scholarly journals Environmental Assessment of Recycling (EAoR) for Safe Recycling of Steelmaking Slag in the Republic of Korea: Applications, Leaching Test, and Toxicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8805
Author(s):  
Min-Yong Lee ◽  
Jang-Hyun Kang ◽  
Dong-Gun Hwang ◽  
Young-Sam Yoon ◽  
Myung-Soo Yoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
The United States ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Steelmaking Slag ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Republic

Steel slag is a major waste product of the steelmaking process. Owing to its chemical composition, it can be reused as a raw material in steel mills and a substitute for aggregates in engineering. In 2016, the Republic of Korea (ROK) introduced the Environmental Assessment of Recycling (EAoR) system for the safe recycling of waste products, which divides recycling methods into either matrix contact or non-matrix contact types; numerous challenges have been raised regarding weaknesses in the matrix contact type. Consequently, the standards for matrix contact recycling of slag (inorganic waste) have become stricter, and the recycling applications have also become more diverse. This study investigates the treatment, recycling, and management of steel slag in the ROK. In 2019, the annual generation of slag in the ROK exceeded 23.03 million tons with a recycling rate of 98.3%, showing a high level of recycling, compared with that of the United States (81.3%), the European Union (87%), Australia (100%), and Japan (98.4%). However, a comparative analysis of overseas slag recycling systems and recycling standards found that the recycling applications and recycling standards of slag in the ROK were somewhat stricter than those in the European Union and the United States. Furthermore, an investigation comparing the applications of recycled slag in different countries showed that the ROK could expand its applications of recycled slag. The limitation of the EAoR system was that the excluding products, environmentally certified from Korean Standards in the EAoR regulations, might be attributing to environmental pollution. The leaching and toxicity tests for recycling application of steelmaking slag were evaluated and showed no significant negative effects. Lastly, there is an urgent need for environmental standards relating to slag that can be recycled as a product, and the recycling and environmental label certification for products should also be amended. In addition, the applications of steelmaking slag were necessary to partially extend according to the hazardous characteristics.

scholarly journals ENERGY SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Матвей Оборин ◽  
Matvey Oborin ◽  
Ирина РОДЕНКО ◽  
Irina RODENKO
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Complex ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

The article defines the essence of the sanctions of the European Union, the United States of America and Ukraine that have been applied to Russia, compiles the list of sanctions against the Republic of Crimea, and determines their impact on energy security of the Republic of Crimea. The authors discuss the features of sanctions as economic constraints: their goals, objectives, and ef- fects, which allows talking about efficiency; the relationship with the political course. The article characterizes the fuel and energy complex as an important sphere of economic activity of the country from the point of view of influencing the national economy development, social sphere, quality of public services. The authors justify the energy sector development with the economic and financial point of view, priority investments for the Republic of Crimea. The article presents and summarizes the main types of sanctions against the Republic of Crimea, the impact of sanctions on Ukraine in fuel and energy complex. The article is aimed at determining the nature and effects of the applied sanc- tions of the European Union countries, the United States of America and Ukraine on fuel and energy security of the Republic of Crimea. The system approach, analysis, synthesis, expert evaluation, comparison, ob- servation, generalization are the main methods of the article. The main results are based on the analysis of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Crimea: the potential, power, types of energy, the main company. The article analyzes the development of the state unitary enterprise "Chernomorneftegaz", representing the oil and gas industry of the Republic of Crimea, at which sanctions of the European Union and the United States of America direct the sanctions. Scientific novelty consists in structuring the essence of the sanctions against the Republic of Crimea and the definition of activities aimed at minimizing their impact on fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Crimea.

Russian Federation and the United States of America: geostrategic directions to manage the Ukrainian crisis

2019 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Attarid Awadh Abdulhameed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
Zero Sum

Ukrainia Remains of huge importance to Russian Strategy because of its Strategic importance. For being a privileged Postion in new Eurasia, without its existence there would be no logical resons for eastward Expansion by European Powers.  As well as in Connection with the progress of Ukrainian is no less important for the USA (VSD, NDI, CIA, or pentagon) and the European Union with all organs, and this is announced by John Kerry. There has always ben Russian Fear and Fear of any move by NATO or USA in the area that it poses a threat to  Russians national Security and its independent role and in funence  on its forces especially the Navy Forces. There for, the Crisis manyement was not Zero sum game, there are gains and offset losses, but Russia does not accept this and want a Zero Sun game because the USA. And European exteance is a Foot hold in Regin Which Russian sees as a threat to its national security and want to monopolize control in the strategic Qirim.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT FRENCH FOREIGN POLICY ACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Nargiza Sodikova ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Modern Time ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Interests ◽  
French Foreign Policy

Important aspects of French foreign policy and national interests in the modern time,France's position in international security and the specifics of foreign affairs with the United States and the European Union are revealed in this article

Ocena antykryzysowej polityki gospodarczej Stanów Zjednoczonych i wybranych państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej w latach 2005–2014

2016 ◽  
pp. 26-46
Author(s):  
Marcin Jan Flotyński
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Domestic Products

The global financial crisis in 2007–2009 began a period of high volatility on the financial markets. Specifically, it caused an increased amplitude of fluctuations of the level of gross domestic products, the level of investment and consumption and exchange rates in particular countries. To address the adverse market circumstances, governments and central banks took actions in order to bolster the weakening global economy. The aim of this article is to present the anti-crisis actions in the United States and selected member states of the European Union, including Poland, and an assessment of their efficiency. The analysis conducted indicates that generally the actions taken in the United States in response to the crisis were faster and more adequate to the existing circumstances than in the European Union.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document