Household Income Diversification and Food Security: Evidence from Rural and Semi-Urban Areas in Ethiopia

Reducing food insecurity remains a major public policy challenge in developing countries. Food insecurity becomes severe in areas where households highly depend on undiversified livelihoods. However, studies linking household income diversification to food security are limited. This study, therefore, examined the effect of income diversification on food security in the Ambo district, Ethiopia. A survey of rural (n = 175) and semi-urban (n = 175) households was conducted. The Simpson’s index of diversity (SID) was used to measure the level of household income diversity. Food security (access) was measured using the daily calorie consumption (nutrition-based) and the household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) (experience-based) methods. Consequently, we used binary logistic regression and ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation methods to determine the effect of household income diversity on food security. The instrumental variable (IV) method was also employed to overcome an endogeneity bias. The results revealed that the level of household income diversification was low, and the majority of households were food insecure. The binary logistic and the second-stage least square (2SLS) regression results suggested that income diversification contributes significantly and positively to food security in the study areas. Therefore, we conclude that income diversification reduces food insecurity by enhancing households’ access to food.

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KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA TANI PERKOTAAN DAN PERDESAAAN KABUPATEN GUNUNGKIDUL

Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.22146/jae.18031 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Dyah Ayu Widyanitha ◽

Suhatmini Hardyastuti ◽

Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Least Square ◽

Farm Households ◽

Farm Household ◽

Household Food ◽

Food Expenditure

This research is conducted (1) to analyze share offarm householdfood expenditure/or the urban and rural,(2) to analyze the level of urban and rural energy farm household, (3) to analyze the level of household food securityurban and rural farm, (4) to analyze desirable dietary pattern of urban and rural farm household, (5) to understand influencingfactor of score food security farm household. The primary method for this research use descriptive analysis,sampling is done by using simple random method with 25 urban and 25 rural farm household in Gun ungkidu I. The data was analyzed by independent sample t-test and multiplier regression analysis by Ordinary Least Square (OLS).The results showed that (1) the share offarm household food expenditure in urban areas is lower than the share of food expenditure offarm households in rural areas, (2) the adequacy offarm household energy in rural areas is higherthan the farm households in urban area, (3) urban households food secure 20%, vulnerable food 40%, less food 12%, food insecurity 28%, yet rural household food secure 16%, vulnerable food 48%, less food 4%, food insecurity 32%,(4) food pattern expectations farm households in urban areas are not higher than the expectation of food patterns in rural areas, (5) factors that positively affect the food security of farm households are farm household income andlocation (urban and rural).

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Carencia alimentaria en municipios de Veracruz (2010 y 2015)

UVserva ◽

10.25009/uvserva.v0i9.2622 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 35-46

Author(s):

Lol ki Itzel López Galindo ◽

Citlalli Aburto Guzmán ◽

Cecilia Sofía Cortés Salazar ◽

María Magdalena Álvarez Ramírez

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Food Deficit ◽

Para Determinar ◽

Access To Food

Los hogares con carencia alimentaria se definen como aquellos que presentan inseguridad alimentaria moderada o severa. Este indicador fue medido para los municipios de Veracruz, por Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) en los años 2010 y 2015. Los resultados fueron analizados estadísticamente en el presente trabajo para determinar tendencias, encontrando lo siguiente: el 46%, que equivale a 97 municipios, presentaron una disminución en la carencia por acceso a la alimentación mientras que el 54% (115 municipios) aumentaron en este indicador. Los municipios que presentaron mayor porcentaje de población en carencia en 2010, disminuyeron en 2015. Sin embargo para ese año (2015) en todos los municipios de Veracruz existió población con inseguridad alimentaria moderada o severa, por lo que se propone se considere una emergencia alimentaria cuando el 50% o más de la población presente inseguridad alimentariaPalabras clave: Seguridad alimentaria, carencia, ELCSA. Households with food deficit are defined as those with moderate or severe food insecurity. This indicator was measured for the municipalities of Veracruz, by CONEVAL (Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social) , in the years 2010 and 2015. The outcomes were statistically analyzed to determinate new tendencies, finding the following results: 46% which is equivalent to 97 communities, showed a decrease in the lack of access to food while 54% (115 municipalities) increased in this indicator. The municipalities that presented the highest percentage of population in need in 2010 decreased in 2015. However, for that year (2015), in all the municipalities of Veracruz there was a population with moderate or severe food insecurity, so it is proposed to consider a food emergency when 50% or more of the population has food insecurity.Keywords: Food Security, food deficit, ELCSA.

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Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Predictors of Food Insecurity in Australia during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092682 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2682 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katherine Kent ◽

Sandra Murray ◽

Beth Penrose ◽

Stuart Auckland ◽

Denis Visentin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Insecurity ◽

Household Income ◽

Short Form ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

University Education ◽

Household Food Security ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Household Food ◽

Vulnerable Households

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated economic vulnerabilities and disrupted the Australian food supply, with potential implications for food insecurity. This study aims to describe the prevalence and socio-demographic associations of food insecurity in Tasmania, Australia, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional survey (deployed late May to early June 2020) incorporated the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form, and fifteen demographic and COVID-related income questions. Survey data (n = 1170) were analyzed using univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression. The prevalence of food insecurity was 26%. The adjusted odds of food insecurity were higher among respondents with a disability, from a rural area, and living with dependents. Increasing age, a university education, and income above $80,000/year were protective against food insecurity. Food insecurity more than doubled with a loss of household income above 25% (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 2.02; 95% CI: 1.11, 3.71; p = 0.022), and the odds further increased with loss of income above 75% (AOR: 7.14; 95% CI: 2.01, 24.83; p = 0.002). Our results suggest that the prevalence of food insecurity may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among economically vulnerable households and people who lost income. Policies that support disadvantaged households and ensure adequate employment opportunities are important to support Australians throughout and post the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The Effects of Types of Residence and Nutrition Knowledge on Food Insecurity Status Among Syrian Refugees Residing in the State of Florida

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_106 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 901-901

Author(s):

Racha Sankar ◽

Adriana Campa ◽

Florence George ◽

Justina Owusu ◽

Catherine Coccia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Nutrition Knowledge ◽

The State ◽

Syrian Refugees ◽

Exact Test ◽

Fisher's Exact Test ◽

Fisher’S Exact Test

Abstract Objectives As a recently arrived vulnerable population, food insecurity might be associated with types of residence and nutrition knowledge among Syrian refugees residing in the State of Florida. We assessed the relationship between food insecurity status, types of residence and nutrition knowledge among Syrian refugees in Florida. Methods In one-on-one sessions, the assessments of nutrition knowledge and food insecurity were completed in 80 households (n = 80, 43 in rural area, 37 in urban area). The outcome measures included demographics, types of residence, food insecurity status, the levels of food insecurity, and nutrition knowledge. Results Of the 80 households, 20% were food secure while 80% of households experienced food insecurity at different levels. Fisher's exact test showed significant differences between the levels of food insecurity in rural and urban areas, P = 0.02. The mean nutrition knowledge score (42.0 ± 13.6) indicated that Syrian refugees had fair nutrition knowledge. Fisher's exact test showed marginal differences between the levels of food insecurity in households with different nutrition knowledge, P = 0.08. The results of our multivariate logistic regression model showed that types of residence had an inverse significant effect on food security, which remained significant after controlling for nutrition knowledge. Syrian refugees in rural areas had 78.4 greater odds of being food insecure compared with urban areas, odds ratio = 0.216, 95% CI: 0.06–0.777, P = 0.02. Conclusions Food insecurity was experienced by 80% of our participants. It was estimated that Syrian refugees had fair nutrition knowledge. Geographical location, types of residence, is a determinant for food insecurity status; Syrian refugees residing in rural areas are more likely to be food insecure compared with urban areas. Greater nutrition knowledge might increase the likelihood of food security among Syrian refugee households. Increasing sample size may be recommended to support our findings. Funding Sources Personal funding.

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Accessibility of summer meals and the food insecurity of low-income households with children

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980016000033 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 2079-2089 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Daniel P Miller

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Low Income ◽

Urban Areas ◽

California Health Interview Survey ◽

Lower Probability ◽

Geographic Accessibility ◽

Households With Children ◽

The Impact ◽

Low Income Households

AbstractObjectiveAlmost no previous research has examined the impact of the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Summer Food Service Program and related Seamless Summer Option, which provide meals and snacks to low-income children over the summer. The present study investigated whether geographic accessibility of summer meals programme sites (a proxy for programme participation) was associated with food insecurity for low-income households.DesignThe study used data from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) and administrative data on summer meals sites in California. Geocoding was used to calculate driving time between CHIS households and nearby summer meals sites. Geographic accessibility was measured using a gravity model, which accounted for the spatially distributed supply of and demand for summer meals. Food insecurity and very low food security were measured using a standard six-item measure from the USDA.SubjectsLow-income families with children (n5394).SettingA representative surveillance study of non-institutionalized households in California.ResultsGeographic accessibility was not associated with food insecurity. However, geographic accessibility was associated with a significantly lower probability of very low food security in the full sample and among households with younger children and those living in less urban areas.ConclusionsThe USDA’s summer meals programme may be effective at reducing the most severe form of food insecurity for low-income households with children. Expanding the number of summer meals sites, the number of meals served at sites and sites’ hours of operation may be effective strategies to promote nutritional health over the summer months.

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Social protection for poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged groups

China Agricultural Economic Review ◽

10.1108/caer-09-2015-0123 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 668-687 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Joanna Brzeska ◽

Mousumi Das ◽

Shenggen Fan

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Social Protection ◽

Poor People ◽

Content Type ◽

Disadvantaged Groups ◽

China And India ◽

Protection Systems ◽

Social Protection Systems

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the pathways through which social protection policies in China and India can address the key challenges facing poor, vulnerable, and disadvantaged groups under rapid transformation in both countries. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews the main social protection policies in China and India and analyzes the challenges that they are facing. This analysis is based on an evaluation of poverty and food security trends in both countries among vulnerable and disadvantaged groups followed by an overview of major experiences and gaps in social protection policies in the two emerging Asian giants. Findings – Improving the coverage and targeting of social protection systems is vital, and will require a multi-faceted reform portfolio that promotes more integrated and horizontally equitable systems. Emphasis should be placed on developing productive, cross-sectoral social protection programs that combine short-term social safety support with long-term tools to enhance productivity, paying special attention to nutrition, health, and human capital development. More efficient coverage and targeting should bridge the rural and urban divide and be grounded in transparent criteria and procedures that govern program implementation at all levels of the government. As both countries become more urbanized, social protection programs need to give equal attention to emerging food insecurity and nutrition issues within urban areas without detracting from food security and nutrition efforts in rural areas. Originality/value – Faced with a sizable population of undernourished and poor people, India and China have applied rather different approaches to address food insecurity. The originality and value of this paper lie in an in-depth parallel analysis of how China and India can better use their social protection systems to address food insecurity and undernutrition among poor, vulnerable, and disadvantaged groups.

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Household Characteristics and Food Security in Low-Income Urban Areas of South Africa

MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS REVIEW ◽

10.24818/mer/2021.12-08 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 263-276

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Low Income ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Household Head ◽

Household Size ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽

Gauteng Province ◽

Food Markets

In South Africa, food security at the household level is an issue still needing empirical attention. This study conducts an empirical analysis on the effect of household size, income of household head, gender of household head, location of the household, and distance from food markets on food security in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. A binary logistic regression model is estimated to analyze determinants of food security from 900 households randomly selected from three townships of Gauteng Province, South Africa. Data was collected using a survey questionnaire, with food security measured by the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. This study shows that the income of the household head promotes food security while household size and location of the household contribute to food insecurity. Our results also show that the gender of the household head is essential in maintaining sustainable levels of food security. Furthermore, it was found that the distance from food markets neither makes households food secure nor insecure. This study validates that matriarchal households exhibited comparatively greater food security than male-headed households. The findings of this study are essential in formulating policy on food security in low-income areas.

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The Impact of Land Conversion on Income and Food Security Status For Farmer Households in 5 Villages in Temon Sub-District, Kulon Progo District, 2017

JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) ◽

10.22146/jkap.28199 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 180

Author(s):

Anisa Nurpita ◽

Latri Wihastuti ◽

Ike Yuli Andjani

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Household Income ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Primary Data ◽

Land Conversion ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Food Security Status ◽

Household Incomes ◽

The Impact

Preparation for the construction and development of NYIA airport in Temon sub district, Kulon Progo district, D.I. Yogyakarta province has caused displacement of people for their land, including farmers. Farmers affected are located in five villages that include Jankaran, Palihan, Sindutan, Glagah and Kebon Rejo. The objective of this resrarch is to analyze the impact of land conversion on farmer household incomes and food security status. The research used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaire. Analysis of data was based on descriptive statistics and test of differences between paired samples. Results showed that land conversion has had a negative and significant influence on incomes of affected farmer households. The decline in household income of farmers in 5 villages in Temon sub district among other factors, is attributable to the reduction in farming land. Secondly, consequently, loss of farmer household income aggravated the vulnerability of the affected households to food insecurity. The number of farmer households that experienced food insecurity increased from 87 percent of all farmer households prior to land conversion to 90 percent after land conversion. Conclusions formed the basis for several policy recommendations to mitigate and if possible overcome the problem.

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Analisis Pengaruh Variabel-Variabel Makroekonomi terhadap Tingkat Pengembalian di Pasar Modal Periode 2000 -2011 dengan Membandingkan Hasil Estimasi OLS, GLS dan MLE

Binus Business Review ◽

10.21512/bbr.v5i1.1215 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 267

Author(s):

Sari Minjari Damayanti

Keyword(s):

Stock Market ◽

Stock Returns ◽

Consumer Price Index ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Least Square ◽

Rate Of Return ◽

Estimation Methods ◽

Estimation Accuracy ◽

Macroeconomic Variables ◽

Macro Variables

The factors in macroeconomic gives enormous influence on the fluctuation rate of return on stocks that is reflected in the stock price movement in the stock market. Movements in excess of the normal state, such as those caused by the global economic crisis, from the macro variables will create specific shocks on the capital markets, which will affect the value of the return on stocks in the capital market. To determine the effect of the factors or macroeconomic variables on the return of the index shares on BEI, empirical tests are accurately performed on these variables. This study has two main objectives: first to test how much the influence of macroeconomic variables on the return of the shares in the Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI). Second, empirical research testing of variables using three different estimation methods, namely, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Generalized Least Square (GLS) and Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) to find out how much the estimation accuracy of the three methods. The empirical result shows that there is a significant relationship between composite stock returns BEI and three macroeconomic variables, the consumer price index (inflation rate), exchange rate and interest rate of SBI. These results indicate that the three macro variables that affect the rate of return on the stock market.

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Socio-Economic Characteristics of Farming Community and Food Security Situation in Punjab, Pakistan

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v9n8p130 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 130

Author(s):

Bushra Pervaiz ◽

Ninghui Li ◽

Muhammad Qasim Manzoor ◽

Muhammad Yaseen

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Food Prices ◽

Demand Side ◽

Daily Consumption ◽

Household Level ◽

Farming Community ◽

Punjab Province ◽

Access To Food

Despite the availability of ample food and reasonably low food prices, food insecurity prevailed in many developing countries in 1970s. The paradigm shift in 1980s from supply to demand side of food security underlined the entitlement or access to food as the center of mainstream research. Current study is the findings of the data collected from household level survey regarding socio-economic and food insecurity conditions in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The descriptive analysis and cross tabulation of the household data revealed that household assets, house building material, size of agricultural farms, ownership of tractor, farm livestock were associated with food security conditions of the farming community. The data results also confirmed that the poorer families made major expenditure on the food out of total household expenditure every month. It was also revealed that households in the irrigated regions of Punjab have better entitlement as compared with households surveyed from Thal (desert) and rain-fed regions. The daily consumption of eggs, milk and various forms of meat was found below daily recommended nutritional requirements in most of the households. This study confirms the findings of the earlier surveys made in this regard and highlights the demand side of food insecurity issues in Punjab province of Pakistan. Food security policies in Pakistan should focus entitlement and food access of farming households. The household and farm assets need to be built for reducing vulnerability of poorer farming community to food insecurity in Pakistan.

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