scholarly journals The Potential for Hydrolysed Sheep Wool as a Sustainable Source of Fertiliser for Irish Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Gary D. Gillespie ◽  
Oyinlola Dada ◽  
Kevin P. McDonnell
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Annual Basis ◽  
Processing Facility ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Town ◽  
Suitable Location ◽  
Sheep Wool

Suppressed wool prices in Ireland over the last number of years has led to situations where the cost of shearing animals is greater than the wools’ value, leading to net losses per animal for farmers. Populations of sheep in Ireland and nutrient values of wool from literature sources were used to determine the quantity of nutrients that could be produced on an annual basis using hydrolysis techniques. Results of this study suggest that up to 15.8% of the nitrogen required to produce Ireland’s cereal crops can be met annually using hydrolysed sheep wool in an economically feasible manner along with considerable amounts of sulphur, zinc, and copper. Most of the cost associated with the process is the purchasing of wool from farmers at an economically favourable level for farmers. Based on the spatial distribution of these animals, the town of Athlone is the most suitable location for a processing facility.

scholarly journals Brief communication: Vehicle routing problem and UAV application in the post-earthquake scenario

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Cannioto ◽  
Antonino D'Alessandro ◽  
Giosuè Lo Bosco ◽  
Salvatore Scudero ◽  
Giovanni Vitale
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Routing ◽  
Vehicle Routing Problem ◽  
Seismic Event ◽  
Computing Time ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Earthquake Scenario ◽  
Short Computing Time ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Town

Abstract. In this paper we simulate a Unmanned Aerial Vehicle's (UAV) recognition after a possible case of diffuse damage after a seismic event in the town of Acireale (Sicily, Italy). Given a set of sites (84 relevant buildings) and the range of the UAV, we are able to find the number of vehicles to employ and the shortest survey path. The problem of finding the shortest survey path is an operational research problem called Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) whose solution is known to be computationally time-consuming. We used the Simulated Annealing (SA) heuristic that is able to provide stable solutions in relatively short computing time. We also examined the distribution of the cost of the solutions varying the depot on a regular grid in order to assess the best area where to execute the survey.

scholarly journals Accounting for anthropic energy flux of traffic in winter urban road surface temperature simulations with TEB model

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4737-4779
Author(s):  
A. Khalifa ◽  
M. Marchetti ◽  
L. Bouilloud ◽  
E. Martin ◽  
M. Bues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Winter Maintenance ◽  
Urban Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Road Surface Temperature ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Town

Abstract. A forecast of the snowfall helps winter coordination operating services, reducing the cost of the maintenance actions, and the environmental impacts caused by an inappropriate use of de-icing. In order to determine the possible accumulation of snow on pavement, the forecast of the road surface temperature (RST) is mandatory. Physical numerical models provide such forecast, and do need an accurate description of the infrastructure along with meteorological parameters. The objective of this study was to build a reliable urban RST forecast with a detailed integration of traffic in the Town Energy Balance (TEB) numerical model for winter maintenance. The study first consisted in generating a physical and consistent description of traffic in the model with all the energy interactions, with two approaches to evaluate the traffic incidence on RST. Experiments were then conducted to measure the traffic effect on RST increase with respect to non circulated areas. These field data were then used for comparison with forecast provided by this traffic-implemented TEB version.

scholarly journals ANALISIS DURASI dan PERHITUNGAN BIAYA PENYUSUTAN (DEPRESIASI) ALAT BERAT EXCAVATOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Dian Febrianti ◽  
Zakia Zakia
Keyword(s):  
Unit Price ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Heavy Equipment ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Price Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Town ◽  
Selection Factor ◽  
Straight Line Method

Keberhasilan suatu  proyek dilihat dari keuntungan yang didapatkan dan kecepatan dalam menyelesaikan proyek tersebut, sehingga faktor pemilihan alat berat sangat penting dalam keberhasilan suatu proyek. Biaya penggunaan alat berat yang tinggi, berpengaruh pada konstribusi alat berat terhadap pelaksanaan proyek maka permasalahan yang timbul pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis biaya dan waktu penggunaan salah satu alat berat, yaitu excavator. Permasalahan diatas mendasari penelitian ini untuk mencari durasi penggunaan alat berat excavator dengan metode barchart untuk mengetahui berapa lama durasi penggunaannya dan selanjutnya menghitung biaya penyusutan (depresiasi) alat berat dengan menggunakan metode garis lurus untuk mengetahui nilai sisa alat setelah pemakaian alat dan yang terakhir untuk menghitung biaya penggunaan alat berat menggunakan Analisis Harga Satuan Pekerjaan (ASHP). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada pekerjaan timbunan pilihan pada proyek peningkatan jalan alun-alun suka makmue - jalan lingkar timur ibu kota tahap II kabupaten Nagan Raya. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dengan menggunakan metode barchart maka diperoleh waktu penggunaan alat berat pada pekerjaan timbunan pilihan adalah  excavator 36 hari. Selanjutnya  hasil perhitungan depresiasi alat berat mengalami penurunan nilai asetnya adalah excavator  tipe hitachi Rp.136.000.000/tahun, excavator tipe komathatsu Rp.53.000.000/tahun, dan terakhir hasil mehitung biaya sewa penggunaan alat berat adalah excavator tipe hitachi sebesar Rp.365.300/hari, excavator tipe komathatsu sebesar Rp.409.400.,00/hari. Kesimpulan yang didapat pada penelitian ini adalah pengunaan alat berat yang optimal dapat mengghemat penggunaan biaya sewa alat berat.Kata kunci : Alat berat, Durasi, DepresiasiThe success of a project is seen from the benefits obtained and the speed in completing the project, so that the selection factor of heavy equipment is very important in the success of a project. The cost of using heavy equipment is high, affecting the contribution of heavy equipment to the implementation of the project, the problems that arise in this study aim to analyze the cost and time of use of one of the heavy equipment, namely an excavator. The above problems underlie this study to find the duration of the use of excavator heavy equipment with the barchart method to determine how long the duration of use and then calculate the depreciation of heavy equipment using the straight-line method to determine the remaining value of the tool after use of the tool and the last to calculate the cost heavy equipment use using Job Unit Price Analysis (ASHP). This research was carried out on selected heap work on a road improvement project in the town square like makmue - the eastern ring road of the second stage capital of Nagan Raya district. Based on the results of calculations using the barchart method, it is obtained the time of heavy equipment usage on the selected pile job is 36 days excavator. Furthermore, the calculation of the depreciation of heavy equipment experienced a decrease in the value of its assets are hitachi type excavators Rp. 136,000,000 / year, komathatsu type excavators Rp. 53,000,000 / year, and finally the result of calculating the rental cost of heavy equipment is hitachi type excavators Rp.365,300 / day, komathatsu type excavators of Rp. 409,400 .00 / day. The conclusion obtained in this study is that the optimal use of heavy equipment can save the use of heavy equipment rental costs.Keywords: Heavy equipment, Duration, Depreciation

Cost-effectiveness of poison bait trails for control of house mice in mallee cereal crops.

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Mutze
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Mus Domesticus ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Mouse Population ◽  
The Cost

Damage by house mice (Mus domesticus) to a maturing wheat crop was controlled by laying thin trails of poisoned wheat through the crop. Mouse population densities at treatment were about 70 mice ha-1. Mouse numbers were reduced by 100% within 1 week; at harvest, 9 weeks later, mouse numbers were still reduced by 46% relative to 3 untreated crops. That level of mouse control reduced damage to the crop by more than 808, but treatment was barely cost-effective because of the moderate level of damage in untreated crops and the low wheat prices in that year. Treatment is likely to be costeffective given mouse densities of at least 100 mice ha-1 or higher wheat prices, but cost-effectiveness depends greatly on the cost of rodenticide used.

Economic Topography

2020 ◽  
pp. 121-170
Author(s):  
Catherine Casson ◽  
Mark Casson ◽  
John S. Lee ◽  
Katie Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Town ◽  
Town Building

Chapter 3 analyses the economic topography of the town, building on the results presented in Chapter 2. It investigates how far occupations were specialised in different part of the town. It constructs profiles of all the Cambridge parishes, showing how many properties were located in each, how much rent those properties paid, to whom they paid it, who held the properties, and in some cases their occupation too. It is also possible to chart the spatial distribution of occupational names. Because of the missing roll, it is possible for the first time to provide a definitive account of all the parishes. This corrects a bias in previous topographical accounts, which have over-emphasised the north and west of the town at the expense of the south and east.

The Limits of Nature and the Educational Nature of Limits

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cost ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Liberal Arts College ◽  
Parking Space ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Town ◽  
Real Costs

I teach in a liberal arts college in a small, attractive Ohio town located in an agricultural county 14 miles south of Lake Erie. The town formerly had train service that connected it easily and comfortably to the wider world. Sometime in the 1950s the trains stopped coming, and the tracks were eventually converted into a bike trail. In the intervening four decades, students arrived on campus in a variety of ways, including bus, plane, car, and a few intrepid souls still come by train to a decaying Amtrak station eight miles distant. Now many, perhaps most, come in cars that they own and that they park anywhere and everywhere in town. So like many campuses, ours is overrun by cars. And like many other colleges, we find ourselves locked in conflict with the local authorities over parking policy. Our policy is roughly to tell students, “Y’all come and bring it with you.” Unless there is a sudden outbreak of intelligence, we are likely to respond to prodding by city officials by building yet another parking lot and thereby reducing to that degree the loveliness and serenity of the town already jeopardized by urban sprawl. That, however, is an aesthetic matter on which people can and will disagree. What they cannot dispute is the cost of parking. The cost of a single parking space is estimated to be $7,000 in a paved lot and double that for a parking deck. Then there is the annual cost of policing, lighting, removing snow, and landscaping parking lots, perhaps another $1,500. From this perspective, one obvious solution is simply not to build extra parking and split the savings with those who do not to bring cars to college or drive them to work. So in return for not adding to the problem, cooperators would get a check for, say, $5,000. Those who continue to drive for whatever reason would pay a fee equal to the real costs imposed on the institution by their driving habits. Reasonable? Not according to many who believe that driving is a sacred right guaranteed somewhere in the Constitution (or was it the Declaration of Independence?) and to those who believe that automobility is now indelibly written into our behavioral genes and cannot be further altered by evolution or reason.

Deorganization in Maine

1938 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1139-1142
Author(s):  
William S. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
The State ◽  
State Tax ◽  
Local Services ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Town

The readjustment of areas and services in the local government of Maine is proceeding most rapidly through the process of deorganization in towns which cannot support the cost of local services. An act of the legislature in 1937 provides that whenever the organization of any town or plantation has been terminated, the powers, duties, and obligations relating to the affairs of the town or plantation shall be vested in the state tax assessor, until such time as the town or plantation is reorganized. A town or plantation in Maine at present comes into existence through incorporation by special act of the legislature and ceases to exist through the surrender of the corporate charter by special legislative enactment.

Monitoring: An Environmental State Estimation Problem

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Brewer ◽  
S. F. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
System Design ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Filter Theory ◽  
Monitor Synthesis ◽  
On Line ◽  
Measurement Devices ◽  
The Cost

A monitor is defined to be an estimator which minimizes the cost of taking measurements and which, simultaneously, meets constraints on accuracy. It is anticipated that the development of a monitor theory will facilitate environmental-technological system design. The authors propose that monitor synthesis can be divided into two subproblems. The “design problem” is to select the variables for measurement, to select the measurement devices, and to select the spatial distribution of the devices. The “management problem” is to select, on line, the type and sequencing of measurements. The note concludes with a simulated application of filter theory to the management of a water quality monitor. It is demonstrated that a suboptimal minimum cost monitor is, thereby, synthesized by the proper sequencing of costly measurements.

On the Scientific Application of Data to the purpose of deducing Rates of Premium for Fire Insurance

1878 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius Walford
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Scientific Application ◽  
Fire Insurance ◽  
Nominal Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In

It may at first sight appear strange that while life insurance more especially, and some other branches of insurance at least theoretically, are based upon exact statistical details, fire insurance has never attained to anything like such scientific exactitude. But it will be remembered that, in its first inception, fire insurance was to be a State or municipal institution, wherein it is customary for the insured to pay a certain nominal rate at the time of entering into the contract; and at the end of the financial year the cost of insurance, as measured by the losses and expenses, is ascertained in the aggregate, and an assessment made over the whole property of the town or district for the balance. Under these conditions, the ascertainment of an exact rate in advance is not necessary. Then, again, many of the early fire offices were based upon the “contribution plan.” Here also a nominal payment is made in advance, or annually, and a call or assessment is made either annually or on the happening of any serious calamity. Here too the necessity for exact rates did not arise.

scholarly journals Identification of Efficient Energy Source among Solar, Biomass and Battery for Electric Vehicle Charging using Novel Optimal Firefly Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nishant Kumar ◽  
Kumari Namrata
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Firefly Algorithm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Annual Basis ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
Ev Charging ◽  
Effective Source

Abstract Background: The EV (Electric Vehicles) is rapidly growing as a substitute to oil dependant vehicles to minimize the pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHS) emissions. Various charging schemes and grid integration techniques are introduced to minimize the impacts of EV charging. Hence, this study introduced a system that uses renewable energy sources (RES) like solar energy, biomass and battery for EV charging.Objective: This study intended to calculate the cost of the system design as well as variations in its cost during the usage on an annual basis. In addition, it used various energy conversion technologies such as solar panel, battery and biomass to find the effective source of energy for EV charging through the proposed novel Optimal Firefly Algorithm (OFA). Methodology: An initial setup is made that consists of number of buildings, overall load demand, ratings of EV charging, storage capacity, grid intake and solar panel. Then, the proposed novel OFA is used to find the count of EVs that gets charged from the charging stations and its choice of charging from the charging stations. The computation is performed on an annual basis for the cost, energy and count of EVs that arrive to the charging stations to get it charged. Results: The proposed methodology is used to compare the efficiency of the solar, biomass and battery efficiency in charging an EV through computation of Net present cost, Cost of Energy, EV savings and power generation. The results revealed that that the proposed system is effective than the traditional methods and effectively identified that the solar energy is the effective source for EV charging.

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