scholarly journals Put Some Guts into It: Intestinal Organoid Models to Study Viral Infection

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inés García-Rodríguez ◽  
Adithya Sridhar ◽  
Dasja Pajkrt ◽  
Katja C. Wolthers
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Intestinal Organoids ◽  
Insight Into

The knowledge about enteric viral infection has vastly increased over the last eight years due to the development of intestinal organoids and enteroids that suppose a step forward from conventional studies using cell lines. Intestinal organoids and enteroids are three-dimensional (3D) models that closely mimic intestinal cellular heterogeneity and organization. The barrier function within these models has been adapted to facilitate viral studies. In this review, several adaptations (such as organoid-derived two-dimensional (2D) monolayers) and original intestinal 3D models are discussed. The specific advantages and applications, as well as improvements of each model are analyzed and an insight into the possible path for the field is given.

A THREE-DIMENSIONAL AZIMUTHAL WIDE-ANGLE MODEL FOR THE PARABOLIC WAVE EQUATION

1999 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 269-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHIFANG CHEN ◽  
YING-TSONG LIN ◽  
DING LEE
Keyword(s):  
Wave Equation ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Narrow Angle ◽  
Propagation Prediction ◽  
Dimensional Range

In predicting wave propagations in either direction, the size of the angle of propagation plays an important role; thus, the concept of wide-angle is introduced. Most existing acoustic propagation prediction models do have the capability of treating the wide-angle but the treatment, in practice, is vertical. This is desirable for solving two-dimensional (range and depth) problems. In extending the two-dimensional treatment to 3 dimensions, even though the wide-angle capability is maintained in most 3D models, it is still vertical. Owing to the need of a wide-angle capability in the azimuth direction, this paper formulates an azimuthal wide-angle wave equation whose theoretical development is presented. An illustrative example is included to demonstrate the need for such azimuthal wide-angle capability. Also, a comparison is shown between results using narrow-angle and wide-angle equations separately.

A two-dimensional boundary layer encountering a three-dimensional hump

1977 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Smith ◽  
R. I. Sykes ◽  
P. W. M. Brighton
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Constant Width ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Nonlinear Motion ◽  
Dimensional Boundary ◽  
Incompressible Boundary ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Steady Laminar

A shallow three-dimensional hump disturbs the two-dimensional incompressible boundary layer developed on an otherwise flat surface. The steady laminar flow is studied by means of a three-dimensional extension of triple-deck theory, so that there is the prospect of separation in the nonlinear motion. As a first step, however, a linearized analysis valid for certain shallow obstacles gives some insight into the flow properties. The most striking features then are the reversal of the secondary vortex motions and the emergence of a ‘corridor’ in the wake of the hump. The corridor stays of constant width downstream and within it the boundary-layer displacement and skin-friction perturbation are much greater than outside. Extending outside the corridor, there is a zone where the surface fluid is accelerated, in contrast with the deceleration near the centre of the corridor. The downstream decay (e.g. of displacement) here is much slower than in two-dimensional flows.

Impact of Cavity on Sunroof Buffeting: A Two Dimensional CFD Study

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Fa An ◽  
Seyed Mehdi Alaie ◽  
Michael S. Scislowicz
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Deep Insight ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Driven by fluid dynamics principles, the concept for buffeting reduction, a cavity installed at the leading edge of the sunroof opening, is analyzed. The cavity provides a room to hold the vortex, shed from upstream, and prevents the vortex from escaping and from directly intruding into the cabin. The concept has been verified by means of a two dimensional simulation for a production SUV using the CFD software — FLUENT. The simulation results show that the impact of the cavity is crucial to reduce buffeting. It is shown that the buffeting level may be reduced by 3 dB by adding a cavity to the sunroof configuration. Therefore, the cavity could be considered as a means of buffeting reduction, in addition to the three currently-known concepts: wind deflector, sunroof glass comfort position and cabin venting. Thorough understanding of the buffeting mechanism helps explain why and how the cavity works to reduce buffeting. Investigation of the buffeting-related physics provides a deep insight into the flow nature and, therefore, a useful hint to geometry modification for buffeting reduction. The buffeting level may be further reduced by about 4 dB or more by cutting the corners of the sunroof opening into smooth ramps, guided by ideas coming from careful examining the physics of flow. More work including three dimensional simulation and wind tunnel experiment should follow in order to develop more confidence in the functionality of the cavity to hopefully promote this idea to the level that it can be utilized in a feasible way to address sunroof buffeting.

A Model for Heat Transfer From Embedded Blood Vessels in Two-Dimensional Tissue Preparations

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Zhu ◽  
Sheldon Weinbaum
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Solution ◽  
Tissue Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Equilibration ◽  
Insight Into

Two-dimensional microvascular tissue preparations have been extensively used to study blood flow in the microcirculation, and, most recently, the mechanism of thermal equilibration between thermally significant countercurrent artery-vein pairs. In this paper, an approximate three-dimensional solution for the heat transfer from a periodic array of blood vessels in a tissue preparation of uniform thickness with surface convection is constructed using a newly derived fundamental solution for a Green’s function for this flow geometry. This approximate solution is exact when the ratio K′ of the blood to tissue conductivity is unity and a highly accurate approximation when K′ ≠ 1. This basic solution is applied to develop a model for the heat transfer from a countercurrent artery-vein pair in an exteriorized rat cremaster muscle preparation. The numerical results provide important new insight into the design of microvascular experiments in which the axial variation of the thermal equilibration in microvessels can be measured for the first time. The solutions also provide new insight into the design of fluted fins and microchips that are convectively cooled by internal pores.

scholarly journals Multi-colour lineage tracing to asses intra-tumour heterogeneity in glioblastoma multiforme

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. iv1-iv1
Author(s):  
James Innes ◽  
Sebastian Brandner ◽  
Silvia Marino
Keyword(s):  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Therapy Response ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Intratumor Heterogeneity ◽  
Biological Behaviour

Abstract Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents nearly 50% of all malignant brain tumours. Molecular and genomic diagnostics are beginning to unravel the variation between individual tumours. However, there is growing evidence that cellular heterogeneity exists within a single malignancy. Singe cell analysis has demonstrated the presence of subpopulations corresponding to distinct expression profiles. Objective and experimental approach characterisation of the intratumor heterogeneity is essential to understand biological behaviour and therapy response. Through combining a genetically labelled mouse model (rosa26-confetti lineage tracing locus) with genetically engineered GBM model we can label distinct cellular lineages. Results For three-dimensional imaging of these fluorescently labelled tumours we have optimised tissue clearing protocols. Fluorescence activated sorting of genetically labelled tumour cells identifies distinct populations within single tumours. With these techniques can now interrogate the spatial organisation of clones across large areas and we can compare distinct tumour lineages. Outlook Currently, we are engineering human glioblastoma cell lines with genetic fluorescent labels for lineage tracing. Several genetically characterised human cell lines are available for which novel therapeutic targets have been identified. We will apply our lineage tracing approach to investigate the clonal effects of these tailored therapeutics.

scholarly journals Comparison of Morphologic Parameters of Temporomandibular Joint for Asymptomatic Subjects Using the Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Measuring Methods

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanli Zhang ◽  
Xianchao Xu ◽  
Zhan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Measuring Method ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects ◽  
Method Group

The differences of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) morphologic parameters by using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) measuring methods were compared. Ten asymptomatic subjects (26.75 ± 4.89 years) were randomly recruited. The 3D models of the maxilla, mandible, and teeth were reconstructed according to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image data. The morphologic parameters of TMJs were measured by the 2D CBCT measuring method (group A) and the 3D reconstruction model measuring method (group B), respectively. The morphologic parameters in each group were assessed by paired samplest-test, and the statistical significance was achieved whenp<0.05. The horizontal condylar angle (HCA), sagittal ramus angle (SRA), medial joint space (MJS), lateral joint space (LJS), superior joint space (SJS), and anterior joint space (AJS) in group A were significantly smaller than those in group B (p<0.05). The HCA on the left side was significantly smaller than that on the right side in group A (p<0.05). However, all the morphologic parameters in group B were not significantly different between left and right sides. In conclusion, there were significant differences for the morphologic parameters of TMJ measured on 2D CBCT and 3D models. 3D measuring method should be used for the detection of TMJ morphology in clinical practice.

scholarly journals On the fully 3D simulations of thermoelastic models defined in plate and shell geometries

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice Bognet ◽  
Adrien Leygue ◽  
Francisco Chinesta
Keyword(s):  
Computational Complexity ◽  
Dimensionality Reduction ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Polymer Processing ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Composites Manufacturing ◽  
Plate And Shell ◽  
Separated Representation

Many models in polymer processing and composites manufacturing are defined in degenerated three-dimensional domains (3D), involving plate or shell geometries. The reduction of models from 3D to two-dimensional (2D) is not obvious when complex physics or particular geometries are involved. The hypotheses to be introduced for reaching this dimensionality reduction are unclear, and most of the possible proposals will have a narrow interval of validity. The only gateway is to explore new discretisation strategies able to circumvent or at least alleviate the drawbacks related to mesh-based discretisations of fully 3D models defined in plate or shell domains. Appropriate separated representation of the involved fields within the context of the proper generalised decomposition allows solving the fully 3D model by keeping a 2D characteristic computational complexity.

scholarly journals USES OF 3D MODELING TECHNIQUES IN THE DIGITAL ARTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (88) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Real Life ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Digital Art ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Modeling Techniques

With the rapid advances in visual perception and processing technologies, it has become easier to create 3D models (three dimensional visuals that have width height and depth data) of objects by processing 2D (two dimensional images that have width and height data like photography) images obtained from real life with the help of certain algorithms. These systems, which convert from two-dimensional painting to three-dimensional model format, now describe and translate most objects correctly. Like photogrametry and laser scanning, is used to quickly transfer large areas to 3D media, especially with coating materials. 3D images obtained by scanning 2D images show differences in terms of the obtained model quality and polygon density. This system, which serves to obtain very fast 3D models, is frequently used in computer games development, digital art and production / cinema studies, painting, sculpting, ceramic and photography to obtain a spesific result. In the research, image-based 3D model creation technologies were mentioned. The types of this technology and its usage purposes, methods and problems are the topics of this article Also problems faced while engaging the models accured from this methods to other platforms are included in the article. In this context, the aim of the study is to recognize the new scanning modeling processes and algorithms supported by artificial intelligence and to determine the usage areas of these modeling techniques in art. Keywords: Art, 3D Model, A.I., LIDAR, Photogrametry, Digital Art

THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE TIBIOTALAR JOINT OF INTACT MALE FEET UNDER UNLOADED AND AXIAL-LOADED CONDITIONS

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 1450012
Author(s):  
Shuhei Nozaki ◽  
Keigo Taniguchi ◽  
Kota Watanabe ◽  
Masaki Katayose
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Tibiotalar Joint ◽  
Rotational Orientation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose: We investigated the distribution of three-axis rotational directions of the tibiotalar joint in intact feet under axial loading and categorized them according to the combinations of the three-axis rotational directions of the tibiotalar joint as three-dimensional (3D) rotational patterns. Methods: The differences in rotational orientation of the talus relative to the tibia under unloaded and axial-loaded conditions were calculated from the 3D models of the tibiotalar joint that were reconstructed from magnetic resonance (MR) images in 27 intact male feet. Results: In the sagittal plane, the talus rotated into plantarflexion in 63% of the feet and into dorsiflexion in 30%. In the coronal plane, the talus rotated into inversion in 37% of the feet and into eversion in 33%. In the transverse plane, the talus rotated into adduction in 85% of the feet and into abduction in 4%. A total of 10 3D tibiotalar joint rotational patterns were observed under axial loading. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of the 10 tibiotalar joint rotational patterns (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The 3D tibiotalar joint rotational patterns under axial loading were consolidated into 10 directions, which provides insight into the subject-specific kinematics of the tibiotalar joint.

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