A Review on Battery Modelling Techniques

The growing demand for electrical energy and the impact of global warming leads to a paradigm shift in the power sector. This has led to the increased usage of renewable energy sources. Due to the intermittent nature of the renewable sources of energy, devices capable of storing electrical energy are required to increase its reliability. The most common means of storing electrical energy is battery systems. Battery usage is increasing in the modern days, since all mobile systems such as electric vehicles, smart phones, laptops, etc., rely on the energy stored within the device to operate. The increased penetration rate of the battery system requires accurate modelling of charging profiles to optimise performance. This paper presents an extensive study of various battery models such as electrochemical models, mathematical models, circuit-oriented models and combined models for different types of batteries. It also discusses the advantages and drawbacks of these types of modelling. With AI emerging and accelerating all over the world, there is a scope for researchers to explore its application in multiple fields. Hence, this work discusses the application of several machine learning and meta heuristic algorithms for battery management systems. This work details the charging and discharging characteristics using the black box and grey box techniques for modelling the lithium-ion battery. The approaches, advantages and disadvantages of black box and grey box type battery modelling are analysed. In addition, analysis has been carried out for extracting parameters of a lithium-ion battery model using evolutionary algorithms.

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OVERVIEW OF DISTANCE ENERGY TRANSMISSION MEANS FOR POWERING AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN SAFETY

Municipal economy of cities ◽

10.33042/2522-1809-2021-4-164-10-13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (164) ◽

pp. 10-13

Author(s):

V. Halil ◽

S. Zakurdai ◽

V. Scurikhin ◽

O. Donets ◽

D. Zubenko

Keyword(s):

Combustion Engine ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Electric Transport ◽

Electric Motors ◽

Agricultural Machinery ◽

Transport Equipment ◽

Agricultural Equipment ◽

Electric Traction ◽

The Impact

This article discusses the issues of autonomous operation of electrical agricultural equipment based on the transmission of electricity over a distance. The main point of this article is that tractors that work in the field are driven by electric motors, with the need to use expensive batteries. The issues of the impact and safety of this technology on the environment and humans are considered. The main problem of the creation, maintenance and operation of transport equipment, including agricultural equipment, is the high cost of maintenance and fuel, which are constantly increasing. In addition, the environmental problem, which has become so acute in recent years, global warming, the fuel crisis and the need to transfer all transport equipment to electric traction, make us look for new ways to solve the problem of environmental pollution and save resources, especially non-renewable energy sources. The use of electrical energy for traction of agricultural machinery that work in the fields or in other industries has been used for a long time, and in the early stages of the development of transport, it was electric transport that occupied the main part, before the invention of the internal combustion engine. Including at the Kharkov Tractor Plant there were developments (and still are), a prototype of the use of electric motors as the main unit for movement. Based on the above, it is obvious that electric traction for transport is obviously environmentally friendly and safe, although there are a number of limitations in this matter as well, but the unresolved problems of the limited use of the storage battery force us to look for new sources of energy. This article proposes to consider the possibility of using electric traction for agricultural machinery with the supply of operating tractors in the fields with the help of a directed electromagnetic wave with its transformation into electrical energy, which will be supplied to the electric motor.

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Research on molecular energy storage

Izvestiya MGTU MAMI ◽

10.31992/2074-0530-2021-49-3-49-56 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 49-56

Author(s):

S.M. Zuyev ◽

◽

R.A. Maleyev ◽

YU.M. Shmatkov ◽

M.YU. Khandzhalov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Energy Storage ◽

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Double Layer ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Storage Device ◽

Energy Storage Device ◽

Energy Storage Devices ◽

Storage Devices ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages

This article provides a comparative analysis of various energy storage devices. A detailed review and analysis of molecular energy storage units is carried out, their main characteristics and parame-ters, as well as their application areas, are determined. The main types of molecular energy storage are determined: electric double layer capacitors, pseudo capacitors, hybrid capacitors. Comparison of the characteristics of various batteries is given. The parameters of various energy storage devices are presented. The analysis of molecular energy storage devices and accumulators is carried out. Ttheir advantages and disadvantages are revealed. It has been shown that molecular energy storage or double layer electrochemical capacitors are ideal energy storage systems due to their high specific energy, fast charging and long life compared to conventional capacitors. The article presents oscillograms of a lithium-ion battery with a voltage of 10.8 V at a pulsed load current of 2A of a laptop with and without a molecular energy storage device, as well as oscil-lograms of a laptop with DVD lithium-ion battery with a voltage of 10.8 V with a parallel shutdown of a molecular energy storage device with a capacity of 7 F and without it. The comparative analysis shows that when the molecular energy storage unit with a 7 F capacity is switched on and off, transient processes are significantly improved and there are no supply voltage dips. The dependenc-es of the operating time of a 3.6 V 600 mAh lithium-ion battery at a load of 2 A for powering mo-bile cellular devices with and without a molecular energy storage are given. It is shown that when the molecular energy storage device is switched on, the battery operation time increases by almost 20%.

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Eco-Efficiency of a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles: Influence of Manufacturing Country and Commodity Prices on GHG Emissions and Costs

Batteries ◽

10.3390/batteries5010023 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 23 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Maeva Philippot ◽

Garbiñe Alvarez ◽

Elixabete Ayerbe ◽

Joeri Van Mierlo ◽

Maarten Messagie

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Energy Density ◽

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Commodity Prices ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Carbon Intensity ◽

Production Volume ◽

Electricity Mix ◽

The Impact

Lithium-ion battery packs inside electric vehicles represents a high share of the final price. Nevertheless, with technology advances and the growth of the market, the price of the battery is getting more competitive. The greenhouse gas emissions and the battery cost have been studied previously, but coherent boundaries between environmental and economic assessments are needed to assess the eco-efficiency of batteries. In this research, a detailed study is presented, providing an environmental and economic assessment of the manufacturing of one specific lithium-ion battery chemistry. The relevance of parameters is pointed out, including the manufacturing place, the production volume, the commodity prices, and the energy density. The inventory is obtained by dismantling commercial cells. The correlation between the battery cost and the commodity price is much lower than the correlation between the battery cost and the production volume. The developed life cycle assessment concludes that the electricity mix that is used to power the battery factory is a key parameter for the impact of the battery manufacturing on climate change. To improve the battery manufacturing eco-efficiency, a high production capacity and an electricity mix with low carbon intensity are suggested. Optimizing the process by reducing the electricity consumption during the manufacturing is also suggested, and combined with higher pack energy density, the impact on climate change of the pack manufacturing is as low as 39.5 kg CO2 eq/kWh.

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The Impact of Environmental Factors on the Thermal Characteristic of a Lithium–ion Battery

Batteries ◽

10.3390/batteries6010003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gerd Liebig ◽

Ulf Kirstein ◽

Stefan Geißendörfer ◽

Frank Schuldt ◽

Carsten Agert

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Thermal Characteristic ◽

Thermal Characteristics ◽

Heat Removal ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Air Cooling ◽

Heat Rejection ◽

Study Results ◽

Electrochemical Model ◽

The Impact

To draw reliable conclusions about the thermal characteristic of or a preferential cooling strategy for a lithium–ion battery, the correct set of thermal input parameters and a detailed battery layout is crucial. In our previous work, an electrochemical model for a commercially-available, 40 Ah prismatic lithium–ion battery was validated under heuristic temperature dependence. In this work the validated electrochemical model is coupled to a spatially resolved, three dimensional (3D), thermal model of the same battery to evaluate the thermal characteristics, i.e., thermal barriers and preferential heat rejection patterns, within common environment layouts. We discuss to which extent the knowledge of the batteries’ interior layout can be constructively used for the design of an exterior battery thermal management. It is found from the study results that: (1) Increasing the current rate without considering an increased heat removal flux at natural convection at higher temperatures will lead to increased model deviations; (2) Centralized fan air-cooling within a climate chamber in a multi cell test arrangement can lead to significantly different thermal characteristics at each battery cell; (3) Increasing the interfacial surface area, at which preferential battery interior and exterior heat rejection match, can significantly lower the temperature rise and inhomogeneity within the electrode stack and increase the batteries’ lifespan.

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Joining Technologies for Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing: A Review

ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, Volume 1 ◽

10.1115/msec2010-34168 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

S. Shawn Lee ◽

Tae H. Kim ◽

S. Jack Hu ◽

Wayne W. Cai ◽

Jeffrey A. Abell

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽

Dissimilar Materials ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Cell Types ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Battery Packs ◽

Hybrid Electric ◽

Battery Cells

Automotive battery packs for electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) typically consist of a large number of battery cells. These cells must be assembled together with robust mechanical and electrical joints. Joining of battery cells presents several challenges such as welding of highly conductive and dissimilar materials, multiple sheets joining, and varying material thickness combinations. In addition, different cell types and pack configurations have implications for battery joining methods. This paper provides a comprehensive review of joining technologies and processes for automotive lithium-ion battery manufacturing. It details the advantages and disadvantages of the joining technologies as related to battery manufacturing, including resistance welding, laser welding, ultrasonic welding and mechanical joining, and discusses corresponding manufacturing issues. Joining processes for electrode-to-tab, tab-to-tab (tab-to-bus bar), and module-to-module assembly are discussed with respect to cell types and pack configuration.

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Preparation and Assembly of Battery Materials of High Performance Lithium Metal

Journal of Electronic Research and Application ◽

10.26689/jera.v4i2.1155 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Jin Zhou

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

High Performance ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Metal Composite ◽

Lithium Metal ◽

Battery Materials ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Working Principle ◽

Lithium Metal Battery ◽

Faster Development

Lithium metal battery plays an important role in the field of battery. The preparation and assembly of lithium metal battery materials also play an important role in lithium metal batteries. Through the introduction of the working principle of lithium-ion battery, the positive material, negative material and electrolyte in the structure of lithium-ion battery are analyzed. After describing the types, advantages and disadvantages of battery materials, the preparation method of lithium metal composite electrode, the assembly of button battery and the electrochemical test are discussed. Under the premise of doing a good job at present, it is essential to go on better and faster development and innovation.

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Multifunctional Energy Storage Composite Structures with Embedded Lithium-ion Batteries

10.1149/osf.io/5c3fu ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Purim Ladpli ◽

Raphael Nardari ◽

Fotis Kopsaftopoulos ◽

Fu-Kuo Chang

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Composite Structures ◽

Structural Integrity ◽

Permanent Deformation ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Electrical Energy ◽

Repeated Loading ◽

Carbon Fiber Composites ◽

Mechanical Stiffness

This work proposes and analyzes a structurally-integrated lithium-ion battery concept. The multifunctional energy storage composite (MESC) structures developed here encapsulate lithium-ion battery materials inside high-strength carbon-fiber composites and use interlocking polymer rivets to stabilize the electrode layer stack mechanically. These rivets enable load transfer between battery layers, allowing them to store electrical energy while also contributing to the structural load carrying performance, without any modifications to the battery chemistry. The design rationale, fabrication processes, and experimental mechano-electrical characterization of first-generation MESCs are discussed. Experimental results indicate that the MESCs offer electrochemically equivalent performance to the baseline chemistry, despite the disruptive design change. The mechanically-functionalized battery stack’s contribution is assessed via quasi-static three-point bending tests, with results showing significantly improved mechanical stiffness and strength over traditional pouch cells. The rivets minimize interlayer shear movement of the electrode stack, thus allowing it to maintain electrochemical functionalities while carrying mechanical bending. While minimal load application can cause permanent deformation of pouch cells, MESCs maintain their structural integrity and energy-storage capabilities after realistic repeated loading. The results obtained demonstrate the mechanical robustness of MESCs, which allows them to be fabricated as energy-storing structures for electric vehicles and other applications.

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The effect of using the metal tube on laser welding of the battery case and the tab for lithium-ion battery

10.21203/rs.3.rs-97420/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dongkyoung Lee

Keyword(s):

Laser Welding ◽

Gaussian Beam ◽

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Power Distribution ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Metal Tube ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽

Battery Case ◽

Positive Effect

Abstract Given the drawbacks of the conventional welding methods in joining the battery case and tab in the lithium-ion battery, the laser welding technique using the metal tube has been introduced for the weld. The metal tube is supposed to contribute a positive effect on protecting the outside structure by blocking the injection of the spatters. However, the use of the metal tube is believed to affect the intensity as well as the power distribution of the laser gaussian beam. Through the observation and analysis in this study, both advantages and disadvantages of the application of the metal tube on the weld have been clarified. The use of the metal tube prevents the ejection of the spatter to the outside of the welding zone, the gap between the battery case and tab in the weld is also minimized. Besides, the limitation of the intensity and the power energy distribution of the laser Gaussian beam has caused significant changes in the morphology, mechanical, and electrical properties of the weld.

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Modelling the impact of variations in electrode manufacturing on lithium-ion battery modules

Journal of Power Sources ◽

10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.03.065 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 213 ◽

pp. 391-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Ben Kenney ◽

Ken Darcovich ◽

Dean D. MacNeil ◽

Isobel J. Davidson

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

The Impact

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A Comparative Study of Cohesive Law Shapes in Analytical Modeling of Interfacial Debonding in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.4044139 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 86 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bo Lu ◽

Chengqiang Ning ◽

Yanfei Zhao ◽

Yicheng Song ◽

Junqian Zhang

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Analytical Modeling ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Interfacial Debonding ◽

Cohesive Law ◽

Cohesive Models ◽

Cohesive Laws ◽

The Impact ◽

Debonding Process

To determine the impact of cohesive law shapes on the modeling of interfacial debonding in lithium-ion battery electrodes, analytical methods based on different cohesive models for the debonding process have been developed individually. Three different cohesive laws, namely, triangular, trapezoidal, and rectangular laws, have been employed. To ensure comparability, the cohesive strength and the fracture toughness have been set to be identical for different cohesive laws. The evaluation of debonding onset has suggested that the cohesive law shape affects the modeling results only when the interface is ductile. The largest possible difference for the triangular law and the rectangular law on the debonding onset has been estimated. A discussion for specific electrodes has also been provided.

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