scholarly journals Ethical Banking and Poverty Alleviation Banking: The Two Sides of the Same Solidary Coin

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11977
Author(s):  
María del Carmen Valls Martínez ◽  
Pedro Antonio Martín-Cervantes ◽  
Sandra Peña Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Per Se ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Preliminary Classification

(1) Background: The growing number of banking entities linked to the field of banking since the 1980s requires a preliminary classification of this sector in order to identify the main stylized facts of this wide conglomerate of institutions oriented to financial sustainability as well as the establishment of an effective differentiation that can objectively distinguish the different types of institutions operating in this subfield of finance. The objective of this research is to obtain a frame of reference by determining the main defining characteristics of these entities and their differentiating elements, by verifying, on an analytical basis, the ways in which they provide a social service in the pursuit of financial inclusion. (2) Methods: A double methodological perspective is used jointly: Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis. (3) Results: It was possible to delimit two significant groups: Ethical Banks per se and Poverty Alleviation Banks, defining their main differences and analogies. (4) The taxonomy conducted revealed that Ethical Banks per se are primarily established in developed countries, while Poverty Alleviation Banks focus their actions on developing nations. Based on this classification, we establish a series of practical policies that support the future deployment of sustainable banking.

scholarly journals Foods of Oppression

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa L. Price ◽  
Gisella S. Cruz-Garcia ◽  
Nemer E. Narchi
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Food Studies ◽  
Food Justice ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Traditional Foods ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Preliminary Classification

The growing recognition of food justice as an element of food studies inquiry has opened a productive vein that allows for analyzing the effects of oppression on traditional foods of Indigenous peoples. We provide a preliminary classification of food oppression by presenting several different types of foods from a number of cultures: (1) replaced and repressed foods; (2) disempowered and misrepresented foods; and (3) foods of oppression of the dispossessed. Our main argument is that these food types represent different faces of oppression and state power that, regardless of the inherent differences, have permeated diets and imaginaries in various spatial scales and, in doing so, have caused deprivation in local communities, despite being accepted in many cases as traditional food items in oppressed cultures. We conducted a systematic literature review in Scopus focusing on the traditional foods of Indigenous people and elements of oppression and revitalization. The results of our review are discussed in light of what we identify as aspects of culinary oppression. We conclude our paper by sketching the plausible first steps for redemptory solutions based on Indigenous food work aimed at reclaiming basic revalorization and revitalization.

Language patterns and ATTITUDE

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Bednarek
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Functional Linguistics ◽  
Appraisal Theory ◽  
Functional Linguistics ◽  
Corpus Linguistic ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Evaluative Meaning ◽  
Preliminary Classification

Interpersonal or evaluative meaning has been described in systemic functional linguistics with the help of appraisal theory (Martin & White 2005), which distinguishes between different types of evaluation. One sub-system of APPRAISAL is ATTITUDE, which is further divided into APPRECIATION, JUDGEMENT and AFFECT. This paper uses corpus-linguistic evidence to investigate how far linguistic patterns support this classification, and whether they can be used as a ‘diagnostic’ for distinguishing types of ATTITUDE (as has been proposed in appraisal theory). It argues that two different aspects of APPRAISAL need to be considered: the kinds of attitudinal lexis (in terms of evaluative standards which are inscribed in this lexis) and the kinds of attitudinal targets or types of attitudinal assessment, and that this distinction has not been sufficiently considered in appraisal theory so far. A preliminary classification of attitudinal lexis is also suggested, and a new sub-category of ATTITUDE proposed (COVERT AFFECT).

Interpretation of crypto-assets and taxation specificity of digital assets in developed countries and Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (5) ◽  
pp. 182-216
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Kochergin ◽  
Natalia Pokrovskaia
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Asset Market ◽  
Regulatory Authorities ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Digital Assets ◽  
Tax Regulation

The article explores various types of crypto-assets and justification of differentiated regime for their regulations. The purpose of the article is to determine the main economic and legal approaches of interpreting crypto-assets and identify the features of taxation of various types of crypto-assets in developed countries and Russia. Drawing on economic and functional features of crypto-assets, the study offers the classification of virtual assets. Having analyzed various approaches to crypto-assets tax regulation in the UK, Switzerland and Singapore, the authors determine the specificity of crypto-assets taxation and offer recommendations for crypto-assets taxation in Russia. The paper concludes that in countries where regulatory authorities make a clear distinction between different types of crypto-assets the taxation of virtual assets is also differentiated. A differentiated approach to taxation of crypto assets in Russia seems to be most promising since it encourages the development of certain segments of crypto asset market and offers a clearer mechanism for tax control over the turnover of crypto assets in the country.

Economic Development Aids as a Financial Instrument of Global Public Goods

2019 ◽  
pp. 220-241
Author(s):  
Hayriye Atik ◽  
Fatma Ünlü
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Global Public Goods ◽  
General Classification ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
First Time

The importance of global public goods (GPGs) is increasing every day. As a result, the concept become an important part of international policymaking. There is a huge literature on the definition and classification of GPGs, as well as the financing problems of them. GPGs are generally financed through the development aids given by international organizations and some developed countries. Literature is generally concentrated on the determination of the amount of aids devoted to different categories of GPGs, such as environment, health, peace-keeping, and knowledge. Differently from the literature, a new and more general classification is also used in this chapter. The main sectors included in the analysis are social infrastructure and services, economic infrastructure and services, production sectors, multi-sector/gross cutting, and humanitarian aid. For the first time in the literature, principal components and cluster analysis methodologies were used to determine the performance of the countries providing official development aids in this study.

Moving Time vs. Frame-relative motion

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-314
Author(s):  
Kevin Ezra Moore
Keyword(s):  
Frame Analysis ◽  
Specific Structure ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Motion Event ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
Fictive Motion ◽  
Preliminary Classification ◽  
Selective Integration

Abstract There is an elaborate analogy between Moving Time (composed of primary metaphors; e.g. Christmas is approaching) and Frame-relative Fictive Motion (e.g. Your destination is approaching). It has been suggested that this analogy could be involved in the motivation of Moving Time. However, a semantic frame analysis that includes all stages of the motion event shows that this analogy could not be involved in the motivation of Moving Time. It is further argued that Moving Time and Frame-relative Fictive Motion are instances of different types of cognitive-semantic structure. Moving Time is a selective integration of concepts from frames that do not share elements with each other, whereas Frame-relative Fictive Motion presupposes a single semantic frame. For the purpose of distinguishing fictive motion from primary metaphor (e.g. Moving Time), Coextension-path and Pattern-path fictive motion are studied in addition to Frame-relative. These three types of fictive motion can be distinguished from primary metaphor because they involve the integration of concepts from frames that share specific structure, whereas primary metaphor involves frames that do not share specific structure. In a preliminary classification of fictive motion as a type of metaphor, all three types of fictive motion discussed may be classified as resemblance-based metaphors. Coextension-path and Frame-relative fictive motion are also motivated by correlations in experience. These correlations, however, are different in kind from those that motivate primary metaphor.

International Anticorruption Standards: Classification, Benefits and Shortcomings, Further Development Prospects

Auditor ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Вера Черепанова ◽  
Vera Cherepanova
Keyword(s):  
Different Types ◽  
Standards And Guidelines ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Compliance Program ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Comprehensive Classification ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Development Prospects

Th is paper assesses the proliferation of international anticorruption initiatives, standards, and guidelines. A comprehensive classification of different types of standards with regards to their applicability to anticorruption compliance program set-up is provided. Based on the analysis of benefits and shortcomings of standards, a conclusion is made that in the absence of a clear regulatory framework the effectiveness and efficiency of standards is limited, since they lack accountability per se.

Dual stain kit for the microscopic gram classification of ocular infection bacteria

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
Jacob S. Hanker ◽  
Dale N. Holdren ◽  
Kenneth L. Cohen ◽  
Beverly L. Giammara
Keyword(s):  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Keratitis and conjunctivitis (infections of the cornea or conjunctiva) are ocular infections caused by various bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites; bacteria, however, are usually prominent. Systemic conditions such as alcoholism, diabetes, debilitating disease, AIDS and immunosuppressive therapy can lead to increased susceptibility but trauma and contact lens use are very important factors. Gram-negative bacteria are most frequently cultured in these situations and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is most usually isolated from culture-positive ulcers of patients using contact lenses. Smears for staining can be obtained with a special swab or spatula and Gram staining frequently guides choice of a therapeutic rinse prior to the report of the culture results upon which specific antibiotic therapy is based. In some cases staining of the direct smear may be diagnostic in situations where the culture will not grow. In these cases different types of stains occasionally assist in guiding therapy.

The Eleventh Circuit Holds that Agreements in which Pharmaceutical Companies Pay Generic Companies Not to Compete May be Valid

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Amy Garrigues
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Trial Court ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Appeals Court ◽  
Two Sides

On September 15, 2003, the US. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that agreements between pharmaceutical and generic companies not to compete are not per se unlawful if these agreements do not expand the existing exclusionary right of a patent. The Valley DrugCo.v.Geneva Pharmaceuticals decision emphasizes that the nature of a patent gives the patent holder exclusive rights, and if an agreement merely confirms that exclusivity, then it is not per se unlawful. With this holding, the appeals court reversed the decision of the trial court, which held that agreements under which competitors are paid to stay out of the market are per se violations of the antitrust laws. An examination of the Valley Drugtrial and appeals court decisions sheds light on the two sides of an emerging legal debate concerning the validity of pay-not-to-compete agreements, and more broadly, on the appropriate balance between the seemingly competing interests of patent and antitrust laws.

Explanatory Power for Medical Expert Systems: Studies in the Representation of Causal Relationships for Clinical Consultations

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Wallis ◽  
E. H. Shortliffe
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Medical Expert ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Medical Expert Systems ◽  
Explanation System ◽  
Systems Studies

This paper reports on experiments designed to identify and implement mechanisms for enhancing the explanation capabilities of reasoning programs for medical consultation. The goals of an explanation system are discussed, as is the additional knowledge needed to meet these goals in a medical domain. We have focussed on the generation of explanations that are appropriate for different types of system users. This task requires a knowledge of what is complex and what is important; it is further strengthened by a classification of the associations or causal mechanisms inherent in the inference rules. A causal representation can also be used to aid in refining a comprehensive knowledge base so that the reasoning and explanations are more adequate. We describe a prototype system which reasons from causal inference rules and generates explanations that are appropriate for the user.

Conditions and possibilities for symbiosis of Russia with developed countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 815-834
Author(s):  
V.V. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Subject. The article considers the symbiosis of Russia with developed countries. Objectives. The purpose is to identify conditions and possibilities for the symbiosis of Russia with advanced economies to establish a process of concentrated internationalization of financial capital for the market economy development completion, formation of full-fledged capitalism with stable dynamics of productive forces. Methods. The study rests on the systems approach, using the methods of descriptive statistics, neural network, nonparametric and cluster analysis. Results. The study reveals favorable conditions for the symbiosis of Russia with developed countries. They appear due to low requirements to the volume and connectivity of attracted high-tech capital. This enables to use the potential of small countries, motivating them to satisfy their ‘resource hunger’. Russia's transition to the said symbiosis is hindered by the policy of smooth devaluation of the national currency, which is used to increase the growth rate of total government expenditure and current GDP, and adversely affects the growth rate of gross national saving. Conclusions. The grounds for emergence of conditions and opportunities for the symbiosis of Russia with developed countries include the high values of financial development and low economic growth in Russia against the declining growth rates of the world economy and weakening of globalization process. The basis of Russia's symbiosis with developed countries is the mutually agreed necessity to internationalize capital in the form of investment financial institutions, which increase its concentration in production for the development of productive forces in conditions of the increasing risk of global recession.

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