scholarly journals Bionomics of the African Apefly (Spalgis lemolea) as A Potential Natural Enemy of the Papaya Mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3155
Author(s):  
Sayuni P. Nasari ◽  
Anna C. Treydte ◽  
Patrick A. Ndakidemi ◽  
Ernest R. Mbega
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Development Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Blotter Paper

The African apefly (Spalgis lemolea Druce) is a potential natural enemy of the papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink). We studied the life history of apeflies in the laboratory at a temperature of 25–27 °C and a relative humidity of 55%–65% under a 12 h photoperiod condition. The papaya mealybugs and apefly larvae were collected from papaya plants in Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania. The papaya mealybugs were introduced and allowed to multiply on potted sprouting potato plants in screened cages. In order to study the life cycle and predation of apeflies, an apefly egg was placed on an open screen-covered petri dish containing a moist blotter paper and observed for larva emergence. After the apefly larva emergence, a mixture of mealybug eggs (up to 1500), nymphs (200–250) and adults (100–150) was introduced in the petri dish each day and the consumption rate by the apefly larvae was quantified until the larvae reached pupal stage. Then, the apefly adults were collected and put into cages 30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm containing cotton wool soaked in water, for observation of pre-mating, mating, egg-laying and life span. Results indicate that the apefly completed its life cycle in 23 days. The mean development period of the eggs was four days and the development period for the larva, pre-pupa, and pupa was nine, one and ten days respectively. The adult apefly emerged after 9 days of the pupa stage with mean body lengths of 10.1 ± 0.4 mm and 11.0 ± 0.8 mm for the males and females, respectively. The female laid an average of 68 eggs in groups of two to seven at different sites after 4–5 days of emergence. In this study one apefly larva was capable of consuming about 1983 ± 117, 123 ± 6 and 80 ± 9 papaya mealybug eggs, nymphs and adults respectively during larval stage. These results reveal the predatory potential of the apefly in suppressing the population of papaya mealybugs under field conditions.

scholarly journals Natural history of Ctenus medius Keyserling, 1891 (Araneae, Ctenidae) I: observations on habitats and the development of chromatic patterns

2000 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. ALMEIDA ◽  
E. F. RAMOS ◽  
E. GOUVÊA ◽  
M. do CARMO-SILVA ◽  
J. COSTA
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural History ◽  
National Park ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Mata Atlântica ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
History Of ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Phoneutria Nigriventer

Ctenus medius Keyserling, 1891 is a common species in several spots of Mata Atlântica, however there is a great lack of studies in all aspects of its natural history. This work aims to elucidate aspects of ecotope preference compared to large spiders, and to provide data on the development of chromatic patterns during its life cycle. The observations on the behavior of C. medius were done in the campus of Centro Universitário de Barra Mansa (UBM) by means of observations and nocturnal collections using cap lamps. For observations on the development of chromatic patterns, spiderlings raised in laboratory, hatched from an oviposition of a female from campus of UBM, and others spiderlings collected in field were used. The field observations indicate that: C. medius seems to prefer ecotopes characterized by dense shrub vegetation or herbal undergrowth; Lycosa erythrognatha and L. nordeskioldii seems to prefer open sites; Phoneutria nigriventer seems to prefer shrub vegetation and anthropogenic ecotopes as rubbish hills; Ancylometes sp. seems to prefer ecotopes near streams. Concerning chromatic patterns, it was observed that males and females show well distinct patterns during the last two instars, allowing distinction by sex without the use of a microscope. Through chromatic patterns it was also possible to draw a distinction between C. medius and C. ornatus longer that 3 mm cephalothorax width. 69 specimens of C. medius (males and females) collected in the campus of UBM did not show a striking polymorphism in chromatic pattern, but one among 7 adult females collected in National Park of Itatiaia, showed a distinct chromatic pattern.

The Biology of the Sudan Bollworm, Diparopsis watersi (Roths.), in the Gash Delta, Sudan

1958 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Tunstall
Keyword(s):  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Eastern Sudan

Diparopsis watersi (Roths.) is a serious pest of the cotton crop in the Gash Delta of the eastern Sudan. The climate and method of cotton cultivation are described briefly and a general account of the incidence of D. watersi during the season is given. Earlier work in the Sudan on this bollworm was mainly centred in the Northern Province and there is little information on the history of its occurrence in the Gash Delta. The aspects of its biology considered here include its egg-laying and larval habits, and duration of the pupal stage.The majority of eggs were laid on the younger and more accessible plant growth. The period of wandering in search of food after eclosion from the egg was of short duration with normal egg placement, the emerging larvae had little difficulty in finding suitable food, and mortality from failure to do so was low on healthy plants. Depth of pupation did not vary greatly with soil type; the majority of pupae were found within one inch of the soil surface, and none at a depth greater than three inches. Only when the soil was a heavy clay that had baked hard following the rains, did the emerging moths have difficulty in passing through it and ascending to the surface.The proportion of larvae forming diapause pupae increased amongst field-collected larvae as the season advanced, and in successive generations bred in an insectary from the non-diapause fractions of the preceding generations, but at no time was there a complete cessation in the production of non-diapause pupae and infestations persisted as long as there was actively growing cotton. This persistent activity in the Gash Delta is contrasted with the restriction of D. watersi to a six months' season in Nigeria. The emergence of moths from diapause pupae was not completed during the season following that of pupation, but extended for at least two further seasons; approximately 35 per cent, of the total diapause pupal population was still alive and present in the soil after the first season's emergence. In any one season the emergence was bimodal, the two peaks of emergence, which were of similar magnitude, occurring in September-October and mid-November to mid-January. When diapause pupae were kept in the laboratory and thus exposed to less extreme temperatures than in the field, the emergence was distinctly unimodal, with maximum emergence during September. The bimodal emergence observed in the field is considered to be a result of external environmental factors that inhibit pupal development at certain times of year, and emergence data from diapause pupae exposed to different climatic conditions suggest that high soil temperatures are such a factor. The pattern of moth emergence from diapause pupae in the Gash Delta is compared with that found in Nigeria and Nyasaland.Natural mortality of D. watersi is discussed, and certain larval parasites, notably an un-named species of Apanteles of the ultor Reinh. group, and Bracon brevicornis Wesm., are considered to be of importance.The study of the biology of D. watersi has emphasised the difficulties in controlling this bollworm, and stressed the importance of attempting to destroy it in the diapause state, preferably during the “ dead ” season. It is considered that mechanical cultivation, of the soil may provide a means to that end.

Avian hosts, prevalence and larval life history of the ectoparasitic fly Passeromyia longicornis (Diptera : Muscidae) in south-eastern Tasmania

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda B. Edworthy
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Forest Bird ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Major Player ◽  
History Of ◽  
Larval Life History

Blood-sucking fly larvae are widespread parasites of nestling birds, but in many systems we lack knowledge of their basic biology. This study reports the first observation of an endemic Tasmanian fly species, Passeromyia longicornis (Diptera : Muscidae), parasitising the forty-spotted pardalote (Pardalotus quadragintus), another Tasmanian endemic. Because the forty-spotted pardalote is an endangered and declining songbird, P. longicornis is a species of interest to conservation biologists. Its larval form is an obligate, subcutaneous parasite of nestling birds, but before this study, there were just two published records of the species infesting avian hosts, and little known about its ecology or life cycle. This study documented hosts, prevalence, and larval life history of P. longicornis by locating and monitoring nests and ectoparasites of the forest bird community in south-eastern Tasmania. I also reared P. longicornis larvae in captivity to determine the length of the pupal stage in relationship to ambient temperature. Hosts of P. longicornis included forty-spotted pardalotes (87% prevalence across nests), striated pardalotes (Pardalotus striatus) (88% prevalence), and New Holland honeyeaters (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae) (11% prevalence). Both pardalote species were new host records. P. longicornis larvae burrowed under the skin of nestlings where they developed for 4–7 days, feeding on nestling blood. When fully grown, larvae dropped into the surrounding nest material and formed pupae. Length of the pupal stage was 14–21 days, and declined with increasing ambient temperature. Median parasite abundance was 15 larvae in infested forty-spotted pardalote nests and 11 larvae in infested striated pardalote nests. Nestling mortality was frequently associated with ectoparasite presence. This study provides the first survey of P. longicornis hosts, prevalence and life cycle, and shows that this species is likely a major player in the ecology of pardalotes, and possibly other forest bird species in Tasmania.

LIFE HISTORY OF THE FUNGUS GNAT MACROCERA NOBILIS IN AMERICAN CAVES (DIPTERA: MYCETOPHILIDAE)

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 1235-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart B. Peck ◽  
Donald R. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Insect Prey ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fungus Gnat ◽  
Life Cycle Development

AbstractThe mycetophilid Macrocera nobilis Johnson, previously known only from forests in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, is here reported from caves in Oklahoma, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia. A study of populations in Oklahoma shows that the short-lived adults mate in cave entrances, but that oviposition, larval development, and pupation occur only in the dark zone of caves. The larvae build extensive webs upon which they travel and which they use to capture insect prey (mostly other Diptera). Reproduction and life cycle development is not seasonal. The larval stage lasts 9 or 10 months, and the pupal stage about 2 weeks.

scholarly journals Host spectrum, reproduction, and survival of Neochetina eichhorniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) - A potential natural enemy for controlling water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Dat T. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Water Spinach ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Neochetina Eichhorniae

Neochetina eichhorniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a natural enemy of water hyacinth and its morphology as well as biology has been investigated previously. In this study, the host range of N. eichohorniae was examined using the following 7 groups of plants: Pontederiaceae (water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes; hastate-leaf pondweed, Monochoria hastata); food crops (rice, Oryza sativa; maize, Zea mays; sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas and cassava, Manihot esculenta); vegetables (cucumber, Cucumis sativus; mustard greens, Brassica juncea; turnip, Raphanus sativus; water spinach, Ipomoea aquatica; pepper elder, Peperomia pellucida; cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata); herbaceous (boat lily, Tradescantia discolor, gotu kola, Centella asiatica, purple-heart, Tradescantia pallida); fruits (mango, Mangifera indica; longan, Dimocarpus longan; rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum); water plants (sacred lotus, Nelumbo nucifera; red water lily, Nymphaea rubra, yellow bur-head, Limnocharis flava) and industrial plants (sugarcane, Saccharum ssp.; peanut, Arachis hypogaea). The N. eichohorniae was found to be the only survivor that developed and completed its life cycle on water hyacinth. The N. eichohorniae caused only minimal damage to hastate-leaved pondweed and its life cycle was not completed on this weed. When fed with water hyacinth, N. eichohorniae female produced 358.9 eggs on average and the egg-laying period was 16 weeks. Forty three percent of eggs were laid from the 5th to the 8th weeks after females emerged from cocoons. The hatchability of N. eichohorniae eggs was 75.2% and 66.8% of the larvae could survive and became pupae. Approximately 79.1% of the pupae emerged as adults. Among the adults, the female ratio was 48.7%. These results indicated that N. eichohorniae could be considered as a natural enemy to be used for biological control of water hyacinth.

Observations on the natural history of Lacerta lepida in Cádiz Province, Spain

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne A. Visnaw ◽  
Stephen D. Busack
Keyword(s):  
Prey Size ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Equal Frequency ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Invertebrate Prey ◽  
Prey Diversity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractCádiz Province, Spain, is the southernmost extent of the range of L. lepida. Within this area, L. lepida demonstrates no distinct preference for any habitat and inhabits man-made and natural shelters with equal frequency. L. lepida is diurnal and active at the surface at ambient temperatures between 15.6°C and 42°C from February through November. Males are 4% to 8% heavier than females of equivalent body length. The rate of parasitism from nematodes is low (6%). The Cádiz Province population has the most diverse diet of any population studied to date. The taxonomic composition of the diet of males and females is identical, and consists mostly of invertebrate prey. Mean prey size and prey diversity are not correlated with lizard body size. Lacerta lepida is cannibalistic. Spermatogenesis and follicular development occur from April through July, egg laying occurs between early June and early July, and clutch size may vary from 4 to 18. Lacerta lepida reproduces only once annually.

A freeze-fracture-etched study of the physarum polycephalum plasma membrane during early formation of the macroplasmodial stage

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
Randolph W. Taylor ◽  
Henrie Treadwell
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Physarum Polycephalum ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Wire Screen ◽  
Wide Mouth ◽  
Sterile Filter

The plasma membrane of the Slime Mold, Physarum polycephalum, process unique morphological distinctions at different stages of the life cycle. Investigations of the plasma membrane of P. polycephalum, particularly, the arrangements of the intramembranous particles has provided useful information concerning possible changes occurring in higher organisms. In this report Freeze-fracture-etched techniques were used to investigate 3 hours post-fusion of the macroplasmodia stage of the P. polycephalum plasma membrane.Microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum (M3C), axenically maintained, were collected in mid-expotential growth phase by centrifugation. Aliquots of microplasmodia were spread in 3 cm circles with a wide mouth pipette onto sterile filter paper which was supported on a wire screen contained in a petri dish. The cells were starved for 2 hrs at 24°C. After starvation, the cells were feed semidefined medium supplemented with hemin and incubated at 24°C. Three hours after incubation, samples were collected randomly from the petri plates, placed in plancettes and frozen with a propane-nitrogen jet freezer.

Diagnostic approach to causes of spinal pain

2018 ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
F. D. Nasirova
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Pain ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
History Of ◽  
Radiologic Investigation ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Pain At Rest ◽  
Oncologic Diseases ◽  
Selection Of

Causes of spinal pain are extremely varying. Sex composition of patients referring with spinal pain at the age of 16 to 35 was 35% and 65% for males and females, respectively. Peak number of complaints was observed in 30-40 years age group of highest work ability. The followings should be considered as precautions in spinal pain: onset of pain at the age of 20 and after 50, family history of oncologic diseases, walking disorders or dysfunctions of sphincters, numbness in extremities, general malaise and rapid loss of weight, pain at rest and primarily at night, as these conditions may be a warning of underlying serious disease. Selection of algorithm for radiologic investigation is decided by the treating physician.

Rites of Passage

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Michaels
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Transformational Process ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Vulnerable Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

This chapter examines the classical Hindu life-cycle rites, the term saṃskāra and its history, and the main sources (Gṛhyasūtras and Dharma texts). It presents a history of the traditional saṃskāras and variants in local contexts, especially in Nepal. It describes prenatal, birth and childhood, initiation, marriage, old-age, death, and ancestor rituals. Finally, it analyzes the transformational process of these life-cycle rituals in the light of general theories on rites of passage. It proposes, in saṃskāras, man equates himself with the unchangeable and thus seems to counteract the uncertainty of the future, of life and death, since persons are confronted with their finite existence. For evidently every change, whether social or biological, represents a danger for the cohesion of the vulnerable community of the individual and society. These rituals then become an attempt of relegating the effects of nature or of mortality: birth, teething, sexual maturity, reproduction, and dying.

scholarly journals Development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on larva of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Lacerda ◽  
A. M. R. M. Ferreira ◽  
T. V. Zanuncio ◽  
J. C. Zanuncio ◽  
A. S. Bernardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae ◽  
Bombyx Mori L ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Biological control has been reducing the use of chemical products against insect pests, specially predatory Pentatomidae. Species of this group can present high variations in their life cycle as a result of their diet. Thus, the objective of this research was to study nymph development and reproduction of Podisus distinctus (Stäl, 1860) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on Bombyx mori L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) larvae (T1), compared to those fed on Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (T2) and Musca domestica L., 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae (T3) at a temperature of 25 ± 0.5ºC, relative humidity of 70 ± 2%, and photophase of 12 h. Predators fed on B. mori showed duration of the nymph phase (18.68 ± 1.02) similar to those fed on T. molitor (18.32 ± 1.49). Pre-oviposition and oviposition periods and number of egg masses, besides eggs and nymphs per female, were higher with B. mori (5.83 ± 2.02; 15.00 ± 7.40; 8.42 ± 1.84; 296.69 ± 154.75; and 228.55 ± 141.04, respectively) while longevity of males and females of P. distinctus was 25.76 ± 16.15 and 35.00 ± 16.15 days with T. molitor, and 20.57 ± 13.60 and 23.46 ± 12.35 days with B. mori, respectively.

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