scholarly journals Passenger Preferences in Rail Transport in Poland as Regards Travelling Time and Cost

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4737
Author(s):  
Grażyna Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Transport Sector ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Travelling Time ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Cost Categories ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The Town

The paper includes an analysis of passengers’ preferences in the context of selected marketing activities conducted by leading railway companies operating in the passenger transport sector in Poland. Operators’ offers are highly varied, which may make it difficult to find the benefits expected by the passenger. Basing on earlier research, the main categories covered by operators’ classic marketing activities include the time and cost of the journey, and, less frequently, safety and comfort. The purpose of the analysis was to find whether the categories of time and price (cost categories) applied in most of the marketing activities, used for development of the operator’s offer, corresponded with contemporary passengers’ preferences. The conclusions are based on the results of primary research conducted on a random-quota sample of 1012 passengers. Research results—major factors determining preferences among long-distance passengers included trip duration and favorable departure hours, whereas the price was not a major issue. The importance of price increased with the age of respondents. Moreover, on short-distance routes, price and time were major factors depending on the domicile of respondents. The smaller the town, the more important these two factors were.

scholarly journals Polish Regional and Long-Distance Railway Transport During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (192) ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
Agata Pomykała
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
First Year ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Railway Passenger Transport ◽  
Railway Passenger

The purpose of this article is to present the changes that took place on the market of passenger transport by rail in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Particular attention has been paid to the railway passenger transport in Poland. Two segments of this transport sector are presented: regional (represented by the POLREGIO company) and long-distance (represented by the PKP Intercity company). An analysis of the available data shows that irrespective of the segment, the year 2020 was characterized by significant reductions in terms of transport, which reached the lowest volumes in April and May, and the financial results of PKP Intercity were worse than in previous years; however, the share of POLREGIO in the market of passenger transport by rail increased. For the purpose of the article, literature and other available sources have been researched and analytical and synthetic methods have been applied. In addition to text, drawings are included. Keywords: railways, regional railway transport, long-distance railway transport, COVID-19

scholarly journals Future Power Train Solutions for Long-Haul Trucks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2225
Author(s):  
Ralf Peters ◽  
Janos Lucian Breuer ◽  
Maximilian Decker ◽  
Thomas Grube ◽  
Martin Robinius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen

Achieving the CO2 reduction targets for 2050 requires extensive measures being undertaken in all sectors. In contrast to energy generation, the transport sector has not yet been able to achieve a substantive reduction in CO2 emissions. Measures for the ever more pressing reduction in CO2 emissions from transportation include the increased use of electric vehicles powered by batteries or fuel cells. The use of fuel cells requires the production of hydrogen and the establishment of a corresponding hydrogen production system and associated infrastructure. Synthetic fuels made using carbon dioxide and sustainably-produced hydrogen can be used in the existing infrastructure and will reach the extant vehicle fleet in the medium term. All three options require a major expansion of the generation capacities for renewable electricity. Moreover, various options for road freight transport with light duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) are analyzed and compared. In addition to efficiency throughout the entire value chain, well-to-wheel efficiency and also other aspects play an important role in this comparison. These include: (a) the possibility of large-scale energy storage in the sense of so-called ‘sector coupling’, which is offered only by hydrogen and synthetic energy sources; (b) the use of the existing fueling station infrastructure and the applicability of the new technology on the existing fleet; (c) fulfilling the power and range requirements of the long-distance road transport.

Fuel economy, NOx emissions and lean NOx trap efficiency: Lessons from current driving cycles

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110050
Author(s):  
José Rodríguez-Fernández ◽  
Juan José Hernández ◽  
Ángel Ramos ◽  
Alejandro Calle-Asensio
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Lean Nox Trap ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Exhaust Temperature ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Vehicle Velocity ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Lean Nox

Transport sector is within a profound changing period, but diesel engines are still called to play a significant role in future supported on their solid share in many regions and superior thermal efficiency compared to spark-ignited engines. This work identifies the parameters that most affect fuel consumption and NOx emissions on a diesel passenger car equipped with a lean NOx trap under different driving cycles and ambient temperatures. High average vehicle velocity was beneficial to reduce the fuel consumed per kilometer. The driving dynamics was of little importance, easily counteracted by a higher thermal efficiency, higher engine temperature (because of a longer trip) or/and an efficient gear shifting strategy. Moreover, at low ambient temperature the latter two factors doubled their weight on fuel economy. Regarding tailpipe NOx, keeping high aftertreatment performance was crucial. For this, low engine-out NOx emissions were four times more important than exhaust temperature or flow rate.

scholarly journals Distributional effects of carbon taxation in passenger transport with lump-sum offset: low income households, retirees and families would benefit in Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Eisenmann ◽  
Felix Steck ◽  
Lars Hedemann ◽  
Barbara Lenz ◽  
Florian Koller
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Distributional Effects ◽  
Lump Sum ◽  
Carbon Taxation ◽  
Taxation Scheme ◽  
Low Income Households

Abstract Background The introduction of a carbon tax on passenger transport is currently being discussed in Germany. Various stakeholders favour a consumption-based, revenue-neutral carbon tax with a uniform lump-sum offset for private households and a tax rate of 40 € per ton of CO2. Objective In this study, we examine the distributional effects of carbon taxation for the German passenger transport sector under the assumption of the proposed tax model. We discuss as to what extent which socioeconomic groups would be burdened and who might even benefit from carbon taxation. To answer these questions we use a uniquely modelled data set that encompasses all forms of passenger transport (i.e. in Germany and abroad) of the German resident population over 1 year. The national household travel survey Mobility in Germany 2017 is the basis of the microscopic data set. We derive annual CO2 emissions and carbon tax burdens for various population groups using the data on passenger transport, as well as specific emission factors. Results Results show that low income households, retirees, single parents and family households with two or more children would benefit from the proposed carbon taxation scheme due to below-average emissions per person; in contrast, working age households without children and car owners with heavy car use would be burdened. Our results are of particular relevance to transport researchers, transport politicians and decision makers as a basis for designing, developing and introducing a carbon taxation scheme.

A Bastion of the Town Wall of London, and the Sepulchral Monument of the Procurator Julius Classicianus

1936 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
F. Cottrill
Keyword(s):  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
East Side ◽  
The North ◽  
Inner Circle ◽  
External Face ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In

Excavations made in June 1935 for the foundations of a new sub-station of the London Passenger Transport Board at Trinity Place, Trinity Square, E.C., brought to light some remains of the Roman town wall of London. A large portion of the medieval superstructure is still standing on the east side of Trinity Place, and to the north of this the Inner Circle Railway runs in a cutting under the roadway. The construction of this cutting involved the removal of a length of 73 ft. of the wall in 1882 (R.C.H.M. Roman London, 83). The site of the discoveries to be described here was immediately behind the southern retaining wall of the cutting. Both faces of the Roman wall were exposed at this point, and could be examined in detail, and against the external face was a fragment of one of the later Roman bastions (pl. 1). These remains were investigated by the writer on behalf of this Society, and the Passenger Transport Board kindly granted all necessary facilities, and rendered every possible assistance.

ORGANIZATION OF ROAD TRAFFIC TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ELECTRIC ROUTE PASSENGER TRANSPORT

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (65) ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
Denis V. Kapsky ◽  
◽  
Sergey S. Semchenkov ◽  
Evgeny N. Kot ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Practical Development ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Conducting Research

The rapid development of the transport sector leads not only to positive changes in the life of cities and towns, to an increase in convenience and comfort for residents, but also worsens the ecology and their living environment. The “profitable-safe” dilemma can be solved by the approach of environmentally oriented selection of the type of route passenger transport and decisionmaking in favor of electric route passenger transport. The article discusses the types of such transport on the example of the experience of their use in the Republic of Belarus. The classification and systematization developed by the authors are presented with subsequent recommendations for its application. On the basis of the results of the authors’ research, the issues of interaction of rail and non-rail route vehicles with an electric drive with the organization of road traffic are separately considered. The presented materials can be useful to a wide range of readers, as well as to specialists conducting research and practical development in the field of electrically powered route vehicles and traffic management.

scholarly journals TRANSIÇÕES INSTITUCIONAIS NOS TRANSPORTES PÚBLICOS: A EXPERIÊNCIA BRITÂNICA DE DESREGULAMENTAÇÃO

TRANSPORTES ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim Jose Guilherme de Aragão
Keyword(s):  
Market Orientation ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
British Government ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Direct Operation ◽  
The Common

<p>Na presente contribuição, analisa-se a experiência britânica de desregulamentação do transporte publico de passageiro. Inicialmente, retomam-se as discussões que colocaram em questão o padrão comum de envolvimento do Estado nesses serviços, que é de regulamentá-lo fortemente, subsidiá-lo e até de operá-lo. Descrevem-se as medidas colocadas em prática pelo governo britânico para reintroduzir a pura lógica de mercado no setor, assim como as justificativas por ele declaradas. Em seguida, são resumidas as avaliações por parte de diversas fontes, da dita experiência, sendo esse resumo sistematizado nos submodos transporte urbano, transporte rodoviário interurbano e transporte rural. Após esse relato, retoma-se o confronto de discussões, desta vez das realizadas depois da implantação do processo. Por fim, a luz dessas análises e a título de conclusão, algumas indagações sobre a estrutura econômica e institucional do setor de transporte publico são colocadas pelo autor.</p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p><p>In the present contribution, the British public passenger transport deregulation experience is analyzed. Initially, the discussions which put into question the common role of State with respect to these services (strong regulation, subsidies and even direct operation by government) are resumed. The measures taken by the British Government in order to reintroduce market orientation into the sector and also their justifications are then described. In a further section, the evaluations made by several studies on deregulation experience are systemized with respect to urban, intercity rural transport. After this description, the opinions and positions put after the ion of the deregulation experiation are resumed. Finally and conclusively, the author puts some questions on the economic and institutional structure of the public transport sector.</p>

scholarly journals Impact of external factors on quality financial reporting: The case of Vietnam

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Thuan Quoc Pham ◽  
Dao Xuan La
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Accounting Software ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Pressure Factor ◽  
Independent Audit

The objective of this study is to identify the major factors that impact on the quality of financial reporting and to suggest model of the factors affecting on the quality of financial reporting for Vietnamese enterprises . There are two factors group affecting on the quality of financial reporting: internal factors and external factors, this study is limited to the scope of the external factors. By using case studies, analytical results indicate that Tax Pressure factor has the greatest impact on the quality of financial reporting, the remaning factors include: Listed Securities, Accounting Software and Independent Audit. Two factors, Politics and Regulatory Environment have limited impact on the quality financial reporting.

scholarly journals Biofuels – Towards Objectives Of 2030 And Beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Rafał M. Łukasik
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Environmental Criteria ◽  
Production Technologies

The European (and global) energy sector is in a process of profound transformation, making it essential for changes to take place that influence energy producers, operators, and regulators, as well as consumers themselves, as they are the ones who interact in the energy market. The RED II Directive changes the paradigm of the use of biomass in the heat and electricity sectors, by introducing sustainability criteria with mandatory minimum greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and by establishing energy efficiency criteria. For the transport sector, the extension of the introduction of renewables to all forms of transport (aviation, maritime, rail and road short and long distance), between 2021-2030, the strengthening of energy efficiency and the strong need to reduce GHG emissions, are central to achieving the national targets for renewables in transport, representing the main structural changes in the European decarbonisation policy in that sector. It is necessary to add that biomass is potentially the only source of renewable energy that makes it possible to obtain negative GHG emission values, considering the entire life cycle including CO2 capture and storage. Hence, this work aims to analyse the relevance of biomass for CHP and in particular, the use of biomass for biofuels that contribute to achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. The following thematic sub-areas are addressed in this work: i) the new environmental criteria for the use of biomass for electricity in the EU in light of now renewable energy directive; ii) current and emerging biofuel production technologies and their respective decarbonization potential; iii) the relevance or not of the development of new infrastructures for distribution renewable fuels, alternatives to the existing ones (biomethane, hydrogen, ethanol); iv) the identification of the necessary measures for biomass in the period 2020-2030

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