scholarly journals Identification of Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes 3 and 7 in Israel: A Public Health Concern?

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2326
Author(s):  
Rachel Shirazi ◽  
Paolo Pozzi ◽  
Yael Gozlan ◽  
Marina Wax ◽  
Yaniv Lustig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Dromedary Camel ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

Background: Hepatitis E (HEV) is an emerging cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. Swine carrying hepatitis E genotype 3 (HEV-3) are responsible for the majority of chronic viral hepatitis cases in developed countries. Recently, genotype 7 (HEV-7), isolated from a dromedary camel in the United Arab Emirates, was also associated with chronic viral hepatitis in a transplant recipient. In Israel, chronic HEV infection has not yet been reported, although HEV seroprevalence in humans is ~10%. Camels and swine are >65% seropositive. Here we report on the isolation and characterization of HEV from local camels and swine. Methods: Sera from camels (n = 142), feces from swine (n = 18) and blood from patients suspected of hepatitis E (n = 101) were collected during 2017–2020 and used to detect and characterize HEV sequences. Results: HEV-3 isolated from local swine and the camel-derived HEV-7 sequence were highly similar to HEV-3f and HEV-7 sequences (88.2% and 86.4%, respectively) related to viral hepatitis. The deduced amino acid sequences of both isolates were also highly conserved (>98%). Two patients were HEV-RNA positive; acute HEV-1 infection could be confirmed in one of them. Discussion: The absence of any reported HEV-3 and HEV-7 infection in humans remains puzzling, especially considering the reported seroprevalence rates, the similarity between HEV sequences related to chronic hepatitis and the HEV genotypes identified in swine and camels in Israel.

scholarly journals Viral hepatitis E: A disease of humans and animals

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 449-462
Author(s):  
Branislav Kureljusic ◽  
Vojin Ivetic ◽  
Bozidar Savic ◽  
Jasna Kureljusic ◽  
Nemanja Jezdimirovic
Keyword(s):  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
The Usa

The hepatitis E virus is ubiquitous in all parts of the world where pig production exists. The infection occurs in several animal species and its course is mostly asymptomatic. Viral strains isolated from pigs and humans are genetically similar, which indicates a potential zoonotic nature of the disease, and the possibility that pigs, and perhaps also other species of animals diseased with viral hepatitis E are a source of infection to humans. The pig hepatitis E virus, which is similar to the hepatitis E virus in humans, was isolated and described for the first time in the USA in 1997. The infection of pigs with hepatitis E virus occurs through faeco-oral transmission, by ingestion of feed and water contaminated with the virus, or through direct contact between infected and healthy animals. The pathogenesis of this infection in pigs differs from its pathogenesis in humans and it has not been sufficiently examined in all its aspects. Even though viral hepatitis E in pigs has been described as a subclinical disease, some authors describe changes in the concentration of certain biochemical parameters in blood serum of the infected pigs. Histologically, a mild to moderate lymphotic-plasma cellular infiltration is observed in livers of infected pigs, as well as focal areas of hepatocyte necrosis. Viral hepatitis E is an endemic disease of humans in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In developed countries, hepatitis E sporadically occurs in humans, but it is becoming of increasing importance in particular in Japan, North America, and Europe, because the populations of these areas travel extensively to the endemic regions or as a result of the consumption of thermally untreated meat of wild boar and products made from thermally untreated meat. Pork products can be contaminated with hepatitis E virus. Further proof that indicates the zoonotic potential of this virus and places this diseases among the group of professional diseases of farmers and veterinarians is the finding of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in farmers and veterinarians who work on pig farms without showing any clinical signs of the disease. Having in mind the fact that viral hepatitis E has been proven in pig farms in Serbia and neighboruign countries, there should be strict respect of biosecutiry measures from the episootiological and epidemiological aspects, and the principle of good production and hygiene practice should be adhered to on pig farms. This disease should in future also be included in the legal regulations of our country in order to ensure the production of products of animal origin that are safe from the aspect of hygiene.

Viral Hepatitis E

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenrad E Nelson ◽  
Brittany L Kmush
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Foodborne Infection

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infections are among the most frequent causes of viral hepatitis globally. They are especially common in southern Asia where large epidemics of waterborne hepatitis, primarily affect adults with increased mortality in pregnant women, occur frequently during and after monsoon rains when there is contamination of the drinking water supply. These epidemics have been recognized throughout modern history. Similar epidemics have been reported from Sub-Saharan Africa during humanitarian crises, when the water supply is compromised. The causal virus, HEV, was discovered in 1983. About a decade later, similar HEV viruses were found to be transmitted as a foodborne infection from infected pigs, deer, wild boar, and other zoonotic reservoirs. There are 4 genotypes of HEV that infect humans: genotypes 1 and 2 are strictly human pathogens, and genotypes 3 and 4 have zoonotic reservoirs and are transmitted as a foodborne infection or from contact with the zoonotic reservoir. Although most HEV infections cause asymptomatic infections or acute selflimited hepatitis in humans, in recent years, chronic infections among immunocompromised patients after solid organ transplants or other immunocompromising conditions have been reported among persons with genotype 3 infections. This review contains 4 figues, 4 tables and 162 references Key Words: epidemiology, global impact, Hepatitis E Vaccine, HEV, prevention, reservoirs, risk factors, treatment

scholarly journals Viral Hepatitis E and Chronicity: A Growing Public Health Concern

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Thakur ◽  
Radha Kanta Ratho ◽  
Swatantra Kumar ◽  
Shailendra K. Saxena ◽  
Ishani Bora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern

scholarly journals Hepatitis E virus and blood transfusion safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Bi ◽  
Ru Yang ◽  
Chunchen Wu ◽  
Jianbo Xia
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donation ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Global Population

Abstract While the majority of worldwide hepatitis E viral (HEV) infections that occur in people are from contaminated water or food sources, there has also been a steadily rising number of reported cases of transfusion-transmitted HEV (TT-HEV) in blood donation recipients. For most, HEV infection is acute, self-limiting and asymptomatic. However, patients that are immunocompromised, especially transplant patients, are at much higher risk for developing chronic infections, which can progress to cirrhosis and liver failure, along with overall increased mortality. Because of the rising trend of HEV serological prevalence among the global population, and the fact that TT-HEV infection can cause serious clinical consequences among those patients most at need for blood donation, the need for screening for TT-HEV has been gaining in prominence as an important public health concern for both developing and developed countries. In the review, we summarise evidence for and notable cases of TT-HEV infections, the various aspects of HEV screening protocols and recent trends in the implementation of TT-HEV broad-based blood screening programmes.

History and Global Burden of Viral Hepatitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert E. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Viral Hepatitis A

Between 1963 and 1989, 5 hepatotropic viruses have been discovered that are the major causes of viral hepatitides worldwide: hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis delta virus and hepatitis E virus. Their epidemiology and pathogenesis have been studied in great detail. Furthermore, the structure and genetic organization of their DNA or RNA genome including the viral life cycle have been elucidated and have been successfully translated into important clinical applications, such as the specific diagnosis, therapy and prevention of the associated liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prevalence of acute and chronic viral hepatitis A-E shows distinct geographic differences. The global burden of disease (prevalence, incidence, death, disability-adjusted life years) has been analyzed in seminal studies that show that the worldwide prevalence of hepatitis A-E has significantly decreased between 1990 and 2013. During the same time, the incidence of HBV-related liver cirrhosis and HCC, respectively, also decreased or increased slightly, the incidence of the HCV-related liver cirrhosis remained stable and the incidence of HCV-related HCC showed a major increase. During the coming years, we expect to improve our ability to prevent and effectively treat viral hepatitis A-E, resulting in the control of these global infections and the elimination of their associated morbidities and mortalities.

scholarly journals Evaluation of High-Pressure Processing in Inactivation of the Hepatitis E Virus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Nasheri ◽  
Tanushka Doctor ◽  
Angela Chen ◽  
Jennifer Harlow ◽  
Alexander Gill
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Pressure Processing ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Log Reduction

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute hepatitis with approximately 20 million cases per year globally. While HEV is endemic in certain regions of Asia, Africa and South America, it is considered an emerging foodborne pathogen in developed countries. Based on genetic diversity, HEV is classified into different genotypes, with genotype 3 (HEV-3) being most prevalent in Europe and North America. The transmission of HEV-3 has been shown to be zoonotic and mainly associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked pork products. Herein, we investigated the efficacy of high-pressure processing (HPP) in the inactivation of HEV-3 using a cell culture system. HPP has been indicated as a promising nonthermal pathogen inactivation strategy for treatment of certain high-risk food commodities, without any noticeable changes in their nature. For this purpose, we treated HEV-3 in media as well as in artificially inoculated pork pâté, with different conditions of HPP: 400 MPa for 1 and 5 minutes, as well as 600 MPa for 1 and 5 minutes, at ambient temperature. In general, we observed approximately a 2-log reduction in HEV load by HPP treatments in media; however, similar treatment in the pork pâté resulted in a much lower reduction in viral load. Therefore, the efficacy of HPP treatment in the inactivation of HEV-3 is matrix-dependent.

scholarly journals Development of ELISA test kits for semi-quantitative detection of anti-HEV antibodies in pigs in the Republic of Belarus

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-351
Author(s):  
P. A. Krasochko ◽  
S. V. Zhavoronok ◽  
D. S. Barysavets ◽  
P. P. Krasochko ◽  
G. I. Alatortseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
The Republic

Viral hepatitis E infection affects up to 80-100 % of domestic pigs worldwide and is characterized by high seroprevalence among domestic pigs in temperate climate countries. Epizootic monitoring of HEV infection is insufficient in the Republic of Belarus due to lack of the required number of available and inexpensive diagnostic ELISA kits with good sensitivity and specificity. In this regard, research on development of domestic ELISA kit for semi-quantitative detection of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in pigs with subsequent assessment of seroprevalence to HEV in pig population in the Republic of Belarus is relevant. The results of studies on development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for semi-quantitative determination of class G immunoglobulins to HEV in pig blood serum using recombinant proteins, including immunodominant amino acid sequences corresponding to the ORF2 and ORF3 proteins of HEV genotype 3 are presented in the paper. The optimal concentration for sorption of ORF2 and ORF3 proteins has been determined, which is 2 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity of this test kit makes 94.8 %, and the diagnostic specificity makes 100 %. Coefficients of variation being the criterion for assessing the intra-serial and inter-serial reproducibility of this test kit, make 3.5 % and 12.4 %, respectively, which allows to obtain reproducible results and identify specific anti-HEV antibodies in all positive samples of pig blood serum. When studying 1235 pig sera samples from various pig farms of Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk and Mogilev regions, seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies has been determined in 168 or 13.6 % of animals. The described diagnostic method can be widely used in science and practice for the further study of seroprevalence of anti-HEV. Acknowledgments. The research was carried out as part of the Interstate program of innovation cooperation of States - participants of the CIS up to 2020, with the financial support of the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation, the project ID RFMEFI61316X0 061, and the State Committee for Science and Technology of the Republic of Belarus.

scholarly journals Enteric viral hepatitis in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Southern Vietnam)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Ostankova ◽  
A. V. Semenov ◽  
D. E. Valutite ◽  
E. B. Zueva ◽  
E. N. Serikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
General Group ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Increased Risk

Aim: To study the hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis Е (HEV) prevalence in the Southern region of Vietnam based on the frequency analysis of the antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses detection in the local population and groups at increased risk of infection.Materials and methods. Serological markers of enteral viral hepatitis were determined in blood serum samples from adults aged 18 to 65 years of three groups: conditionally healthy individuals (n = 397), HIV-infected (n = 316), and patients with chronic viral hepatitis (n = 268). The ELISA method was used for the qualitative detection of anti-HAV IgG, anti-HAV IgM, anti-HEV IgG, anti-HEV IgM.Results. When analyzing the prevalence of anti-HAV IgG in samples obtained from conditionally healthy, HIV-infected, and patients with chronic viral hepatitis, no differences were found between the groups. The incidence of anti-HAV IgG in the general group (n = 981) was 80.1%, in the absence of anti-HAV IgM. There were no gender-age differences in the frequency of anti-HAV IgG in the examined groups. Antibodies anti-HEV IgG in the groups of conditionally healthy, patients with chronic viral hepatitis, and HIV-infected were present in the samples in 36,2%, 33,2%, and 39,8% of cases, respectively. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgM in these groups was 3,27%, 4,1%, and 3,79%, respectively. In the general group (n = 981), anti-HEV IgG was detected in 36,6% of cases, anti-HEV IgM in 3,66%, which corresponds to the prevalence of antibodies to HEV in endemic regions.Conclusion. A high incidence of enteral viral hepatitis markers was shown in residents of South Vietnam, including the groups of conditionally healthy, patients with chronic viral hepatitis, and HIV-infected. There is an obvious need for further studies of the spread extent of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam using currently available highly sensitive diagnostic methods, including sequencing of the virus›s nucleotide sequences.

scholarly journals High prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies among blood donors in central Italy, February to March 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (30) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Lucarelli ◽  
Enea Spada ◽  
Gloria Taliani ◽  
Paola Chionne ◽  
Elisabetta Madonna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Prevalence Rate Ratio

Prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies is highly variable in developed countries, which seems partly due to differences in assay sensitivity. Using validated sensitive assays, we tested 313 blood donors attending a hospital transfusion unit in central Italy in January and February 2014 for anti-HEV IgG and IgM and HEV RNA. Data on HEV exposure were collected from all donors. Overall anti-HEV IgG prevalence was 49% (153/313). Eating raw dried pig-liver sausage was the only independent predictor of HEV infection (adjusted prevalence rate ratio = 2.14; 95% confidence interval: 1.23–3.74). Three donors were positive for either anti-HEV IgM (n = 2; 0.6%) or HEV RNA (n = 2; 0.6%); they were completely asymptomatic, without alanine aminotransferase (ALT) abnormalities. Of the two HEV RNA-positive donors (both harbouring genotype 3), one was anti-HEV IgG- and IgM-positive, the other was anti-HEV IgG- and IgM-negative. The third donor was positive for anti-HEV IgG and IgM but HEV RNA-negative. HEV infection is therefore hyperendemic among blood donors (80% men 18–64 years-old) from central Italy and associated with local dietary habits. Nearly 1% of donors have acute or recent infection, implying potential transmission to blood recipients. Neither ALT nor anti-HEV IgM testing seems useful to prevent transfusion-transmitted HEV infection.

scholarly journals Fetomaternal outcome in pregnancy with hepatitis E infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Preeti F. Lewis ◽  
Sampada Prasad ◽  
Nitin B. Bavdekar
Keyword(s):  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Acute Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Still Births ◽  
Post Partum Period

Background: HEV infection, a major public health concern, is known to cause large-scale epidemic and sporadic cases of acute viral hepatitis in developing countries. The infection occurs primarily in young adults and is generally mild and self-limiting; however, the case fatality rate is reportedly higher among pregnant women.Methods: Our study, a retrospective observational study, was conducted in a tertiary care center for over a period of 3 years (January 2017 to January 2020) to find out the fetal and maternal outcome in pregnant women with HEV infection.Results: A total of 38 antenatal cases with anti-HEV IgM-positive were included, and the maternal-fetal outcome was analyzed. The maternal mortality was 52.63 % especially during 3rd trimester and post-partum period, including 5 antenatal death. The most common maternal complication was acute fulminant hepatitis (39.5 %), DIC (36.8 %) and hepatic encephalopathy (31.6%). Prematurity (33.3% of total live births) and Still births (32.3 %) including 4 freshes still births were the commonest fetal complications noted.Conclusions: Our study shows that pregnant woman with acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis E virus infection had a high mortality rate especially during 3rd trimester and post-partum period with poor obstetric and fetal outcome.

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