scholarly journals Comparison of Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of PPR Live Attenuated Vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) Administered by Intranasal and Subcutaneous Routes

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mana Mahapatra ◽  
M. Selvaraj ◽  
Satya Parida
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Intranasal Route ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccines ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
World Organization

Following the successful eradication of rinderpest, the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have set a goal to eradicate peste des petits ruminants (PPR) globally by 2030. Vaccination is being taken forward as the key strategy along with epidemiological surveillance to target vaccination efforts and eradicate the disease. PPR is highly contagious and is generally spread by aerosolized droplets and close contact. Currently, two live attenuated vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) are in use, and administered subcutaneously to prevent transmission of PPR and protect vaccinated animals. Though the target cells that support primary replication of PPR vaccine strains are largely unknown, it is hypothesized that the immune response could be intensified following intranasal vaccine delivery as this route mimics the natural route of infection. This study aims to compare the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the two currently available live attenuated PPR vaccines following subcutaneous and intranasal routes of vaccination in target species. Groups of five goats were vaccinated with live attenuated PPR vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) by either the subcutaneous or intranasal route, and 28 days later challenged intranasally with virulent PPR virus. All vaccinated animals regardless of vaccination route produced PPRV-specific antibodies post-vaccination. Following challenge, all goats were protected from clinical disease, and vaccination was considered to have induced sterilizing immunity. This study demonstrates that the intranasal route of vaccination is as effective as the subcutaneous route of vaccination when using available live attenuated PPR vaccines.

scholarly journals Regional epidemiology and associated risk factors of PPR in Asia-A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-190
Author(s):  
Munibullah Munibullah ◽  
Li Yanmin ◽  
Munib Kainat ◽  
Zhang Zhidong
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
South Central ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Ppr Virus ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
World Organization

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a world organization for animal health (OIE) notifiable and economically important transboundary, highly contagious and acute viral disease of small ruminants. The disease is caused by the PPR Virus (PPRV). PPRV belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The recent epidemiological and molecular characterization of PPR virus isolates subdivides them into four genetically distinct lineages (I, II, III and IV). The disease is endemic across Asia, the Middle East and African regions and is considered to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world due to a huge burden on the economy and development of the affected countries and has recently been targeted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the OIE for global eradication by 2030. PPR-endemic countries should join the regional force, and implement regional roadmaps for the progressive and successful control and elimination of PPRV. In this review, the regional epidemiology of PPR outbreaks and overall regional associated risk factors including animal factors (age, species, sex), environmental factors (season, spatial distribution of disease in various locations) and trade associated factors with special reference to the PPR-affected countries in South, Central and East Asia is comprehensively discussed.

scholarly journals Rinderpest: the veterinary perspective on eradication

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1623) ◽  
pp. 20120139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Roeder ◽  
Jeffrey Mariner ◽  
Richard Kock
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Nomadic Communities ◽  
Global Eradication ◽  
World Organization

Rinderpest was a devastating disease of livestock responsible for continent-wide famine and poverty. Centuries of veterinary advances culminated in 2011 with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health declaring global eradication of rinderpest; only the second disease to be eradicated and the greatest veterinary achievement of our time. Conventional control measures, principally mass vaccination combined with zoosanitary procedures, led to substantial declines in the incidence of rinderpest. However, during the past decades, innovative strategies were deployed for the last mile to overcome diagnostic and surveillance challenges, unanticipated variations in virus pathogenicity, circulation of disease in wildlife populations and to service remote and nomadic communities in often-unstable states. This review provides an overview of these challenges, describes how they were overcome and identifies key factors for this success.

scholarly journals Strengthening implementation of antimicrobial resistance national action plans

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Anderson ◽  
K Schulze ◽  
A Cassini ◽  
D Plauchoras ◽  
E Mossialos
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Governance Framework ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major challenges of our time. Countries use national action plans as a mechanism to build engagement among stakeholders and coordinate a range of actions across human, animal, and environmental health. However, implementation of recommended policies such as stewardship of antimicrobials, infection prevention and control, and stimulating research and development of novel antimicrobials and alternatives remains inconsistent. Improving the quality of governance within antimicrobial resistance national action plans is an essential step to improving implementation. To date, no systematic approach to governance of national action plans on AMR exists. To address this issue, we aimed to develop the first governance framework to offer guidance for both the development and assessment of national action plans on AMR. We reviewed health system governance framework reviews to inform the basic structure of our framework, international guidance documents from WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Organisation for Animal Health, and the European Commission, and sought the input of 25 experts from international organisations, government ministries, policy institutes, and academic institutions to develop and refine our framework. The framework consists of 18 domains with 52 indicators that are contained within three governance areas: policy design, implementation tools, and monitoring and evaluation. Countries must engage with a cyclical process of continuous design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation to achieve these aims.

scholarly journals Rinderpest Global Eradication Management

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Vaclav Kouba
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Connected Components ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Practical Reality ◽  
Global Eradication

Abstract The global eradication of rinderpest in 2010 ranked as the second in history after the eradication of smallpox in humans in 1980. Rinderpest (in recent history included also among biological weapons of mass destruction) recurred throughout history causing hundreds of millions of animal deaths. It was recorded in 114 countries of all continents. After the World War II it was still reported from 66 countries in Africa and Asia. After all necessary knowledge about rinderpest virus and its circulation became available, along with excellent vaccine as well as enough experience with anti-rinderpest measures, the global eradication programme was launched in 1986 after a long preparatory period. It was composed of three new regional projects including all national anti-rinderpest programmes. The main method consisted in active search, isolation and stamping out of all outbreaks combined with mass prophylactic vaccinations and followed by years-long risk-based surveillance. The transfer of research results into practical reality required an extraordinary complex of a highly demanding system of managerial measures. It included analyses of rinderpest occurrence, identification of objectives/ deadlines and control methods, planning, ensuring necessary manpower, material and funds, organizing and implementation of coordinating programmes etc. This complex was represented by a managerial pyramid structure of inter-connected components having the basis at rinderpest affected localities and countries and its top at the Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as executive agency responsible for technical assistance and global leadership/coordination.

Main Achievements of the World Organisation for Animal Health/United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Network on Animal Influenza

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (s1) ◽  
pp. e69-e70
Author(s):  
Gwenaelle Dauphin ◽  
Keith Hamilton ◽  
L. Mia Kim ◽  
Ghudipa Choudhury ◽  
Ilaria Capua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
United Nations Food ◽  
World Organisation

Main Achievements of the World Organisation for Animal Health/United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Network on Animal Influenza

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (s1) ◽  
pp. 380-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwenaelle Dauphin ◽  
Keith Hamilton ◽  
L. Mia Kim ◽  
Bhudipa Choudhury ◽  
Ilaria Capua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
United Nations Food ◽  
World Organisation

scholarly journals Eradicating the Scourge of Peste Des Petits Ruminants from the World

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Njeumi ◽  
Dalan Bailey ◽  
Jean. Jacques Soula ◽  
Bouna Diop ◽  
Berhe G. Tekola
Keyword(s):  
Animal Movement ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Eradication Strategy ◽  
The World

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of both domestic (goats and sheep) and wild ruminants. Caused by a morbillivirus, that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. The disease is clinically and pathologically similar to rinderpest of cattle and human measles. PPR is one of the most economically devastating viral diseases of small ruminants. In April 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) launched the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (PPR GCES) with the vision for global eradication by 2030. There is a strong and lasting international consensus to eradicate the disease in order to protect the livelihoods of the world’s poorest populations. As with any disease, eradication is feasible when, policy, scientific and technical challenges are addressed. Ten majors challenges are described in this paper namely: understanding small ruminant production, facilitating research to support eradication, refining laboratory testing, improving epidemiological understanding of the virus, defining infection of wildlife and other species, optimizing vaccine delivery and novel vaccines, developing better control of animal movement, heightening serological monitoring, understanding socio-economic impact, and garnering funding and political will.

scholarly journals Reseña técnica sobre el agua, el saneamiento, la higiene y la gestión de aguas residuales para prevenir las infecciones y reducir la propagación de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
United Nations ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
World Organisation

El presente informe técnico tiene como objeto sustentar los elementos en materia de agua, saneamiento e higiene (WASH, por su sigla en inglés) y de aguas residuales de los planes de acción nacionales multisectoriales que abordan la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. Comprende un resumen de la evidencia y la fundamentación de los beneficios colaterales derivados de las medidas en cada sector y en él además se presenta una serie de medidas para su consideración y perfeccionamiento en el contexto de cada país. Asimismo, contiene opciones de política específicas para cada sector e información adicional, incluidas las lagunas en el conocimiento y las necesidades en el campo de la investigación, así como los recursos técnicos adicionales para apoyar la planificación y la ejecución. Versión oficial en español de la obra original en inglés. Technical brief on water, sanitation, hygiene and wastewater management to prevent infections and reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance. © World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 2020

Human activities and disease transmission: the agriculture case

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Slingenbergh ◽  
Giuliano Cecchi ◽  
Marjan Leneman
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Animal Origin Food

The time is right to fight poverty, food insecurity and disease. The nexus of agriculture, development and health is presented, highlighting global health security threats of animal origin. Food and Agriculture Organization data illustrate how dynamic farming landscapes modulate livestock disease mosaics. In Latin America, lowland pressures facilitate successful transformation from extensive to intensive agricultural production. In South Asia, smallholders produce the bulk of milk in Asia, despite high disease prevalence and low productivity levels. Disease control improves food security and human and animal health and reduces land and water resources use. A One Health approach is called for to address the health of humans, animals and the environment, as part of sustainable development efforts. The perspective varies by location. Ecology, farming systems, economics and markets differ among world regions, as do the challenges. Despite emerging health security threats, progress has been made toward attaining the 2030 sustainable development goals.

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