scholarly journals Block-And-Lock: New Horizons for a Cure for HIV-1

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1443
Author(s):  
Ines Moranguinho ◽  
Susana T. Valente
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Treatment Interruption ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
World Health ◽  
Viral Reservoir ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Hiv 1

HIV-1/AIDS remains a global public health problem. The world health organization (WHO) reported at the end of 2019 that 38 million people were living with HIV-1 worldwide, of which only 67% were accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite great success in the clinical management of HIV-1 infection, ART does not eliminate the virus from the host genome. Instead, HIV-1 remains latent as a viral reservoir in any tissue containing resting memory CD4+ T cells. The elimination of these residual proviruses that can reseed full-blown infection upon treatment interruption remains the major barrier towards curing HIV-1. Novel approaches have recently been developed to excise or disrupt the virus from the host cells (e.g., gene editing with the CRISPR-Cas system) to permanently shut off transcription of the virus (block-and-lock and RNA interference strategies), or to reactivate the virus from cell reservoirs so that it can be eliminated by the immune system or cytopathic effects (shock-and-kill strategy). Here, we will review each of these approaches, with the major focus placed on the block-and-lock strategy.

scholarly journals Burden, Access, and Disparities in Kidney Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Deidra C. Crews ◽  
Aminu K. Bello ◽  
Gamal Saadi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Universal Health Coverage ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
Universal Health

Kidney disease is a global public health problem, affecting over 750 million persons worldwide. The burden of kidney disease varies substantially across the world. In many settings, rates of kidney disease and the provision of its care are defined by socioeconomic, cultural, and political factors leading to significant disparities. World Kidney Day 2019 offers an opportunity to raise awareness of kidney disease and highlight disparities in its burden and current state of global capacity for prevention and management. Here, we highlight the need for strengthening basic infrastructure for kidney care services for early detection and management of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease across all countries and advocate for more pragmatic approaches to providing renal replacement therapies. Achieving universal health coverage worldwide by 2030 is a World Health Organization Sustainable Development Goal. While universal health coverage may not include all elements of kidney care in all countries, understanding what is locally feasible and important with a focus on reducing the burden and consequences of kidney disease would be an important step towards achieving kidney health equity.

Suicide in Developing Countries (1)

Crisis ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Vijayakumar ◽  
K. Nagaraj ◽  
Jane Pirkis ◽  
Harvey Whiteford
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract. Objective. Suicide is a global public health problem, but relatively little epidemiological investigation of the phenomenon has occurred in developing countries. This paper aims to (1) examine the availability of rate data in developing countries, (2) provide a description of the frequency and distribution of suicide in those countries for which data are available, and (3) explore the relationship between country-level socioeconomic factors and suicide rates. It is accompanied by two companion papers that consider risk factors and preventive efforts associated with suicide in developing countries, respectively. Method. Using World Health Organization data, we calculated the average annual male, female, and total suicide rates during the 1990s for individual countries and regions (classified according to the Human Development Index [HDI]), and examined the association between a range of socioeconomic indicators and suicide rates. Results. For reasons of data availability, we concentrated on medium HDI countries. Suicide rates in these countries were variable. They were generally comparable with those in high HDI countries from the same region, with some exceptions. High education levels, high telephone density, and high per capita levels of cigarette consumption were associated with high suicide rates; high levels of inequality were associated with low suicide rates. Conclusion. Epidemiological investigations of this kind have the potential to inform suicide prevention efforts in developing countries, and should be encouraged.

scholarly journals Bibliometric Analysis of Literature on Colistin Resistance: 1947-2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhat Sirekbasan ◽  
Serap Süzük Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: Nowadays, antibiotic resistance is defined as a global public health problem. The World Health Organization aims to raise awareness among users and policy makers by grouping both critically importantl antibiotics and resistant bacteria. In this study, it is aimed to make the bibliometric evaluation of of the literature on the resistance of colistin. Method: Specific keywords associated with colistin resistance were used in Scopus database covering the period between 1947, and 2019. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of retrieved data were presented using appropriate bibliometric indicators, the number, and language of the publications, the countries that contributed mostly to the literature, the most influential institutions, the most frequently cited publications, active writers and active journals. Results: A total of 1454 articles were evaluated. Although the number of articles showed an increase from 2009 to 2015, it was determined that the increases after 2015 were quite dramatical. The most common language in the published articles was English (95.75%) followed by Chinese (1.16%). The United States of America (USA) contributed mostly with 21.46% of the articles followed by China with 16.02% of articles. Approximately 13% of the retrieved articles on colistin resistance were published in the journal of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Conclusion: There has been a dramatical increase in the number of publications on the resistance to colistin, which came into use due to the widespread use of carbapenemases. This bibliometric study is expected to help health policy makers and researcher on the planning and development of policies regarding colistin.

scholarly journals Fighting the SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic with Soap

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narendra Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
Nabina Chaudhary ◽  
Manis Dahal ◽  
Biswash Guragain ◽  
Sumie Rai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Unique Chemical ◽  
Global Public Health Problem

The greatest pandemic of the century, COVID-19, is an ongoing global public health problem. With a clinically approved treatment available only for those who are acutely ill and are hospitalized, the control of this disease in the general population is still largely dependent on the preventive measures issued by the World Health Organization. Among the general control measures other than immunization with the COVID-19 vaccines, handwashing with soap and water has been emphasized the most because it is cost-effective and easily accessible to the general public. Studies have reported that soaps offer unique chemical properties that can completely destroy enveloped viruses. However, the general public seems to be still uncertain about whether soaps can shield us from a highly contagious disease such as COVID-19. In an attempt to help eliminate the uncertainty, we analyzed the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of soap and its prospect for preventing the spread of COVID-19. In this paper, we provide an overview of the history and characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the current global COVID-19 situation, the possible mechanisms of the deactivation of viruses by soaps, and the potential effectiveness of soap in eliminating coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Global Availability of Antivenoms: The Relevance of Public Manufacturing Laboratories

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Impact

Snakebite envenoming is a serious global public health problem, and international initiatives, under the coordination of the World Health Organization and its regional offices, are being developed to reduce the impact of this neglected tropical disease. The global availability of safe and effective antivenoms is one of the key aspects in this global strategy. This review discusses the role of public antivenom manufacturing laboratories for ensuring the supply of antivenoms. The difficulties faced by public laboratories are discussed, together with some tasks that need to be implemented for strengthening them. In addition, the concept of ‘redundancy’ in the supply of antivenoms is emphasized, as a way to cope with the risks associated with the provision of antivenoms by few manufacturers. In general, the public sector should play a leading role, in antivenom availability and other aspects as well, within the global struggle to reduce the mortality and morbidity caused by snakebite envenoming.

scholarly journals Violence a global public health problem

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L. Dahlberg ◽  
Etienne G. Krug
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World Health ◽  
General Description ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

This article is a version of the Introduction to the World Report on Violence and Health, published by the World Health Organization (WHO). It presents a general description about this phenomenon and points some basic questions: concepts and definitions about the theme; the state of knowledge about it; nature and typology on violence; proposal of a quantitative and qualitative approach of an ecological model; responsibilities and functions of the public health sector and its potentiality to prevent and reduce violence in the world; the responsibilities of the nations and the policy makers in a intersetorial point of view; difficulties and obstacles for actuation and challenges for the health sector.

scholarly journals Burden, Access, and Disparities in Kidney Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deidra C. Crews ◽  
Aminu K. Bello ◽  
Gamal Saadi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Universal Health Coverage ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
Universal Health

Kidney disease is a global public health problem, affecting over 750 million persons worldwide. The burden of kidney disease varies substantially across the world. In many settings, rates of kidney disease and the provision of its care are defined by socioeconomic, cultural, and political factors leading to significant disparities. World Kidney Day 2019 offers an opportunity to raise awareness of kidney disease and highlight disparities in its burden and current state of global capacity for prevention and management. Here, we highlight the need for strengthening basic infrastructure for kidney care services for early detection and management of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease across all countries and advocate for more pragmatic approaches to providing renal replacement therapies. Achieving universal health coverage worldwide by 2030 is a World Health Organization Sustainable Development Goal. While universal health coverage may not include all elements of kidney care in all countries, understanding what is locally feasible and important with a focus on reducing the burden and consequences of kidney disease would be an important step towards achieving kidney health equity.

Study of the efficacy of Pathadi Ghanavati with Lajamanda in the management of Aamatisara

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhura Jadhav ◽  
P. D. Londhe
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Loose Motion ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
Watery Stool ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Effective Remedy ◽  
Trial Drug

Acute Diarrhoea is an important public health problem worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates that there are more than 1000 million cases of Acute Diarrhoea. Loose motion less than 2 weeks that labelled as Acute Diarrhoea. Diarrhoea is described in Ayurvedic classics with the name of ‘Atisara’. It means passing of excessive flow of watery stool through anus. Most important factor in the pathogenesis of Aamatisara is Mandagni. In present study 50 patients of Aamatisara were selected from OPD and IPD of Kayachikitsa department. For the clinical study Pathadi Ghanavati and Lajamanda was selected as the trial drug which was given for the duration of 7 days in the dose of 1gm twice a day. It was observed that 32% patients were from the age group 51-60 years, 70% were females, 62% were from lower-middle socio economic class. Sama Jivha was found in all the patients. Among results loose motion showed 98.75% relief, 97.82% showed improvement in Udarashoola, 97.43% improvement in Agnimandya and Daurbalya each, 100% relief was seen in Aruchi. All the symptoms showed highly significant results. Hence it can be concluded that Pathadi Ghanavati and Lajamanda is very effective remedy in the patients of Aamatisara.

Possible role of Unani Pharmacology in COVID-19 – a narrative review

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Anzar Alam ◽  
Mohd Abdul Gani ◽  
G. Shama ◽  
Ghulamuddin Sofi ◽  
Mohd Aleemuddin Quamri
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Santalum Album ◽  
Boswellia Serrata ◽  
Unani Medicine ◽  
Significant Public Health Problem ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), viral diseases continue to rise, and pose a significant public health problem. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is close to Amraz-e-Wabai (epidemic diseases) which was described by Hippocrates, Galen, Aristotle, Razes, Haly Abbas, Avicenna, Jurjani etc. Presently, there is no specific or challenging treatment available for COVID-19. Renowned Unani Scholars recommended during epidemic situation to stay at home, and fumigate the shelters with aromatics herbs like Ood kham (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.), Kundur (Boswellia serrata Roxb), Kafoor (Cinnamomum camphora L.), Sandal (Santalum album L), Hing (Ferula foetida L.) etc. Use of specific Unani formulations are claimed effective for the management of such epidemic or pandemic situation like antidotes (Tiryaqe Wabai, Tiryaqe Arba, Tiryaqe Azam, Gile Armani), Herbal Decoction (Joshandah), along with Sharbate Khaksi, Habbe Bukhar, Sharbate Zanjabeel, Khamira Marwareed, Jawarish Jalinus, and Sirka (vinegar). Such drugs are claimed for use as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, cardiotonic, and general tonic actions. The study enumerates the literature regarding management of epidemics in Unani medicine and attempts to look the same in the perspective of COVID-19 prevention and management.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination Perception and Attitude among Healthcare Workers in Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272110133
Author(s):  
Samar Fares ◽  
Merihan M. Elmnyer ◽  
Shimaa Sabry Mohamed ◽  
Radwa Elsayed
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
P Value ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction COVID-19 pandemic has affected the whole world, especially the frontline worriers. To get shielded through this war, the world is racing to reach and manufacture COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccination hesitancy is one of the significant obstacles to global health. Objectives This study aimed to assess the perception and attitude of healthcare workers in Egypt toward COVID-19 vaccines, acknowledge the determinants of their attitude, and the factors that could increase the acceptance of the vaccine. Methods an observational web-based anonymous survey was conducted on 385 Egyptian healthcare workers in different governorates. The questionnaire-based on Vaccine Hesitancy Survey Questions of the World Health Organization was available in Arabic and English languages and was tested for reliability. Results Regarding vaccination decision, 51% of the participants were undecided, 28% refused, and 21% accepted vaccination. Reasons for vaccine acceptance mainly were risks of COVID-19 (93%), safety (57.5%), and effectiveness (56.25%) of the vaccine. Simultaneously, the reasons for vaccine hesitancy were the absence of enough clinical trials (92.4%) and fear of side effects of the vaccine (91.4%). The leading factor that could increase vaccination acceptance among the participants was to get sufficient and accurate information about the available vaccines. The participants revealed a high mean level of concern for COVID-19 vaccines’ safety (3.8 of 5) that differs significantly among the different study groups ( P-value .002). Conclusion Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, only approximately 21% of Egyptian healthcare workers in our study accepted the COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccine hesitancy represents a major barrier to implementing vaccination programs.

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