scholarly journals Pathways to Carbon-Neutral Cities Prior to a National Policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jani Laine ◽  
Jukka Heinonen ◽  
Seppo Junnila
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Carbon Neutral ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City

Some cities have set carbon neutrality targets prior to national or state-wide neutrality targets, which makes the shift to carbon neutrality more difficult, as the surrounding system does not support this. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate different options for a progressive city to reach carbon neutrality in energy prior to the surrounding system. The study followed the C40 Cities definition of a carbon-neutral city and used the City of Vantaa in Finland as a progressive case aiming for carbon neutrality by 2030, five years before the national target for carbon neutrality. The study mapped the carbon neutrality process based on City documents and national statistics, and validated it through process-owner interviews. It was identified that most of the measures in the carbon neutrality process were actually outside the jurisdiction of the City, which outsources the responsibility for the majority of carbon neutrality actions to either private properties or national actors with broader boundaries. The only major measure in the City’s direct control was the removal of carbon emissions from municipal district heat production, which potentially represent 30% of the City’s reported carbon emissions and 58% of its energy-related carbon emissions. Interestingly, the City owns electricity production capacity within and beyond the city borders, but it doesn’t allocate it for itself. Allocation would significantly increase the control over the City’s own actions regarding carbon neutrality. Thus, it is proposed that cities aiming for carbon neutrality should promote and advance allocable carbon-free energy production, regardless of geographical location, as one of the central methods of achieving carbon neutrality.

scholarly journals From Nearly Zero Energy to Carbon-Neutral: Case Study of a Hospitality Building

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 10148
Author(s):  
Francesco Causone ◽  
Anita Tatti ◽  
Andrea Alongi
Keyword(s):  
Operational Definition ◽  
Explicit Calculation ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Urban Buildings ◽  
Zero Energy Building ◽  
Carbon Neutral ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City

In recent years, many cities around the world have pledged to upgrade their building stocks to carbon-neutral. However, the literature does not yet provide a shared definition of carbon-neutral building (CNB), and the assessment objectives and methodological approaches are vague and fragmented. Starting from the available standards and scientific literature on life cycle assessment (LCA), this paper advances an operational definition for CNB on the basis of an explicit calculation approach. It then applies the definition to an urban case study, comparing it against a state-of-the-art nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) scenario, with the intent of highlighting the major practical limitations connected to the application of a methodologically sound carbon neutrality calculation. The case study shows that carbon neutral objectives can hardly be achieved by single urban buildings because of the lack of spaces that can provide onsite carbon offsetting actions. Carbon neutrality may be better approached at the city, regional, or national scales, where overarching policies may be defined.

scholarly journals Exploring Carbon Neutral Potential in Urban Densification: A Precinct Perspective and Scenario Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4814
Author(s):  
Bin Huang ◽  
Ke Xing ◽  
Stephen Pullen ◽  
Lida Liao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Scenario Analysis ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Carbon Neutral ◽  
Carbon Performance

Decarbonising the urban built environment for reaching carbon neutrality is high on the agenda for many cities undergoing rapid expansion and densification. As an important urban form, precincts have been increasingly focused on as the context for urban redevelopment planning and at the forefront for trialling carbon reduction measures. However, due to interplays between the built forms and the occupancy, the carbon performance of a precinct is significantly affected by morphological variations, demographical changes, and renewable energy system deployment. Despite much research on the development of low-carbon precincts, there is limited analysis on aggregated effects of population growth, building energy efficiency, renewable energy penetration, and carbon reduction targets in relation to precinct carbon signature and carbon neutral potential for precinct redevelopment and decarbonisation planning. In this paper, an integrated carbon assessment model, including overall precinct carbon emissions and carbon offset contributed by precinct-scale renewable energy harvesting, is developed and applied to examine the lifecycle carbon signature of urban precincts. Using a case study on a residential precinct redevelopment, scenario analysis is employed to explore opportunities for decarbonising densification development and the carbon neutral potential. Results from scenario analysis indicate that redevelopment of buildings with higher-rated energy efficiency and increase of renewable energy penetration can have a long term positive impact on the carbon performance of urban precincts. Meanwhile, demographical factors in precinct evolution also have a strong influence on a precinct’s carbon neutral potential. Whilst population size exerts upward pressure on total carbon emissions, changes in family types and associated consumption behaviour, such as travelling, can make positive contributions to carbon reduction. The analysis also highlights the significance of embodied carbon to the total carbon signature and the carbon reduction potential of a precinct during densification, reinforcing the notion that “develop with less” is as important as carbon offsetting measures for decarbonising the precinct toward carbon neutrality.

Environment/Economy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Oluf Emerson ◽  
Kevin T. Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Carbon Neutral ◽  
The City

In chapter 6, we discuss in six parts how the environment and the economy stack up against each other. First, we show how the cities, until very recently, have had similar energy histories. Second, we detail how Houstonians have similar rates of pro-environmental views compared to Copenhageners, but more specific questions, such as about climate change, show that they are less committed than it might otherwise appear. Third, we inspect Copenhagen’s ambitious carbon neutral plan, and Houston’s plan for its government to reduce risky emissions. Fourth, we measure the levels of carbon emissions in the city, finding that they are much higher in Houston than Copenhagen. Fifth, we analyze the environmental implications of the city’s new waste initiatives. Sixth, we study recent responses to natural disasters in the cities. Across these six parts, we find that Copenhagen has a more sincere commitment to the environment than Houston does.

scholarly journals The Contact Between Dialects of Mid - Kirmanji Accent in Koya City

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-543
Author(s):  
Darya Hamad
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Research Area ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

The title of this research is (the contact between dialects of mid - Kirmanji accent in Koya City). The reason behind selecting this research is that this subject and the title are new; there are few researches on this topic. In this research, we want to explain this linguistic phenomenon; the purpose is to explain these contacts that takes place between the dialect of Koya City and other mid - Kirmanji dialects. This linguistic phenomenon is apparent in Koya due to the geographical location of the city. Our research method is analytical and descriptive. The martials of our research are words, expressions and sentences spoken by people in the research area. The content of this research comprises of an introduction and three parts. In the first part, we talk about language, dialect, concepts and definition of dialect, Kurdish accents, the concepts, definitions and the types of contact. The second part is about the reason we chose Koya as an example. Also, we clarify the reason led to the contact between the dialects in the research area. In the third part, we give examples practically and present the contact of the dialects within the context of these examples, in the fields of syntax, phonology, morphology and dictionary. This research ends with conclusions and the list of references.

Dancing Women of New Orleans

Walking Raddy ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 195-202
Author(s):  
DeriAnne Meilleur Honora
Keyword(s):  
New Orleans ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Mardi Gras ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Alter Ego ◽  
The City ◽  
Baby Doll

This chapter defines Mardi Gras Baby Dolls of the Seventh Ward. It begins with a definition of the Seventh Ward and its geographical location. It then touches on the epitome of a Baby Doll, who they were as people, as well their alter ego when they masked. These women were regular New Orleanians who defied gender norms and tested boundaries of the time. These women were both liked and disliked by many throughout the city. This chapter also highlights the Mardi Gras Skeletons and their significance. Also included is a host of interviews of New Orleanians and their variety of perceptions of these colorful women.

scholarly journals Implementation of Big Data Analytics for Simulating, Predicting & Optimizing the Solar Energy Production

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Jabar Yousif
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Overall Performance

The notable developments in renewable energy facilities and resources help reduce the cost of production and increase production capacity. Therefore, developers in renewable energy evaluate the overall performance of the various equipment, methods, and structure and then determine the optimal variables for the design of energy production systems. Variables include equipment characteristics and quality, geographical location, and climatic variables such as solar irradiance, temperature, humidity, dust, etc. This paper investigated and reviewed the current big data methods and tools in solar energy production. It discusses the comprehensive two-stage design and evaluation for examining the optimal structure for renewable energy systems. In the design stage, technical and economic aspects are discussed based on a robust analysis of all input/output variables for determining the highest performance. Next, assess and evaluate the effectiveness of each method under different circumstances conditions. Then convert each qualitative indicator into a quantitative measure using extensive data analysis methods to determine the overall performance of the various qualitative variables. The paper also provides an in-depth analysis of the mathematical techniques used in measuring the efficiency of the renewable energy production system and discussing future axes of work in the field of specific energy.

scholarly journals A scenario analysis of Chinese Carbon Neutral based on STIRPAT & System Dynamic model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wen ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Zhao Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Carbon Neutral ◽  
Carbon Peak

Abstract With the statement of Chinese government on energy saving in 2020 at the United Nations General Assembly, carbon neutral was widely spread as a new concept. As a big country, China has the responsibility and obligation to make its own contribution to global climate change. This paper aims to explore and find effective ways for China to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. We identify the main factors affecting carbon emissions by STIRPAT model, combined with the scenarios analysis we divide the year 2020 to 2060 into three stages： year 2020-2030 is Carbon Peak stage, year 2030-2050 is Rapid Emission Reduction stage, year 2050-2060 is Complete Carbon Neutralization stage. At each stage, three development models, high, medium and low level, were established. A total of 27 different scenarios in three stages. A system dynamics model was established to simulate the effects of carbon emission factors and changes in carbon sinks in different scenarios. Finally, 8 paths were found which in line with Chinese current goal of achieving carbon neutrality with treating reach Carbon peak in 2030 as an additional filter condition. Comparing per capita GDP levels in different scenarios, we eventually find that keep economic development at a low level in the first stage, a high level in the second stage and a medium level in the finally stage, the point where net carbon emissions are less than zero for the first time will appear between year 2056-2057.By then, the per capita GDP will reach 144,500 yuan (based on year 2000), nearly four times 2000’s. In all, these findings are helpful for policymakers to implement reasonable policies to achieve carbon emission peaking & carbon neutral in China.

scholarly journals Carbon Neutral Roadmap of Commercial Building Operations by Mid-Century: Lessons from China

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 510
Author(s):  
Shufan Zhang ◽  
Xiwang Xiang ◽  
Zhili Ma ◽  
Minda Ma ◽  
Chenchen Zou
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Operations And Maintenance ◽  
Carbon Neutral ◽  
Industry Sectors ◽  
Carbon Peak

Carbon neutrality has positive impacts on people, nature and the economy, and buildings represent the “last mile” sector in the transition to carbon neutrality. Carbon neutrality is characterized by the decarbonization of operations and maintenance, in addition to zero emissions in electricity and other industry sectors. Taking China’s commercial buildings as an example, this study is the first to perform an extensive data analysis for a step-wise carbon neutral roadmap of building operations via the analysis of a dynamic emission scenario. The results reveal that the carbon emissions abatement of commercial building operations from 2001 to 2018 was 1460.85 (±574.61) mega-tons of carbon dioxide (Mt CO2). The carbon emissions of commercial building operations will peak in the year 2039 (±5) at 1364.31 (±258.70) Mt, with emission factors and energy intensity being the main factors influencing the carbon peak. To move toward carbon neutral status, an additional 169.73 Mt CO2 needs to be cut by 2060, and the low emission path toward carbon neutrality will lead to the realization of the carbon peak of commercial buildings in 2024, with total emissions of 921.71 Mt. It is believed that cutting emissions from the operation of buildings in China will require a multi-sectoral synergistic strategy. It is suggested that government, residents, enterprises, and other stakeholders must better appreciate the challenges to achieve a substantial carbon reduction and the need for urgent action in the building sector in order to achieve carbon neutrality.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF THE CAPITAL OF UKRAINE - THE HERO CITY OF KYIV AS A GUARANTEE OF THE RIGHTS OF CITIZENS OF UKRAINE AND THE TERRITORIAL COMMUNITY OF THE CITY

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksii Chepov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
City Councils ◽  
The Social ◽  
District Management ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The qualitative and clear definition of the legal regime of the capital of Ukraine, the hero city of Kyiv, is influenced by its legislative enshrinement, however, it should be noted that discussions are ongoing and one of the reasons for the unclear legal status of the capital is the ambiguity of current legislation in this area. Separation of the functions of the city of Kyiv, which are carried out to ensure the rights of citizens of Ukraine and the functions that guarantee the rights of the territorial community of the city of Kyiv. In the modern world, in legal doctrine and practice, the capital is understood as the capital of the country, which at the legislative level received this status and, accordingly, is the administrative and political center of the state, which houses the main state bodies and diplomatic missions of other states. It is the identification of the boundaries of the relationship between the competencies of state administrations and local self-government, in practice, often raises questions about their delimitation and ways of regulatory solution. Peculiarities of local self-government in Kyiv city districts are defined in the provisions of the Law on the Capital, which reveal the norms of the Constitution in these legal relations, according to which the issue of organizing district management in cities belongs to city councils. Likewise, it is unregulated by law to lose the particularity of the legal status of the territory of the city. It should be emphasized that the subject of administrative-legal relations is not a certain administrative-territorial entity, but the social group is designated - the territorial community of the city of Kiev, kiyani. Thus, the provisions on the city of Kyiv partially ignore the potential of the territorial community.

CONCEPT OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF A KEY PUBLIC SPACE (USING THE EXAMPLE OF «ALLEY OF ARCHITECTS», VORONEZH)

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
С. Л. Подвальный ◽  
О. А. Сотникова ◽  
Я. А. Золотухина
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Territory Design ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Technologies ◽  
Intensive Growth

Постановка задачи. В настоящее время формирование современной комфортной городской среды приобретает особое социально-экономическое значение и выдвигается в число приоритетных государственных масштабных программ. В связи с этим необходимо разработать концепцию благоустройства ключевого общественного пространства, а именно: определить основные и сопутствующие функции данной территории, создать эскизное предложение проекта благоустройства с учетом всех необходимых норм и стандартов, внедрить современные технологии. Результаты. Выполнен эскизный дизайн-проект «Аллеи архитекторов» по ул. Орджоникидзе г. Воронеж, включающий в себя основные элементы по зонированию территории, проектированию акцентных объектов и внедрению инновационных технологий «умного города», позволяющих повысить уровень комфорта горожан. Выводы. Благоустройство населенных мест приобретает особое значение в условиях дискомфорта среды. С выполнением комплекса мероприятий, направленных на благоустройство, и с внедрением современных технологий значительно улучшается экологическое состояние, внешний облик города. Оздоровление и модернизация среды, которая окружает человека в городе, благотворно влияет на психофизическое состояние, что особенно важно в период интенсивного роста городов. Statement of the problem. Currently the formation of the modern comfortable urban environment is gaining a special social and economic value and moving forward in the priorities of state large-scale programs. The purpose of development of the concept of improvement of public space is definition of the main and accompanying functions of this territory, design of the outline offer of the project of improvement considering all necessary norms and standards and implementation of modern technologies. Results. The conceptual project of “Alley of Architects” includes the basic elements of territory zoning, design of accent objects and implementation of technologies of a “smart-city”. These elements allow one to increase the level of comfort of inhabitants. Conclusions. Improvement of the inhabited places is of particular importance in the conditions of discomfort of the environment. Carrying out a complex of the actions directed to gardening and improvement, introducing modern technologies, the ecological condition, the physical appearance of the city considerably improves. Improvement and modernization of the environment which surrounds the person in the city influences a psychophysical state well that especially important during intensive growth of the cities.

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