Using Google Trends to Predict COVID-19 Vaccinations and Monitor Search Behaviours about Vaccines: A Retrospective Analysis of Italian Data

Google Trends data are an efficient source for analysing internet search behaviour and providing valuable insights into community dynamics and health-related problems. In this article, we aimed to evaluate if Google Trends data could help monitor the COVID-19 vaccination trend over time and if the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines modified the interest of pregnant women in vaccination. Data related to Google internet searches and the number of vaccine doses administered in Italy were used. We found moderate to strong correlations between search volumes of vaccine-related terms and the number of vaccines administered. In particular, a model based on Google Trends with a 3-week lag showed the best performance in fitting the number of COVID-19 vaccinations over time. We also observed that the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines affected the search interest for the argument “vaccination in pregnancy” both quantitatively and qualitatively. There was a significant increase in the search interest after the launch of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Italy. Qualitative analysis suggested that this increase was probably due to concerns about COVID-19 vaccines. Thus, our study suggests the benefits of using Google Trends data to predict the number of COVID-19 vaccine doses administered, and to monitor feelings about vaccination.

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Coronavirus-related online web search desire amidst the rising novel coronavirus incidence in Ethiopia: Google Trends-based infodemiology

10.1101/2020.07.23.20158592 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Behailu Terefe ◽

Alessandro Rovetta ◽

Asha K Rajan ◽

Mengist Awoke

Keyword(s):

Public Interest ◽

Web Search ◽

Google Trends ◽

The Public ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Health Related ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Google Search ◽

Over Time ◽

Online Web

Abstract Background: During outbreaks, like novel coronavirus (COVID 19) disease pandemic, social communication and behaviors are very important. Under such circumstances, individual activities in social media and other online platforms will increase tremendously resulting in the circulation of information in the community. These pieces of information can be infodemic monikers misleading the community. Thus exploring the trends of public interest in searching COVID 19 related issues and checking information circulating in the public is highly crucial. Objective: This study aimed to explore users' concerns towards coronavirus related online web search and to investigate the extent of infodemic monikers (misinformation) adopted for identifying the virus in the early stage of COVID 19 spread in Ethiopia. Methods: Google Trends was employed in exploring the tendency towards coronavirus related web search activities in Ethiopia from March 13 to May 8, 2020. Keywords of the different names of COVID 19 and health related issues were used to investigate the trends of public interest in searching from Google over time. Relative search volume (RSV), Average peak comparison (APC), and associated graphs were used to compare the trends of online search interests. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to check for the presence of correlation. Result: During the study period, the top names users adopted to identify the virus in Ethiopia were corona, virus, coronavirus, corona virus, China coronavirus, and COVID 19. In almost all search activities, the users employed infodemic monikers to identify the virus (overall relative search percentage of 99%). Updates related issues (APC=60, 95% CI, 55, 66) were the most commonly trending health related searches on Google followed by mortality (APC=27, 95% CI, 24, 30) and symptoms (APC=55, 95% CI, 50, 60) related issues. The regional comparison showed the highest cumulative peak for the Oromia region (cumulative total RSVs, 536) followed by the Tigray region (cumulative total RSVs, 512) on querying health related information from Google. No significant correlation was detected between COVID 19 cases per region/city and the maximum peaks of health related searches. Conclusion: This study revealed an initial increase in the public interest of COVID 19 related Google search, but this interest was declined over time. Tremendous circulation of infodemic monikers for the identification of the virus was also noticed in the country. The authors recommend for the government and other stakeholders to work immensely to keep the people alert on coronavirus-related issues and to promote the official names of the virus, like COVID 19, SARS CoV 2 in the public to decrease the circulation of misleading and misinformation amid the outbreak. Keywords: Coronavirus, infodemiology, infodemic monikers; Google Trends, Ethiopia

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Increasing Utility of Google Trends in Monitoring Cardiovascular Disease

10.21203/rs.3.rs-251637/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Conor Senecal ◽

Madeline Mahowald ◽

Lilach Lerman ◽

Francisco Lopez-Jimenez ◽

Amir Lerman

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Strong Correlation ◽

The United States ◽

Google Trends ◽

Online Search ◽

Health Related ◽

Search Data ◽

Over Time

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and in the world. Patients are increasingly using internet search to find health-related information, including searches for cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. We sought to evaluate the change in the state by state correlation of cardiovascular disease and risk factors with Google Trends search volumes. Methods: Data on cardiovascular disease hospitalizations and risk factor prevalence were obtained from the publically available CDC website from 2006-2018. Google Trends data were obtained for matching conditions and time periods. Simple linear regression was performed to evaluate for an increase in correlation over time. Results: Hospitalizations for six separate cardiovascular disease conditions showed moderate to strong correlation with online search data in the last period studied (heart failure (0.58, P<0.001), atrial fibrillation (0.57, P<0.001), coronary heart disease (0.58, P<0.001), myocardial infarction (0.70, P<0.001), stroke (0.62, P<0.001), cardiac dysrhythmia (0.46, P<0.001)). All diseases studied showed a positive increase in correlation throughout the time period studied (P<0.05). All five of the cardiovascular risk factors studied showed strong correlation with online search data; diabetes (R=0.78, P<0.001), cigarette use (R=0.79, P<0.001), hypertension (R=0.81, P<0.001), high cholesterol (R=0.59, P<0.001), obesity (R=0.80, P<0.001). Three of the five showed an increasing correlation over time. Conclusion: The prevalence of and hospitalizations for cardiovascular conditions in the United States strongly correlate with online search volumes nationwide and when analyzed by state. This relationship has progressively strengthened or been strong and stable over recent years for these conditions. Google Trends represents an increasingly valuable tool for evaluating the burden of cardiovascular disease and risk factors in the United States.

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The Association Between Internet Searches and Moisturizer Prescription in Japan: Retrospective Observational Study

JMIR Public Health and Surveillance ◽

10.2196/13212 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. e13212 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wataru Mimura ◽

Manabu Akazawa

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Skin Diseases ◽

Moving Average ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Google Trends ◽

Related Information ◽

Pharmacy Claims ◽

Health Related ◽

Search Data ◽

Internet Searches

Background Heparinoid is a medication prescribed in Japan for skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and dry skin. Heparinoid prescription has increased with instances of internet blogs recommending its use as a cosmetic. Objective This study aimed to examine the prescription trends in moisturizer use and analyze their association with internet searches. Methods We used a claims database to identify pharmacy claims of heparinoid-only prescriptions in Japan. Additionally, we used Google Trends to obtain internet search data for the period between October 1, 2007, and September 31, 2017. To analyze the association between heparinoid prescriptions and internet searches, we performed an autoregressive integrated moving average approach for each time series. Results We identified 155,733 patients who had been prescribed heparinoid. The number of prescriptions increased from 2011 onward, and related internet searches increased from 2012 onward. Internet searches were significantly correlated with total heparinoid prescription (correlation coefficient=.25, P=.005). In addition, internet searches were significantly correlated with heparinoid prescription in those aged 20-59 years at –1-month lag in Google Trends (correlation coefficient=.30, P=.001). Conclusions Google searches related to heparinoid prescriptions showed a seasonal pattern and increased gradually over the preceding several years. Google searches were positively correlated with prescription trends. In addition, in a particular age group (20-59 years), prescriptions increased with the increase in internet searches. These results suggest that people obtained health-related information on the internet and that this affected their behavior and prescription requests.

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The Influence of Media Coverage and Governmental Policies on Google Queries Related to COVID-19 Cutaneous Symptoms: Infodemiology Study

JMIR Public Health and Surveillance ◽

10.2196/25651 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. e25651

Author(s):

Solene Huynh Dagher ◽

Guillaume Lamé ◽

Thomas Hubiche ◽

Khaled Ezzedine ◽

Tu Anh Duong

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Media Coverage ◽

The United States ◽

Google Trends ◽

World Health ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Internet Searches ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

Background During COVID-19, studies have reported the appearance of internet searches for disease symptoms before their validation by the World Health Organization. This suggested that monitoring of these searches with tools including Google Trends may help monitor the pandemic itself. In Europe and North America, dermatologists reported an unexpected outbreak of cutaneous acral lesions (eg, chilblain-like lesions) in April 2020. However, external factors such as public communications may also hinder the use of Google Trends as an infodemiology tool. Objective The study aimed to assess the impact of media announcements and lockdown enforcement on internet searches related to cutaneous acral lesions during the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. Methods Two searches on Google Trends, including daily relative search volumes for (1) “toe” or “chilblains” and (2) “coronavirus,” were performed from January 1 to May 16, 2020, with the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, and Germany as the countries of choice. The ratio of interest over time in “chilblains” and “coronavirus” was plotted. To assess the impact of lockdown enforcement and media coverage on these internet searches, we performed an interrupted time-series analysis for each country. Results The ratio of interest over time in “chilblains” to “coronavirus” showed a constant upward trend. In France, Italy, and the United Kingdom, lockdown enforcement was associated with a significant slope change for “chilblain” searches with a variation coefficient of 1.06 (SE 0.42) (P=0.01), 1.04 (SE 0.28) (P<.01), and 1.21 (SE 0.44) (P=0.01), respectively. After media announcements, these ratios significantly increased in France, Spain, Italy, and the United States with variation coefficients of 18.95 (SE 5.77) (P=.001), 31.31 (SE 6.31) (P<.001), 14.57 (SE 6.33) (P=.02), and 11.24 (SE 4.93) (P=.02), respectively, followed by a significant downward trend in France (–1.82 [SE 0.45]), Spain (–1.10 [SE 0.38]), and Italy (–0.93 [SE 0.33]) (P<.001, P=0.004, and P<.001, respectively). The adjusted R2 values were 0.311, 0.351, 0.325, and 0.305 for France, Spain, Italy, and the United States, respectively, suggesting an average correlation between time and the search volume; however, this correlation was weak for Germany and the United Kingdom. Conclusions To date, the association between chilblain-like lesions and COVID-19 remains controversial; however, our results indicate that Google queries of “chilblain” were highly influenced by media coverage and government policies, indicating that caution should be exercised when using Google Trends as a monitoring tool for emerging diseases.

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“Dr. Google, I am in Pain”—Global Internet Searches Associated with Pain: A Retrospective Analysis of Google Trends Data

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17030954 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 954 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mikołaj Kamiński ◽

Igor Łoniewski ◽

Wojciech Marlicz

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Pain ◽

Back Pain ◽

Seasonal Variations ◽

Google Trends ◽

Search Term ◽

Search Volume ◽

Internet Users ◽

Internet Searches ◽

Relative Search Volume ◽

Over Time

We aimed to rank the most common locations of pain among Google users globally and locally and analyze secular and seasonal trends in pain-related searches in the years 2004–2019. We used data generated by Google Trends (GT) to identify and analyze global interest in topics (n = 24) related to locations of pain and how these progressed over time. We analyzed secular trends and time series decomposition to identify seasonal variations. We also calculated the interest in all topics with reference to the relative search volume (RSV) of “Abdominal pain”. Google users were most commonly interested in “Headache” (1.30 [times more frequently than “Abdominal pain”]), “Abdominal pain” (1.00), and “Back pain” (0.84). “Headache” was the most frequent search term in n = 41 countries, while “Abdominal pain” was the most frequent term in n = 27 countries. The interest in all pain-related topics except “Dyspareunia” increased over time. The sharpest increase was observed for “Abdominal pain” (5.67 RSV/year), and “Toothache” (5.52 RSV/year). Most of the topics revealed seasonal variations. Among pain-related topics, “Headache,” “Abdominal pain,” and “Back pain” interested most Google users. GT is a novel tool that allows retrospective investigation of complaints among Internet users.

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The Association Between Internet Searches and Moisturizer Prescription in Japan: Retrospective Observational Study (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.13212 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Wataru Mimura ◽

Manabu Akazawa

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Skin Diseases ◽

Moving Average ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Google Trends ◽

Related Information ◽

Pharmacy Claims ◽

Health Related ◽

Search Data ◽

Internet Searches

BACKGROUND Heparinoid is a medication prescribed in Japan for skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and dry skin. Heparinoid prescription has increased with instances of internet blogs recommending its use as a cosmetic. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the prescription trends in moisturizer use and analyze their association with internet searches. METHODS We used a claims database to identify pharmacy claims of heparinoid-only prescriptions in Japan. Additionally, we used Google Trends to obtain internet search data for the period between October 1, 2007, and September 31, 2017. To analyze the association between heparinoid prescriptions and internet searches, we performed an autoregressive integrated moving average approach for each time series. RESULTS We identified 155,733 patients who had been prescribed heparinoid. The number of prescriptions increased from 2011 onward, and related internet searches increased from 2012 onward. Internet searches were significantly correlated with total heparinoid prescription (correlation coefficient=.25, <italic>P</italic>=.005). In addition, internet searches were significantly correlated with heparinoid prescription in those aged 20-59 years at –1-month lag in Google Trends (correlation coefficient=.30, <italic>P</italic>=.001). CONCLUSIONS Google searches related to heparinoid prescriptions showed a seasonal pattern and increased gradually over the preceding several years. Google searches were positively correlated with prescription trends. In addition, in a particular age group (20-59 years), prescriptions increased with the increase in internet searches. These results suggest that people obtained health-related information on the internet and that this affected their behavior and prescription requests.

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Decrease in Awareness of Hematologic Malignancies in the United States: Temporal Analysis of Google Trends Search Data from 2004 to 2015

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v128.22.3565.3565 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 128 (22) ◽

pp. 3565-3565 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adeel M. Khan ◽

Alok A. Khorana

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Search Engine ◽

Research Funding ◽

Hematologic Malignancies ◽

The United States ◽

Time Frame ◽

Google Trends ◽

Sen’S Slope ◽

Internet Searches ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background: Digital and surveillance epidemiology via internet search engine analysis has allowed for new insights into patients' and laypersons' health concerns and awareness. Google Trends in particular has become an increasingly well-published data resource as it automatically compiles all Google searches from 2004 to the present from internet users worldwide into an aggregated, passively-collected, and publicly viewable data site. Over the past few years, cancer awareness campaigns in the United States have greatly increased awareness of specific malignancies, such as breast and prostate. However, the hematologic malignancies have not had the same level of awareness, despite rising incidence rates for leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma from 2004 to 2015. This study sought to examine patients' and laypersons' internet searches for terms related to the three major hematologic malignancies. Methods: Google Trends (www.google.com/trends) was accessed to obtain the relative search engine traffic values for terms related to the three major blood cancers (leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma) from January 2004 to December 2015. These values are defined as search volume indices (SVIs) and are directly obtainable from Google Trends. For comparison, SVIs for the term "cancer" were also collected during the same time frame. Using standard Boolean operators, searches for "cancer" were operationalized as CANCER + CANCERS + MALIGNANCY + MALIGNANCIES + MALIGNANT, searches for "leukemia" as LEUKEMIA + LEUKEMIAS, searches for "lymphoma" as LYMPHOMA + LYMPHOMAS + "NON HODGKIN" + NON HODGKIN + "HODGKIN DISEASE" + "HODGKIN'S DISEASE", and searches for "myeloma" as MYELOMA + MYELOMAS. Trends in the respective SVIs were analyzed with Mann-Kendall trend tests and Sen's slope estimators in R (V3.3.1), similar to previously published Google Trends analyses. Results: Individual inspection of each search term revealed the average SVI for "cancer" was 76.4, for "leukemia" was 68.0, for "lymphoma" was 75.5, and for "myeloma" was 30.4 during the time frame 2004 to 2015. Simultaneous inspection across search terms revealed the SVIs for "cancer" far outweighed searches for "leukemia," "lymphoma," and "myeloma" combined (mean SVIs 76 vs. 4, 4, and 1 respectively). Mann-Kendall trend tests showed a statistically significant decrease in searches for "leukemia" (S = -6460.0, p < 0.001) and "lymphoma" (S = -6338, p < 0.001) over time. "Myeloma" searches (S = -1321, p = 0.02) and "cancer" searches (S = -2389.0, p < 0.005) also showed a statistically significant decrease. Sen's slope estimators showed the greatest decline for "leukemia" (Q = -0.18, 95% CI: -0.19 to -0.17) and "lymphoma" (Q = -0.21, 95% CI: -0.22 to -0.20) and lowest decline for "cancer" (Q = -0.05, 95% CI: -0.06 to -0.04) and "myeloma" (Q = -0.01, 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.00). Discussion: Searches for "leukemia" and "lymphoma" have sharply declined over the time period 2004 to 2015 in the United States. Searches for "myeloma" have remained stably low over time with marginal decrease. Overall, internet searches for the hematologic malignancies represent a very small fraction of total searches for "cancer." These data suggest a declining awareness for the major hematologic malignancies despite their rising incidences in the United States. Patient awareness may be increased with greater efforts toward disease-specific advocacy campaigns and public health endeavors. Figure 1 Individual Google Trends searches for terms (in clockwise order) "cancer," "leukemia," "lymphoma," and "myeloma" in the United States from 2004 to 2015. Figure 1. Individual Google Trends searches for terms (in clockwise order) "cancer," "leukemia," "lymphoma," and "myeloma" in the United States from 2004 to 2015. Figure 2 Simultaneous Google Trends search for "cancer," "leukemia," "lymphoma," and "myeloma" in the United States from 2004 to 2015. Figure 2. Simultaneous Google Trends search for "cancer," "leukemia," "lymphoma," and "myeloma" in the United States from 2004 to 2015. Disclosures Khorana: Halozyme: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Bayer: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria; Leo: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding.

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Effectiveness of the Chiari Health Index for Pediatrics instrument in measuring postoperative health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with Chiari malformation type I

Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics ◽

10.3171/2020.7.peds20250 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Georgina E. Sellyn ◽

Alan R. Tang ◽

Shilin Zhao ◽

Madeleine Sherburn ◽

Rachel Pellegrino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surgical Intervention ◽

Type I ◽

Health Related Quality ◽

Health Index ◽

Chiari Malformation Type I ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related ◽

Over Time

OBJECTIVEThe authors’ previously published work validated the Chiari Health Index for Pediatrics (CHIP), a new instrument for measuring health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for pediatric Chiari malformation type I (CM-I) patients. In this study, the authors further evaluated the CHIP to assess HRQOL changes over time and correlate changes in HRQOL to changes in symptomatology and radiological factors in CM-I patients who undergo surgical intervention. Strong HRQOL evaluation instruments are currently lacking for pediatric CM-I patients, creating the need for a standardized HRQOL instrument for this patient population. This study serves as the first analysis of the CHIP instrument’s effectiveness in measuring short-term HRQOL changes in pediatric CM-I patients and can be a useful tool in future CM-I HRQOL studies.METHODSThe authors evaluated prospectively collected CHIP scores and clinical factors of surgical intervention in patients younger than 18 years. To be included, patients completed a baseline CHIP captured during the preoperative visit, and at least 1 follow-up CHIP administered postoperatively. CHIP has 2 domains (physical and psychosocial) comprising 4 components, the 3 physical components of pain frequency, pain severity, and nonpain symptoms, and a single psychosocial component. Each CHIP category is scored on a scale, with 0 indicating absent and 1 indicating present, with higher scores indicating better HRQOL. Wilcoxon paired tests, Spearman correlations, and linear regression models were used to evaluate and correlate HRQOL, symptomatology, and radiographic factors.RESULTSSixty-three patients made up the analysis cohort (92% Caucasian, 52% female, mean age 11.8 years, average follow-up time 15.4 months). Dural augmentation was performed in 92% of patients. Of the 63 patients, 48 reported preoperative symptoms and 42 had a preoperative syrinx. From baseline, overall CHIP scores significantly improved over time (from 0.71 to 0.78, p < 0.001). Significant improvement in CHIP scores was seen in patients presenting at baseline with neck/back pain (p = 0.015) and headaches (p < 0.001) and in patients with extremity numbness trending at p = 0.064. Patients with syringomyelia were found to have improvement in CHIP scores over time (0.75 to 0.82, p < 0.001), as well as significant improvement in all 4 components. Additionally, improved CHIP scores were found to be significantly associated with age in patients with cervical (p = 0.009) or thoracic (p = 0.011) syrinxes.CONCLUSIONSThe study data show that the CHIP is an effective instrument for measuring HRQOL over time. Additionally, the CHIP was found to be significantly correlated to changes in symptomatology, a finding indicating that this instrument is a clinically valuable tool for the management of CM-I.

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P139 What impact does JIA have on health-related quality of life over time and by gender?

Rheumatology ◽

10.1093/rheumatology/keaa111.134 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 59 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Smith ◽

Bishma Saqib ◽

Rebecca Lee ◽

Wendy Thomson ◽

Lis Cordingley

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Health Status ◽

Child Health ◽

Reference Population ◽

Health Related Quality ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related ◽

Over Time ◽

Domain Scores

Abstract Background Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of arthritic conditions presenting in children and young people, in which physical limitations and associated complications can have detrimental effects on physical and psychosocial wellbeing. This study aims to investigate the impact of living with JIA on different aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and to explore how this changes over time, using data from the Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study (CAPS). Methods Longitudinal data collected as part of CAPS were analysed. HRQoL was assessed at baseline, 1 year and 3 years’ post-diagnosis using the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), a parent-completed form for children from 5 years of age. The CHQ measures physical, emotional and social components of child health status. Raw domain scores were transformed via algorithm into values ranging from 0-100, with higher scores indicating better health status. Mean (standard deviation) and median (interquartile range) for each domain were determined, both for the full cohort and by gender. Differences between median scores at baseline and 3 years were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Mean scores of each domain were visually compared with a reference population sample of healthy children from the United States. Results 184 participants completed the questionnaire at all 3 time points. At baseline, compared to the reference population, children with JIA scored lower in every domain although scores were closer between the 2 groups at 3 years. Median scores improved over time, the exception being the general health perceptions domain which decreased after baseline. Domains with the greatest improvement were physical functioning,“bodily pain and social-physical. The largest changes occurred from baseline to 1 year. Statistically significant differences between baseline and 3-year scores were found for all domains. Domain scores for male and female participants were very similar at baseline, though scores for male participants indicated slightly better health at 1 and 3 years for both physical and psychosocial domains. Conclusion JIA has significant impact on HRQoL, which improves within 3 years of diagnosis with the greatest improvement occurring within the first year. Physical health domains show greater improvement over time than psychosocial domains, although psychosocial scores were generally higher throughout the study. Male participants tend to score slightly higher than female participants in both physical and psychosocial domains after baseline. Further research should explore measurable patient, age or disease-related drivers of HRQoL. Disclosures A. Smith None. B. Saqib None. R. Lee None. W. Thomson None. L. Cordingley None.

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