International Anticorruption Standards: Classification, Benefits and Shortcomings, Further Development Prospects

Auditor ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Вера Черепанова ◽  
Vera Cherepanova
Keyword(s):  
Different Types ◽  
Standards And Guidelines ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Compliance Program ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Comprehensive Classification ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Development Prospects

Th is paper assesses the proliferation of international anticorruption initiatives, standards, and guidelines. A comprehensive classification of different types of standards with regards to their applicability to anticorruption compliance program set-up is provided. Based on the analysis of benefits and shortcomings of standards, a conclusion is made that in the absence of a clear regulatory framework the effectiveness and efficiency of standards is limited, since they lack accountability per se.

A Design Procedure Applicable to Different Classes of Assemblies

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Whitney ◽  
Gaurav Shukla ◽  
Stefan von Praun
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Kinematic Structure ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Cad Systems ◽  
Mechanical Assemblies ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Comprehensive Classification

Abstract One of the most difficult problems which designers of complex mechanical assemblies face routinely is not to be aware of when they are committing mistakes. More and more dependence of designers on CAD systems further aggravates the problem of committing the mistake of not giving proper attention to the kinematic structure of the assembly. This article presents design phases for assemblies according to a top-down design process and the generic steps that constitute different design phases. A comprehensive classification of mechanical assemblies follows the outline of the steps of the design process. This classification also defines the characteristics of different types of assemblies and most importantly it identifies the possible mistakes that designers may commit. A separate classification of different procedures for meeting assembly tolerances is also presented. This article will not only talk about the classifications but it will also enlist information about various techniques that can be used to analyze different types of assemblies. Together, these sets of classifications outline a comprehensive design procedure that will help designers of assemblies in making sure that they justify their design decisions. This paper also links the steps in the design process to specific tools developed in previous papers.

scholarly journals Organization and Content of Group Work

2020 ◽  
pp. 176-183
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Tsybulko ◽  
◽  
Oleksii Biletsky ◽  
Yelizaveta Bondarenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Group Work ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Separate Form ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Teaching Emphasis ◽  
Further Development ◽  
School Club ◽  
Individual Training

The article considers the main points of organization and content of club activity group work as one of the most important components of extracurricular education. The necessity of further development of circle work is emphasized, both within the General education school (club activity work) and within the framework of extracurricular educational institutions. It described the main features inherent in any circle, highlighted the main differences between circle classes and school lessons, including differences in the forms and methods of teaching. Emphasis is placed on the mandatory publication of the results of the activities of the clubs members (holding exhibitions, fairs, reporting concerts and evenings) and its importance for the members of the club themselves. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, a classification of different types of circles is given, which is based on the main directions of socially useful activities of schoolchildren. It is proved that in order to achieve high results, group work should be based on the principles of voluntariness, humanism, democracy and self-government. The article also emphasizes that group work is a separate form of education and upbringing, which should be called a collective form of self – education. In favor of this statement, the facts are given, where the form of training of the club’s activity is collective, and the method of obtaining new knowledge and forming skills is individual. And it has the advantages of both collective and individual training.

scholarly journals Why and how motives (still) matter

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel R.G. Benito
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
International Business ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Internationalization Behavior

Purpose – The paper aims to provide a discussion of the relevance of motives for companies’ internationalization. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a conceptual discussion building on established classifications of motives of internationalization, which distinguish between market-seeking, efficiency-seeking, resource-seeking and strategic asset-seeking motives. Findings – The analysis demonstrates that important issues in companies’ internationalization differ systematically across different types of motives, which implicates that motives remain relevant when analyzing various aspects of the internationalization of the firm. Motives are also useful elements for theory building in international business. Research limitations/implications – The analysis is purely conceptual and is not further substantiated by empirical evidence. Practical implications – The classification of motives is a useful tool for companies to analyze their strategic alternatives and actions, especially with regard to performance measurement. Originality/value – The paper demonstrates the importance of retaining a clear classification of motives as a basis for further development of a theory of firms’ internationalization behavior.

scholarly journals Terminology for describing normally sited and ectopic pregnancies on ultrasound: ESHRE recommendations for good practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Emma Kirk ◽  
Pim Ankum ◽  
Attila Jakab ◽  
Nathalie Le Clef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Comprehensive Classification

Abstract STUDY QUESTION What recommendations can be provided to improve terminology for normal and ectopic pregnancy description on ultrasound? SUMMARY ANSWER The present ESHRE document provides 17 consensus recommendations on how to describe normally sited and different types of ectopic pregnancies on ultrasound. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Current diagnostic criteria stipulate that each type of ectopic pregnancy can be defined by clear anatomical landmarks which facilitates reaching a correct diagnosis. However, a clear definition of normally sited pregnancies and a comprehensive classification of ectopic pregnancies are still lacking. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A working group of members of the ESHRE Special Interest Group in Implantation and Early Pregnancy (SIG-IEP) and selected experts in ultrasound was formed in order to write recommendations on the classification of ectopic pregnancies. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The working group included nine members of different nationalities with internationally recognised experience in ultrasound and diagnosis of ectopic pregnancies on ultrasound. This document is developed according to the manual for development of ESHRE recommendations for good practice. The recommendations were discussed until consensus by the working group, supported by a survey among the members of the ESHRE SIG-IEP. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A clear definition of normally sited pregnancy on ultrasound scan is important to avoid misdiagnosis of uterine ectopic pregnancies. A comprehensive classification of ectopic pregnancy must include definitions and descriptions of each type of ectopic pregnancy. Only a classification which provides descriptions and diagnostic criteria for all possible locations of ectopic pregnancy would be fit for use in routine clinical practice. The working group formulated 17 recommendations on the diagnosis of the different types of ectopic pregnancies on ultrasound. In addition, for each of the types of ectopic pregnancy, a schematic representation and examples on 2D and 3D ultrasound are provided. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Owing to the limited evidence available, recommendations are mostly based on clinical and technical expertise. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This document is expected to have a significant impact on clinical practice in ultrasound for early pregnancy. The development of this terminology will help to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The meetings of the working group were funded by ESHRE. T.T. declares speakers’ fees from GE Healthcare. The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A DISCLAIMER This Good Practice Recommendations (GPR) document represents the views of ESHRE, which are the result of consensus between the relevant ESHRE stakeholders and where relevant based on the scientific evidence available at the time of preparation. ESHRE’s GPRs should be used for informational and educational purposes. They should not be interpreted as setting a standard of care or be deemed inclusive of all proper methods of care nor exclusive of other methods of care reasonably directed to obtaining the same results. They do not replace the need for application of clinical judgement to each individual presentation, nor variations based on locality and facility type. Furthermore, ESHRE’s GPRs do not constitute or imply the endorsement, recommendation or favouring of any of the included technologies by ESHRE.

Development status as a measure of development

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1095-1128
Author(s):  
Onno Hoffmeister
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Development Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Over Time

This study analyses to which extent the classification of countries as developing corresponds with their actual development level. It tracks the evolution of the development status classification schemes (DSCSs) of international organisations over time, identifies three broad concepts of a developing country, based on the social sciences literature, and analyses the degree of correspondence between classifications and concepts, based on eight indicators. The results suggest that development status is a fairly accurate measure of development. All DSCSs strongly correspond with all indicators analysed. Over time, the outcomes of DSCSs have become increasingly heterogeneous. As a result, different classification schemes match different concepts. Schemes of a first generation, which emerged before the 1990s, and which nominate countries for classes, correspond mainly with concepts focusing on difficult starting points or an early stage in systemic transition, whereas schemes of a second generation, set up in the 1990, which classify countries based on specified criteria, typically reflect a welfare-based concept. The paper argues that the growing heterogeneity of DSCSs and deficits in their documentation negatively impact on the quality of international official statistics. It makes proposals for the further development of DSCSs, also in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

scholarly journals Ethical Banking and Poverty Alleviation Banking: The Two Sides of the Same Solidary Coin

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 11977
Author(s):  
María del Carmen Valls Martínez ◽  
Pedro Antonio Martín-Cervantes ◽  
Sandra Peña Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Per Se ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Preliminary Classification

(1) Background: The growing number of banking entities linked to the field of banking since the 1980s requires a preliminary classification of this sector in order to identify the main stylized facts of this wide conglomerate of institutions oriented to financial sustainability as well as the establishment of an effective differentiation that can objectively distinguish the different types of institutions operating in this subfield of finance. The objective of this research is to obtain a frame of reference by determining the main defining characteristics of these entities and their differentiating elements, by verifying, on an analytical basis, the ways in which they provide a social service in the pursuit of financial inclusion. (2) Methods: A double methodological perspective is used jointly: Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis. (3) Results: It was possible to delimit two significant groups: Ethical Banks per se and Poverty Alleviation Banks, defining their main differences and analogies. (4) The taxonomy conducted revealed that Ethical Banks per se are primarily established in developed countries, while Poverty Alleviation Banks focus their actions on developing nations. Based on this classification, we establish a series of practical policies that support the future deployment of sustainable banking.

Dual stain kit for the microscopic gram classification of ocular infection bacteria

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
Jacob S. Hanker ◽  
Dale N. Holdren ◽  
Kenneth L. Cohen ◽  
Beverly L. Giammara
Keyword(s):  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Keratitis and conjunctivitis (infections of the cornea or conjunctiva) are ocular infections caused by various bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites; bacteria, however, are usually prominent. Systemic conditions such as alcoholism, diabetes, debilitating disease, AIDS and immunosuppressive therapy can lead to increased susceptibility but trauma and contact lens use are very important factors. Gram-negative bacteria are most frequently cultured in these situations and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is most usually isolated from culture-positive ulcers of patients using contact lenses. Smears for staining can be obtained with a special swab or spatula and Gram staining frequently guides choice of a therapeutic rinse prior to the report of the culture results upon which specific antibiotic therapy is based. In some cases staining of the direct smear may be diagnostic in situations where the culture will not grow. In these cases different types of stains occasionally assist in guiding therapy.

Explanatory Power for Medical Expert Systems: Studies in the Representation of Causal Relationships for Clinical Consultations

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Wallis ◽  
E. H. Shortliffe
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Medical Expert ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Medical Expert Systems ◽  
Explanation System ◽  
Systems Studies

This paper reports on experiments designed to identify and implement mechanisms for enhancing the explanation capabilities of reasoning programs for medical consultation. The goals of an explanation system are discussed, as is the additional knowledge needed to meet these goals in a medical domain. We have focussed on the generation of explanations that are appropriate for different types of system users. This task requires a knowledge of what is complex and what is important; it is further strengthened by a classification of the associations or causal mechanisms inherent in the inference rules. A causal representation can also be used to aid in refining a comprehensive knowledge base so that the reasoning and explanations are more adequate. We describe a prototype system which reasons from causal inference rules and generates explanations that are appropriate for the user.

Problems and prospects for the Russian banking supervision development in modern conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283-1296
Author(s):  
K.A. Omarieva ◽  
P.G. Isaeva
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Document Flow ◽  
Development Methods ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Development Prospects

Subject. The article addresses problems and prospects for the banking supervision development in the Russian Federation under modern conditions. Objectives. We review the essence and methods of organization of the banking supervision, and identify the main problems and prospects for its development. Methods. To provide valid, reliable and reasoned recommendations, we apply normative and integrated approaches to the study of the banking supervision effectiveness in the current circumstances. Results. The paper investigates main problems and development prospects for the Russian banking supervision. The essential importance of supervision comes from the main role of the banking system in maintaining accounts of economic entities and making settlements. Even minor failures or delays in operations can lead to negative outcomes and disastrous consequences for the entire monetary system and the national economy. Therefore, we highlight issues that require attention, and make proposals for further development of the banking supervision. Conclusions. In the context of dynamically developing economy, the banking practice is becoming more complex. As a result, there is a need for new financial instruments that can reduce risks, increase the speed and efficiency of operations and document flow, and help achieve the world levels of introduced standards.

A Taxonomy for Psycho-Oncological Intervention Techniques in an Acute Care Hospital in Germany

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Martina Madl ◽  
Marietta Lieb ◽  
Katharina Schieber ◽  
Tobias Hepp ◽  
Yesim Erim
Keyword(s):  
Acute Care ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Acute Care Hospital ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Certification System ◽  
Stepwise Procedure ◽  
Further Development

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Due to the establishment of a nationwide certification system for cancer centers in Germany, the availability of psycho-oncological services for cancer patients has increased substantially. However, little is known about the specific intervention techniques that are applied during sessions in an acute care hospital, since a standardized taxonomy is lacking. With this study, we aimed at the investigation of psycho-oncological intervention techniques and the development of a comprehensive and structured taxonomy thereof. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In a stepwise procedure, a team of psycho-oncologists generated a data pool of interventions and definitions that were tested in clinical practice during a pilot phase. After an adaptation of intervention techniques, interrater reliability (IRR) was attained by rating 10 previously recorded psycho-oncological sessions. A classification of interventions into superordinate categories was performed, supported by cluster analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Between April and June 2017, 980 psycho-oncological sessions took place. The experts agreed on a total number of 22 intervention techniques. An IRR of 89% for 2 independent psycho-oncological raters was reached. The 22 techniques were classified into 5 superordinate categories. <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> We developed a comprehensive and structured taxonomy of psycho-oncological intervention techniques in an acute care hospital that provides a standardized basis for systematic research and applied care. We expect our work to be continuously subjected to further development: future research should evaluate and expand our taxonomy to other contexts and care settings.

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