scholarly journals Characteristics of Soil Moisture and Evaporation under the Activities of Earthworms in Typical Anthrosols in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6603
Author(s):  
Li Ma ◽  
Ming’an Shao ◽  
Tongchuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Soil Surface Temperature ◽  
Water Holding

Earthworms have an important influence on the terrestrial ecological environment. This study assesses the effect of different earthworm densities on soil water content (SWC) and evaporation in a laboratory experiment. Four earthworm densities (0 no-earthworm, control [C]; 207 earthworms m−2, low density [LDE]; 345 earthworms m−2, medium density [MDE]; and 690 earthworms m−2, high density [HDE]) are tested in soil columns. Results show that cumulative evaporation occurs in the decreasing order of densities: C (98.6 mm) > LDE (115.8 mm) > MDE (118.4 mm) > HDE (124.6 mm). Compared with the control, earthworm activity decreases cumulative soil evaporation by 5.0–20.9%, increases soil temperature to 0.46 °C–0.63 °C at 8:00, and decreases soil temperature to 0.21 °C–0.52 °C at 14:00 on the soil surface. Temperature fluctuations reduce with increasing earthworm densities. A negative correlation is found between cumulative soil evaporation and earthworm density (R2 = 0.969, p < 0.001). Earthworms significantly (p < 0.05) decrease the surface SWC loss (0–20 cm) soil layer but increase the subsoil SWC loss (60–100 cm) by adjusting the soil temperature and reducing soil water evaporation. Earthworm activities (burrows, casts…) improve the soil water holding ability by adjusting soil temperature and reducing soil water evaporation. Thus, the population quantity of earthworms may provide valuable ecosystem services in soil water and heat cycles to save water resources and realize sustainable agricultural development.

Soil temperature and the energy balance of vegetative mulch in the semi-arid tropics. I. Static analysis of the radiation balance

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Ross ◽  
J Williams ◽  
RL Mccown
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Approximate Expression ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Incoming Radiation ◽  
Soil Surface Temperature

Planting crops into chemically killed pasture protects seedlings from high soil temperature. In this paper the radiation balance and convective heat loss of such dead vegetative mulch canopies are analysed mathematically for windless conditions, and maximum soil temperatures are calculated, together with their sensitivities to mulch and soil parameters. An approximate expression for soil heat flux, and assumptions about rates of change of radiation and other inputs with time, allow calculations where actual data are unavailable. A simplified analysis regards the mulch as a radiation filter which acts independently of the soil surface. Agreement with experimental data is good. The results show that energy losses by reflection, conduction, convection, radiation and evaporative cooling are all important in balancing incoming radiation and determining soil surface temperature, so that quantitative analysis is essential for a proper understanding of the system. .Mulch can reduce soil surface temperature by up to 20�C by intercepting incoming radiation; it dissipates this intercepted energy quite efficiently by free convection without concomitant increase in the temperature of the underlying soil surface. Penetration of radiation through the mulch is its most important characteristic. Forward scattering of shortwave radiation from the mulch to the soil surface has a big effect on soil temperature, but backward scattering has little effect, hence lighter-coloured more reflective mulches may be less efficient than darker ones. Evaporation of soil water is very efficient in reducing soil temperature, and the mulch prolongs the process of slow evaporation from the soil surface. The resulting higher soil water content also decreases soil surface temperature through its effects on soil thermal properties.

scholarly journals Changes in soil water holding capacity and water availability following vegetation restoration on the Chinese Loess Plateau

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-wang Zhang ◽  
Kai-bo Wang ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Changhai Liu ◽  
Zhou-ping Shangguan
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Chinese Loess Plateau ◽  
Land Use Type ◽  
Chinese Loess ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
The Chinese Loess Plateau

AbstractChanges in land use type can lead to variations in soil water characteristics. The objective of this study was to identify the responses of soil water holding capacity (SWHC) and soil water availability (SWA) to land use type (grassland, shrubland and forestland). The soil water characteristic curve describes the relationship between gravimetric water content and soil suction. We measured the soil water characteristic parameters representing SWHC and SWA, which we derived from soil water characteristic curves, in the 0–50 cm soil layer at sites representing three land use types in the Ziwuling forest region, located in the central part of the Loess Plateau, China. Our results showed that the SWHC was higher at the woodland site than the grassland and shrubland, and there was no significant difference between the latter two sites, the trend of SWA was similar to the SWHC. From grassland to woodland, the soil physical properties in the 0–50 cm soil layer partially improved, BD was significantly higher at the grassland site than at the shrubland and woodland sites, the clay and silt contents decreased significantly from grassland to shrubland to woodland and sand content showed the opposite pattern, the soil porosity was higher in the shrubland and woodland than that in the grassland, the soil physical properties across the 0–50 cm soil layer improved. Soil texture, porosity and bulk density were the key factors affecting SWHC and SWA. The results of this study provide insight into the effects of vegetation restoration on local hydrological resources and can inform soil water management and land use planning on the Chinese Loess Plateau.

Using soil surface temperature to assess soil evaporation in a drip irrigated vineyard

2013 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 128-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.L. Kerridge ◽  
J.W. Hornbuckle ◽  
E.W. Christen ◽  
R.D. Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Soil Surface Temperature

Analytical Model to Predict Nonhomogeneous Soil Temperature Variation

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Krarti ◽  
D. E. Claridge ◽  
J. F. Kreider
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Thermal Properties ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Soil Surface Temperature ◽  
Annual Time

This paper presents an analytical model to predict the temperature variation within a multilayered soil. The soil surface temperature is assumed to have a sinusoidal time variation for both daily and annual time scales. The soil thermal properties in each layer are assumed to be uniform. The model is applied to two-layered, three-layered, and to nonhomogeneous soils. In case of two-layered soil, a detailed analysis of the thermal behavior of each layer is presented. It was found that as long as the order of magnitude of the thermal diffusivity of soil surface does not exceed three times that of deep soil; the soil temperature variation with depth can be predicted accurately by a simplified model that assumes that the soil has constant thermal properties.

scholarly journals The effect of a prototype hydromulch on soil water evaporation under controlled laboratory conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-410
Author(s):  
Antoni M.C. Verdú ◽  
M. Teresa Mas ◽  
Ramon Josa ◽  
Marta Ginovart
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Dry Conditions

AbstractOrganic hydromulches can be an interesting alternative for weed control in perennial crops, but can also reduce soil water evaporation. To examine the effect of a hydromulch layer on soil water content in dry conditions laboratory experiments were conducted at constant 25°C, 40% air RH. Both for small soil containers with a short time course and for larger soil columns (with two sensors at depths of 6 cm and 11 cm) with a longer time course, the presence and also the thickness of hydromulch were significant factors for the temporal evolution of soil water content. Two distinct stages of the evaporation process, the first or initial stage and the last or final stage, were identified, analysed and compared for these experiments. General linear models performed on the soil water content temporal evolutions showed significant differences for the first and last stages at the top and bottom of the soil columns with and without hydromulch. Hydromulch application delayed the evaporation process in comparison with the control. Moreover, the hydromulch layer, which was tested for mechanical resistance to punching, offered enough resistance to prevent its perforation by the sprouts of weed rhizomes.

Modelling the seasonal dynamics of the soil water balance of vineyards

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Lebon ◽  
Vincent Dumas ◽  
Philippe Pieri ◽  
Hans R. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Top Soil

A geometrical canopy model describing radiation absorption (Riou et al. 1989, Agronomie 9, 441–450) and partitioning between grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) and soil was coupled to a soil water balance routine describing a bilinear change in relative transpiration rate as a function of the fraction of soil transpirable water (FTSW). The model was amended to account for changes in soil evaporation after precipitation events and subsequent dry-down of the top soil layer. It was tested on two experimental vineyards in the Alsace region, France, varying in soil type, water-holding capacity and rooting depth. Simulations were run over four seasons (1992–1993, 1995–1996) and compared with measurements of FTSW conducted with a neutron probe. For three out of four years, the model simulated the dynamics in seasonal soil water balance adequately. For the 1996 season soil water content was overestimated for one vineyard and underestimated for the other. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the model responded strongly to changes in canopy parameters, and that soil evaporation was particularly sensitive to water storage of the top soil layer after rainfall. We found a close relationship between field-average soil water storage and pre-dawn water potential, a relationship which could be used to couple physiological models of growth and / or photosynthesis to the soil water dynamics.

Sensitivity of soil surface temperature in a force-restore equation to heat fluxes and deep soil temperature

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 1617-1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragutin T. Mihailović ◽  
George Kallos ◽  
Ilija D. Arsenić ◽  
Branislava Lalić ◽  
Borivoj Rajković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Surface Temperature

scholarly journals Effect of mulching and subsurface drip irrigation on soil water status under arid environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. e1201
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Al-Othman ◽  
Mohamed A. Mattar ◽  
Mohammed A. Alsamhan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Subsurface Drip

Aim of study: We investigated water evaporation of the soil surface and the soil water distribution under different mulching techniques using subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system.Area of study: The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research and Experimental Farm in Dirab, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, locating 24.4195° N, 46.65° E, and 552 m altitude.Material and methods: The two types of soil surface mulching were black plastic film (BPF) and palm tree waste (PTW), with no mulching (NM) as control. The two drip line depths from the soil surface (DL) were 15 cm and 25 cm, and surface drip irrigation (DI) was the control.Main results: In SDI, the use of BPF or PTW mulching resulted in enhanced water retention capacity of the soil and an approximately 6% water saving, compared with NM. The amounts of water saved at DL of 15 cm (19-24 mm) were greater than those at DL of 25 cm (15-20 mm), whereas the DI used the highest amount of applied water. The distribution of soil water content for BPF and PTW were found to be more uniform than NM.Research highlights: It is advised to mulch the soil with PTW due to lower costs and through a DL of 15 cm.

Field leaching and degradation of atrazine in a gradationally textured alkaline soil

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Stork
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Residue Level ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

The leaching and degradation of atrazine to 40 cm was monitored over a 1-year period, following a spray application in May 1991, at a field site on a highly alkaline sandy loam cropping soil with a soil pH ≥8·5. To account for gradational changes in soil texture and pH with depth, separate dose response curves of an oat bioassay for each 10-cm soil-sampling interval were used, to quantify the soil concentrations of the herbicide. Throughout the trial the movement of atrazine was not observed to exceed beyond 40 cm with total rainfall of 386 mm. The only significant leaching of the herbicide was detected in late winter 1991, when approximately 30·5% of the applied amount leached from the 0–10 cm to 10–20 cm soil layer, with trace amounts detected at greater depths. This leaching occurred during a period of rainfall of 50 mm when soil water contents in the 0–10 cm to 10–20 cm soil layers were at an optimum, and it was deduced that the extent of the leaching, when evaluated with other studies, was influenced by the pH of the soil. Atrazine recovery decreased exponentially with sampling time. The data fitted a first-order exponential function (R2 = 0·99), with a half-life time for degradation of 62 days. The good fit of the data to this function also indicated that the rate of degradation was apparently independent of seasonal changes in water content and soil temperature. From this, it was inferred that any lowering to the rate of degradation, owing to decreasing soil water contents in spring–summer, was offset with compensating rises in soil temperature. Edaphic conditions in this spring–summer period approximate those in other studies where chemical hydrolysis was an important process of breakdown of atrazine. The degradation of the herbicide was almost complete by the end of the trial in late May 1992. An applied amount of 2·7% remained in the 10–20 cm soil layer, which corresponded to a residue level of 0·02 µg atrazine/g soil. This residue level is well below the recorded phytotoxic threshold of select cultivars of wheat, barley, and lucerne.

Spatial Distribution of ABL height and Soil Temperature over Indian Subcontinent

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikhar Upadhyay ◽  
Sarit Das ◽  
Chandra Shekhar Ojha
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Ordinary Kriging ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Cubic Curve ◽  
Soil Surface Temperature

&lt;p&gt;The spatial variations of ABL depth has wide applications in aeronautical meteorology, urban meteorology, agricultural meteorology and hydrology. In the context of Indian subcontinent, it is more important where air pollution episodes, smog, fog etc. are getting worse over the years. The dispersal of smog and low-level pollutants depends strongly on meteorological conditions. Monitoring and management of air quality is closely associated with the transport and dispersal of atmospheric pollutants, including industrial plumes. Processes of pollutant transport include turbulent mixing in the ABL, particularly the role of convection, photochemistry and dry and wet deposition to the surface. The depth of the ABL determine the extent of thermal and mechanical mixing of pollutants. Further, mean ABL depth can be used to determine the average seasonal air pollution scenarios. Soil surface temperature is one of the major factors which derives the ABL depth. Thus, it is important to know - what is the spatial ABL depth and soil surface temperature variation, in which direction changes in ABL depth and soil surface temperature is more or less consistent, over Indian subcontinent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To understand the spatial variability of ABL depth and soil surface temperature, a variogram analysis is performed taking 30 stations over Indian sub-continent. Data at 30 stations (Ahmadabad, Bhopal, Gwalior, Aurangabad, Nagpur, Raipur, New Delhi, Gorakhpur, Patna, Lucknow, Patiala, Siliguri, Karaikal, Vishakhapatnam, Machilipatnam, Lhasa, Minfeng, Jodhpur, Agartalla, Bengaluru, Bhubaneshwar, Chennai, Dibrugarh, Hotan, Hyderabad, Jagdalpur, Kolkata, Panjim, Port Blair, Srinagar) are collected for three years 1994, 1997 and 2000. ABL depths are computed using soundings obtained from the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archived (IGRA) by adopting the bulk Richardson method.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Both ABL depth and soil surface temperature are greater in central region, but low near shore and in hilly regions. By using both these parameters, omnidirectional variograms are drawn, which show the spatial distribution of ABL depths and surface soil temperature over India are determined for different years. The particular variogram demonstrates a well-suited spatial relationship for geostatistical analysis as pairs of points are more correlated the closer they are together and the greater the distance between points becomes less correlated. There are certain parameters of variogram (sill and range) that adjust iteratively to get the best fitted model. Then, models are fitted to the experimental variogram using least square approach between the experimental and modelled variogram values. The model with its corresponding parameters based on least square method is selected as the best variogram model. These parameters are finally used in the ordinary kriging analysis. Spherical variograms are fitted and found to have significant correlation for stations within a lags of 19, 18, 18 and 17, 17, 20 degrees latitude/longitude change for ABL depth and soil surface temperature and for the year 1994, 1997 and 2000 respectively. Utilizing variogram parameters, the spatial distributions are plotted using ordinary Kriging. A polynomial curve of order 3 fitted Cubic curve fitting on the scatter plots between soil surface temperature and ABL depth, yield R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; value as 0.44, 0.52 and 0.53 in 1994, 1997, 2000 respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

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