, are expected to have ‘Outlier (super-potent) Futures’ of energy transition. The twelve countries of Type 2 (E*S*t), 3 (E*s*T), and 5 (e*S*T) with two high features of three ones will belong to the ‘Best (reformative) Futures’. The five countries of Type 4 (E*s*t), 6 (e*S*t), and 7 (e*s*T) with one high feature among three ones will be located in ‘Business-As-Usual Futures’. Finally, the ten countries, including Hungary (fuzzy score 0.881), Greece (0.716), Israel (0.679) belonging to Type 8 (e*s*t) with all three low features, are expected to have ‘Worst (declined) Futures’ of energy transition.

scholarly journals Triangular Trajectory of Sustainable Development: Panel Analysis of the OECD Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2374
Author(s):  
Taewook Huh ◽  
Yun Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Ecological Modernization ◽  
Panel Analysis ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Social Expenditure

This study analyzes how the three pillars of sustainable development (economic growth, social justice, and environmental protection) have influenced each other for the past twenty-six years (from 1987 to 2013). The relationship between the triangular pillar of SD can be characterized by “ecological modernization”, “eco-socialism”, and the traditional debate between growth and distribution. This paper examined the correlation analysis of the nine representative variables in the three categories, adopting the cases of twenty-six OECD countries. In particular, the panel analysis (PCSE models) was conducted to identify the seven independent determinants affecting both response (dependent) variables and environmental factors (“CO2 emissions” and “renewable electricity output”). In short, during the entire period, the findings reveal that all economic and social variables did not have a positive impact on reducing CO2 emissions. However, the variables of “employment in industry” and “social expenditure” are effected by the increase of renewable electricity output. Consequently, highlighting the detailed findings different for each set period (1987–2013, 1987–2002, and 2003–2013), this study suggests the implications of the analysis result in the light of the theories of ecological modernization and eco-socialism.

Comparing the Arrangements of Governance and Sustainable Development in OECD Countries: Coupled or Decoupled?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Huh Taewook
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type Analysis ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study attempts to analyze to what extent governance and sustainable development (SD) empirically appear compatible in the thirtyfive OECD countries through the fuzzy-set ideal type analysis, and identify which ideal types appear coupled or decoupled, and then reveal which countries belong to the coupled types or to the decoupled types. In short, twenty-two countries (including Sweden (fuzzy score, 0.953), Denmark (0.920), Finland (0.914), Norway (0.911) in Type 1 (G*S, ‘strong G-S coupled countries’); and Turkey (0.906), Greece (0.833), Mexico (0.828) in Type 4 (g*s, ‘lite g-s coupled countries’) are in line with the accepted conventions regarding the compatible relationship between governance and SD. On the other hand, the rest of thirteen countries (including USA (fuzzy score, 0.815), Luxembourg (0.721), Australia (0.660) in Type 2 (G*s, ‘G-s decoupled countries’); and Slovenia (0.728), France (0.644), Czech Rep. (0.625) in Type 3 (g*S, ‘g-S decoupled countries’) may indicate that the relationship of governance and SD is in fact experiencing tensions in the national contexts. These findings are characterized by the substance (of SD) and procedure (of governance) divide. Considering the results, this study focuses on the idea of reflexivity or reflexive capacity.

THE VANISHING EFFECT OF FINANCE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-43
Author(s):  
Klaus Gründler
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Average Effect ◽  
Innovation Projects ◽  
New Ideas

This paper examines the mechanisms that determine the “vanishing effect of finance” on economic growth found in recent studies. Based on both current (171 countries, 1960–2014) and historical (21 OECD countries, 1870–2009) data, the results show that financial development promotes growth in poorer countries by increasing education and investment, and by decreasing fertility. The relevance of these transmission channels declines when countries become richer. The growth effect of the financial sector in high-income countries primarily depends on new ideas and potentials for innovation projects. Consequently, the major decline in factor productivity growth since the early 2000s has contributed to the reduction in the financial sector’s average effect on growth.

scholarly journals Happiness and the role of social protection: how types of social spending affected individuals’ life satisfaction in OECD countries, 1980–2012

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Oda Nordheim ◽  
Pål E. Martinussen
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Individual Determinants ◽  
Negative Impacts

ABSTRACTThe growing literature on individual determinants of subjective well-being has given little attention to political factors. This paper considers the welfare state, and how social expenditure affects individuals’ self-reported life satisfaction. The statistical analysis uses indicators of subjective well-being, reflecting individuals from OECD-countries between 1980 and 2012, with data gathered from the Eurobarometer and the World Values Survey - which are analysed in comparison. The results suggest that social spending should be studied in terms of underlying branches when addressing its implications. The results find social spending to be uncorrelated with levels of subjective well-being when considered in terms of total levels. When considered as types of spending however, a majority of the elements are found to have significant impacts. The findings show mixed results among the two data sets; however, important similarities are found in the way social spending related to health care and poverty are having positive impacts, and spending associated with unemployment and labour market programmes have negative impacts. As the correlations of the underlying elements affect life satisfaction in different directions, total social spending appears to be uncorrelated with subjective well-being, although the true impact depends on which socialpolicies are being promoted through such spending.

Home and Office: Some Trends of Modernization among the Kanya-Kubja Brahmans

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Khare
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Cultural Transformations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
Deductive Theory ◽  
Basic Beliefs

Recently Singer (1966: 497–505), while reviewing a book on economic development and Hinduism, underlined the necessity of recognizing the ‘deficiencies’ of the hypothetico-deductive method in studying social change in India. He alluded to Weber's thesis (ideal-typical relations of the Hindu ‘ethic’ to economic development) and its possible ‘distortions’ under this approach, especially if applied ‘as a basis for quick diagnoses of the ideological and structural factors impeding or facilitating economic development…’ (p. 498), or when applied to a general analysis of the social and cultural ‘transformations’ involved in modernization. He noted two major limitations: first, that under hypothetico-deductive use of ideal types one tries to deduce ‘realistic consequences from basic beliefs, values, motives postulated in isolation from concrete social and cultural contexts’ (p. 501), and second (which is perhaps a related consequence), that when deducing general tendencies, one fails ‘to specify conditions and magnitudes under which the conclusions are valid’ (p. 502). While Singer recognizes that this approach ‘will eventually complement’anthropologists’ narrative, descriptive, and inductive approaches, he stresses that the present need is to accumulate relevant empirical studies of the latter kind, against which we can check the conclusions of hypothetico-deductive theory.

Indicators Forecasting and Empirical Analysis of Regional Economic Development Based on Neural Network

2011 ◽  
Vol 58-60 ◽  
pp. 1154-1161
Author(s):  
Yu Lin Liu ◽  
Jun Qi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Network Method ◽  
Trend Forecasting ◽  
Production Value ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Based on neural network method and by using the relevant social and economic development history index data, this paper establishes the mathematical model and neural network model that is used to predict future land resource demand, and the network is trained by using data from 1992 to 2005. Accordingly, the trend analysis model, which is to predict and analyses the indicators of population, production value, GDP, etc., is also established, and applied to predict the construction land demand from 2010 to 2020. Here, taking the trend forecasting data of the population, production value and GDP as trained network input, it calculates the future land demand. The simulation result of this method is proved to be satisfactory after comparing it with traditional statistical model forecasting results.

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